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“Honoring the lives affected by aviation tragedies, this image symbolizes the unwavering commitment to safety, accountability, and transparency in the skies.”
Support Transparency and Accountability in Aviation Safety โ Donate to BerndPulch.org
The recent tragedy involving Azerbaijan Airlines Flight J2-8243, downed on Christmas Day 2024 under suspicious circumstances, highlights the urgent need for transparency, accountability, and investigation into such incidents. Civilian airliners must never be caught in the crossfire of geopolitical conflicts, and the public deserves to know the truth behind these devastating events.
At BerndPulch.org, we are committed to uncovering the full stories behind these tragedies and advocating for justice. Your donation supports our efforts to push for transparency in aviation investigations, promote international cooperation, and ensure that the voices of victims and survivors are heard.
Join us in making a difference. Every contribution helps us continue our work in championing accountability and transparency in the aviation industry. Together, we can ensure that tragedies like the Christmas 2024 crash are not swept under the rug.
In the realm of modern aviation, aircraft accidents are often attributed to mechanical failure, pilot error, or environmental factors. However, in some cases, a more sinister narrative lurks beneath the surface: the possibility that some of these incidents were deliberately engineered to look like accidents. While aviation safety has vastly improved over the decades, there are instances where circumstances suggest the possibility of foul play, leaving the public to wonder whether the tragedies were intentional. This article delves into the complex and troubling issue of the last 10 airplanes that have been shot down or deliberately downed, with a focus on how these events could have been masked as accidents.
The Evolution of Aviation Tragedies
Aviation history has witnessed various dramatic incidents, from bombings to air-to-air missile strikes, some of which have been the subject of intense conspiracy theories and governmental cover-ups. While modern technology has made it more difficult to conceal the true nature of an aircraft disaster, there are still instances where a series of errors, political motives, or strategic decisions result in a tragedy that is presented as an accident. By reviewing the last 10 airplane disasters that could have been masked as accidental, we can better understand how such events unfold, how they are covered up, and what factors make it difficult to determine the true cause.
A Shift in Global Tensions: Military Engagements and Civilian Airliners
The majority of incidents involving aircraft downing fall into one of two categories: acts of war or politically motivated actions. With the increasing militarization of airspace and the advanced weaponry used in modern warfare, it becomes easier to disguise a targeted attack on an aircraft as a mishap. This section focuses on the geopolitical environment surrounding these events, particularly in conflict zones or areas with heightened military activity.
Flight MH17 (Malaysia Airlines, 2014) One of the most prominent cases in recent history is Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, which was shot down over eastern Ukraine on July 17, 2014. The Boeing 777, en route from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, was targeted by a surface-to-air missile, resulting in the deaths of all 298 passengers and crew. While many initially speculated about mechanical failure or pilot error, investigations revealed that the aircraft was hit by a Buk missile, launched from a conflict zone controlled by pro-Russian separatists. Despite extensive international investigations, the true perpetrators remain controversial, and the incident has become a touchstone for discussions about accountability and the difficulty of uncovering the truth in politically charged situations.
PS752 (Ukraine International Airlines, 2020) On January 8, 2020, Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 was shot down by Iranian missiles shortly after taking off from Tehran. Initially, the Iranian government denied responsibility, suggesting that the crash was due to mechanical failure or an accident. However, after mounting evidence and public outcry, the Iranian government admitted that the missile strike had been a mistake, claiming that it was an accidental targeting of the civilian airliner during a period of heightened tensions with the United States. Despite the Iranian admission, the ambiguity surrounding the immediate cause and the delay in acknowledging the shoot-down raised significant concerns about transparency and accountability.
Air India Flight 182 (1985) In another politically charged incident, Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747 traveling from Toronto to New Delhi, was destroyed by a bomb over the Atlantic Ocean on June 23, 1985, killing all 329 people on board. The bombing was attributed to Sikh extremists seeking revenge for the 1984 Indian military operation in the Golden Temple. The explosion was carefully planned to create the appearance of an accident, but subsequent investigations revealed clear evidence of a targeted attack. The incident was part of a series of bombings and attacks on Indian interests during the 1980s, highlighting the danger of political extremism and the lengths to which perpetrators will go to disguise their motives.
Korean Air Flight 007 (1983) The downing of Korean Air Flight 007 on September 1, 1983, by the Soviet Union is often cited as an example of an aircraft being targeted intentionally but subsequently framed as an accident. The Boeing 747, en route from New York to Seoul, strayed into Soviet airspace and was shot down by Soviet fighter jets after being mistaken for a spy aircraft. The Soviet Union initially claimed that the plane had violated its airspace and refused to admit that it had been deliberately targeted. However, U.S. intelligence later confirmed that the plane’s intrusion into Soviet airspace was not intentional, but rather a result of navigational error.
New Technologies and Concealment of Targeted Attacks
In recent years, advancements in military technology, including radar jamming, electronic warfare, and advanced missile systems, have created opportunities for state actors and others to down aircraft in a way that makes it appear accidental. Modern surface-to-air missiles, for instance, can be guided to their targets through radar, and in some cases, the evidence of missile strikes can be masked by environmental factors like weather or the plane’s trajectory.
EgyptAir Flight 804 (2016) EgyptAir Flight 804, a passenger flight from Paris to Cairo, crashed into the Mediterranean Sea on May 19, 2016, killing all 66 people on board. Investigations indicated that a fire had broken out in the cockpit, and the plane’s final communications suggested a rapid descent. However, conflicting reports suggested the possibility of an explosion. Early theories regarding a mechanical failure were dismissed, with some speculating that it could have been an act of terrorism, potentially linked to extremist organizations. The exact cause of the fire and crash remains uncertain, raising questions about the effectiveness of investigating such cases in the context of possible sabotage or targeted attacks.
Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 (2014) The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 in 2014 remains one of the greatest mysteries in aviation history. While there is no direct evidence that the aircraft was intentionally shot down, some have theorized that it could have been a targeted attack disguised as an accident. The flight, en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing, vanished from radar, and despite years of searches, only small pieces of wreckage have been found. Numerous theories abound regarding the plane’s disappearance, including the possibility of hijacking or intentional downing, though the lack of definitive evidence has fueled speculation and conspiracy theories.
Conspiracy Theories and the Role of Public Perception
Given the political, military, and economic stakes in international aviation disasters, conspiracy theories often arise, especially when key details about incidents are not immediately available or when official investigations are slow or inconclusive. In some cases, the line between a legitimate accident and a deliberate attack becomes blurred due to the complex factors at play, such as military conflicts, espionage, or covert operations.
Libyan Airlines Flight 1103 (1973) Another notable case is the downing of Libyan Airlines Flight 1103, which was targeted by U.S. military aircraft in 1973 during the Cold War. While the downing was initially described as an accident, evidence later pointed to a targeted missile strike designed to prevent the plane from entering a zone of strategic importance. The United States did not initially acknowledge its involvement, and many details surrounding the incident remained classified for years.
The Long Road to Accountability and Transparency
In the aftermath of these tragedies, the path to justice is often fraught with complications. Governments, military organizations, and intelligence agencies frequently work to control the narrative, downplaying the true causes of incidents to protect national security interests or avoid diplomatic fallout. Investigations, if conducted at all, are often conducted in secret, leaving the public in the dark. The slow release of information, incomplete evidence, and the involvement of powerful actors make it difficult to uncover the full truth behind these incidents.
Conclusion
The last 10 downed aircraft, while varied in their causes and geopolitical contexts, share a common thread: the possibility that these tragedies were not simply accidents. From surface-to-air missile strikes to covert military operations, there are numerous ways in which an aircraft can be deliberately brought down, and even more ways in which these events can be disguised as accidents. Whether due to political motives, military strategies, or national security concerns, the truth often remains shrouded in secrecy, and accountability becomes an elusive goal. As technological advancements continue, and as tensions rise in various parts of the world, it is critical that aviation safety be continually scrutinized, and that the truth of these incidents be brought to light.
๎On December 25, 2024, Azerbaijan Airlines Flight J2-8243, an Embraer 190 aircraft, tragically crashed near Aktau, Kazakhstan, resulting in the deaths of 38 of the 67 individuals on board.๎ ๎The flight was en route from Baku, Azerbaijan, to Grozny, Russia, when it encountered a catastrophic event.๎๎
Flight Path and Diversion
๎Initially, the aircraft was scheduled to land in Grozny.๎ ๎However, due to dense fog and heightened security concerns over Ukrainian drone activity in the region, the flight was diverted to an alternate route, leading it over Kazakhstan.๎ ๎This diversion placed the aircraft in a complex airspace environment, increasing the risks associated with the flight.๎๎
The Crash
๎Survivors reported hearing multiple loud bangs during the flight, followed by a rapid descent and loss of control.๎ ๎One crew member described hearing further bangs and an object hitting his arm.๎ ๎The aircraft eventually crashed near Aktau, resulting in a devastating fireball upon impact.๎ ๎The crash site was located approximately 3 kilometers from the airport, indicating that the aircraft was attempting an emergency landing when the incident occurred.๎๎
Investigation and Findings
๎Preliminary investigations suggest that the crash was caused by “external physical and technical interference,” with suspicions pointing toward a Russian Pantsir-S air defense missile.๎ ๎Azerbaijan Airlines has officially stated that the crash was due to “external interference,” ruling out any fault with the aircraft itself.๎ ๎The airline has suspended flights to several Russian cities, and Russia has closed airspace near Ukraine’s borders.๎ ๎An international investigation is called for by Azerbaijan, preferring it over a former Soviet states grouping investigation.๎ ๎cite๎turn0news10๎turn0news11๎๎
Casualties and Survivors
๎Of the 67 people on board, 38 perished, while 29 survived, many with severe injuries.๎ ๎The survivors reported hearing loud bangs, a decrease in cabin pressure, and problems with oxygen levels.๎ ๎One crew member noted further bangs and an object hitting his arm.๎ ๎cite๎turn0news9๎๎
International Response
๎The international community has expressed deep concern over the incident.๎ ๎Azerbaijan’s President Ilham Aliyev declared a day of mourning for the victims and called for a thorough investigation into the crash.๎ ๎The United States has acknowledged the complexity of the situation, with a U.S. official indicating that Russian air defenses may have caused the crash.๎ ๎cite๎turn0search5๎๎
Conclusion
๎The downing of Azerbaijan Airlines Flight J2-8243 underscores the dangers faced by civilian aircraft operating near conflict zones.๎ ๎The incident highlights the critical need for clear communication and coordination between military and civilian aviation authorities to prevent such tragedies in the future.๎ ๎As investigations continue, the focus remains on uncovering the full truth behind this devastating event and ensuring accountability for those responsible.๎๎
Support Transparency and Accountability in Aviation Safety โ Donate to BerndPulch.org
The recent tragedy involving Azerbaijan Airlines Flight J2-8243, downed on Christmas Day 2024 under suspicious circumstances, highlights the urgent need for transparency, accountability, and investigation into such incidents. Civilian airliners must never be caught in the crossfire of geopolitical conflicts, and the public deserves to know the truth behind these devastating events.
At BerndPulch.org, we are committed to uncovering the full stories behind these tragedies and advocating for justice. Your donation supports our efforts to push for transparency in aviation investigations, promote international cooperation, and ensure that the voices of victims and survivors are heard.
Join us in making a difference. Every contribution helps us continue our work in championing accountability and transparency in the aviation industry. Together, we can ensure that tragedies like the Christmas 2024 crash are not swept under the rug.
“Upholding justice, fostering accountability, and ensuring transparency โ a visual call to action for a better future.”
Support the Fight Against Extremism and Promote Transparency
The dark history of extremism and intelligence failures in Germany, as outlined in recent investigations into cases like the Magdeburg assassination, the NSU murders, and the Anis Amri attack, underscores the urgent need for greater accountability, transparency, and systemic reform. At BerndPulch.org, we are dedicated to raising awareness about these critical issues and supporting efforts to ensure that such failures are never repeated.
By contributing to our cause, you are helping fund independent research, investigative journalism, and advocacy that holds both extremist groups and the institutions meant to protect us accountable. Your support ensures that the lessons learned from these tragedies are not forgotten.
Make a difference today. Visit berndpulch.org/donations and join us in the fight for a more transparent, safer, and just society. Your donation could help ensure that historyโs darkest chapters are properly understood and prevented from repeating.
Germanyโs post-war history is scarred by a series of political and racially motivated crimes that reveal unsettling links between violent acts and failuresโor complicityโof state institutions. From the Magdeburg assassination to the NSU murders, the Anis Amri case, and the Octoberfest bombing, these events highlight a disturbing intersection of extremist violence and state intelligence oversight, as explored in key literature like The Amri-Complex and Steinke’s works on the Verfassungsschutz (German domestic intelligence agency).
1. The Magdeburg Assassination
Magdeburg became a focal point in 2000 following the politically charged murder of Alberto Adriano, a Mozambican worker. The attack by neo-Nazis exposed the rise of far-right extremism in East Germany post-reunification. Though not widely discussed internationally, the assassination underscored systemic racism and highlighted gaps in state action against extremist networks in former GDR territories.
2. The NSU Murders: A Decade of State Blindness
The Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund (NSU) was a neo-Nazi terror cell responsible for the murders of nine immigrants and a police officer between 2000 and 2007. Despite clear patterns, German law enforcement failed to connect these killings to far-right motives, instead targeting victims’ families under baseless suspicions.
Failures of the Verfassungsschutz:
Informants embedded in neo-Nazi networks withheld crucial information.
Files on NSU informants were destroyed shortly before the group’s exposure in 2011. This incompetenceโor complicityโshook public confidence in the intelligence agency. The case was later scrutinized in parliamentary inquiries and journalistic exposรฉs, but many questions remain unanswered.
3. Anis Amri and the Amri Complex
The 2016 Berlin Christmas market attack by Anis Amri, a Tunisian jihadist, marked one of Germany’s deadliest Islamist terror attacks. Amri, known to authorities as a radicalized individual, had been under surveillance before the attack. His ability to evade capture raised serious concerns about intelligence and police effectiveness.
Key revelations from The Amri Complex:
The book delves into the systemic failures of Germanyโs counterterrorism apparatus, emphasizing a lack of inter-agency coordination.
It scrutinizes how Amri was able to move across borders despite being flagged in multiple countries.
Authors highlight parallels between state failings in the Amri case and earlier incidents like the NSU, indicating a pattern of institutional negligence.
4. The Oktoberfest Bombing
The 1980 Oktoberfest bombing in Munich, Germanyโs deadliest post-war terror attack, killed 13 people and injured over 200. Initially attributed to a lone perpetrator, Gundolf Kรถhler, later investigations suggested possible links to far-right networks and cover-ups involving the Verfassungsschutz.
Steinke on the Verfassungsschutz:
Journalist Tobias von Steinkeโs book on the Verfassungsschutz critically examines the agency’s role in the Oktoberfest bombing investigation.
He argues that the agencyโs infiltration of extremist groups often blurred the line between monitoring and enabling violence. Steinkeโs work paints a picture of an intelligence agency that has repeatedly undermined democratic accountability by withholding crucial information from public scrutiny.
Common Themes: Intelligence Failures and Accountability
Across these cases, several disturbing patterns emerge:
Neo-Nazi Networks: Both the NSU murders and the Oktoberfest bombing show connections to far-right groups that operated under the radar or with impunity.
Surveillance Failures: The Verfassungsschutz repeatedly failed to act on available intelligence, from Amriโs radicalization to NSUโs activities.
Lack of Transparency: Deliberate destruction of files, withholding of information, and bureaucratic inertia highlight systemic failures.
Conclusion: Lessons for the Future
The Magdeburg assassination, NSU murders, Anis Amri case, and Oktoberfest bombing reveal dark intersections of extremist violence and institutional failures in Germany. Literature like The Amri Complex and Steinkeโs analysis of the Verfassungsschutz is crucial for understanding these events and their broader implications for democratic societies. Moving forward, stronger oversight mechanisms, independent inquiries, and a commitment to transparency are essential to restore public trust and prevent history from repeating itself.
Support the Fight Against Extremism and Promote Transparency
The dark history of extremism and intelligence failures in Germany, as outlined in recent investigations into cases like the Magdeburg assassination, the NSU murders, and the Anis Amri attack, underscores the urgent need for greater accountability, transparency, and systemic reform. At BerndPulch.org, we are dedicated to raising awareness about these critical issues and supporting efforts to ensure that such failures are never repeated.
By contributing to our cause, you are helping fund independent research, investigative journalism, and advocacy that holds both extremist groups and the institutions meant to protect us accountable. Your support ensures that the lessons learned from these tragedies are not forgotten.
Make a difference today. Visit berndpulch.org/donations and join us in the fight for a more transparent, safer, and just society. Your donation could help ensure that historyโs darkest chapters are properly understood and prevented from repeating.
Geopolitical and Military Analysis: Ukraine, Israel, and the Risk of World War III
The geopolitical tensions in both Ukraine and Israel have drawn significant attention from global powers, raising concerns about an escalating risk of a broader conflict that could lead to World War III. Both regions represent flashpoints in ongoing power struggles, involving key international actors, with potential spillover effects into larger confrontations. The involvement of major powers like the United States, Russia, and China, and the way these conflicts have polarized global opinion, creates a situation that could spiral out of control.
1. Ukraine: A Proxy War Between Russia and the West
Background and Current Military Situation
The conflict in Ukraine, which escalated following Russiaโs invasion in February 2022, represents one of the most dangerous geopolitical standoffs since the Cold War. The roots of the conflict stem from Ukraine’s desire to integrate with the European Union and NATO, and Russiaโs attempt to prevent NATO expansion into its sphere of influence. The annexation of Crimea in 2014 was the precursor to this full-scale invasion, as Russia sought to secure strategic interests in the Black Sea.
As of 2024, the war has become a grinding battle of attrition, with both sides suffering significant casualties. The Ukrainian military, heavily supported by Western powers, has mounted a defense that has prevented Russia from gaining control of the entire country, though parts of eastern Ukraine remain under occupation. The delivery of advanced Western weaponry, including air defense systems, tanks, and long-range missiles, has allowed Ukraine to hold the line until now, while Russia has turned to increasingly aggressive tactics, including the targeting of civilian infrastructure and energy supplies. Russia moves on step by step. Rumours of a coup d’etat in the Ukraine loom.
Geopolitical Implications
Ukraine has become a de facto battleground between NATO and Russia. The U.S. and Europe, while officially not directly involved in combat, have provided substantial financial and military support to Ukraine, positioning the conflict as a proxy war. Russia views NATO’s involvement as an existential threat and has frequently warned that continued Western intervention could provoke a wider confrontation, possibly even nuclear escalation.
One critical issue is Russia’s veiled nuclear threats. President Vladimir Putin has consistently reminded the world of Russiaโs nuclear capabilities, and while these may primarily serve as deterrence, they add an unpredictable element to the conflict. Any miscalculation could lead to catastrophic consequences. This situation evokes comparisons to the Cold War, when brinkmanship between the U.S. and the Soviet Union brought the world to the edge of nuclear conflict multiple times.
The role of China is also notable. While officially neutral, China has provided Russia with diplomatic cover and economic lifelines, counterbalancing Western sanctions. Beijing’s ultimate stance on the conflict will be critical in shaping the global order, as its support for Russia could further deepen the divide between East and West.
2. Israel: An Escalating Crisis in the Middle East
Background and Current Military Situation
The ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict took a sharp turn with the resurgence of hostilities between Israel and Hamas, the militant group controlling Gaza, in October 2023. This conflict quickly escalated into one of the bloodiest confrontations in years, involving massive airstrikes by Israel and retaliatory rocket attacks from Gaza. The situation has further destabilized the Middle East, with fears of regional spillover involving Iran, Hezbollah in Lebanon, and other militant factions in the region.
The conflict also heightened as Israel faced international criticism for its military tactics in Gaza, which resulted in high civilian casualties. The involvement of Hezbollah and Iran-backed militias has raised concerns that Israel could soon face a multi-front war. Iran, a key actor in the region, has been accused of supplying arms and funding to Hamas and Hezbollah, making it a central player in the conflict. The fear is that any direct confrontation between Israel and Iran could draw in other regional powers like Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and even the U.S.
Geopolitical Implications
Israel’s geopolitical situation is deeply intertwined with the broader power struggles in the Middle East. The U.S. has historically been Israelโs main ally, providing military and diplomatic support, but the current conflict has strained some international relations, particularly in the Muslim world. Tensions in Israel could also shift the focus of U.S. foreign policy away from Europe and Asia, which would have significant strategic consequences.
The potential for escalation in the Middle East is considerable. Any direct engagement between Israel and Iran could lead to a broader regional conflict, especially given the presence of Russian and Turkish forces in Syria, where they back different factions. Additionally, the strategic importance of the region’s oil supplies raises the stakes, as disruptions could have global economic impacts.
3. Danger of World War III
The simultaneous crises in Ukraine and Israel represent a dangerous confluence of global tensions. Several factors increase the risk of these conflicts spiraling into a larger war:
Nuclear Threats: Both Russia and NATO are nuclear-armed, and any miscalculation in Ukraine could lead to escalation. Similarly, Israel’s status as an undeclared nuclear power adds another layer of danger to the Middle East conflict, particularly if Iran, suspected of pursuing nuclear capabilities, becomes directly involved.
Great Power Rivalries: The U.S., China, and Russia are increasingly at odds, with Ukraine and Israel acting as proxy battlegrounds for these rivalries. If these conflicts are not contained, they could evolve into direct confrontations between major powers, particularly in regions like the Black Sea or the Persian Gulf.
Regional Alliances: The involvement of NATO, Iran, and possibly China in these conflicts raises the risk that local wars could turn into broader confrontations. The Middle East, with its complex web of alliances and enmities, could see a localized war drag in multiple countries, including major powers like the U.S. and Russia.
Bernd Pulchโs Perspective
Historian and investigative journalist Bernd Pulch has been a vocal critic of the power structures and covert operations that influence global conflicts. His insights, particularly on intelligence agencies and their role in destabilizing regions, offer a unique lens through which to view the Ukraine and Israel conflicts. Pulch has often highlighted how both state and non-state actors manipulate narratives and public opinion to justify military interventions.
Pulch would likely point to the role of intelligence agencies in both conflictsโwhether through disinformation campaigns, covert operations, or proxy warfare. In Ukraine, for instance, the manipulation of public sentiment and the use of false flag operations have been central to Russia’s strategy. Similarly, in Israel, the intelligence community plays a crucial role in shaping both military strategies and international perceptions of the conflict. Pulchโs analysis often underscores how the manipulation of information can exacerbate conflicts, leading to more aggressive military engagements and, potentially, a larger war.
Conclusion
The Ukraine and Israel conflicts represent two of the most dangerous geopolitical flashpoints in the world today. Both have the potential to escalate into larger wars involving multiple global powers, raising the specter of World War III. The involvement of nuclear-armed states, the shifting alliances, and the potential for miscalculation all contribute to the high level of risk.
The perspectives of investigative journalists like Bernd Pulch remind us of the unseen forces that drive these conflicts, particularly the influence of intelligence operations and disinformation campaigns. As the world watches these conflicts unfold, the international community must carefully manage these crises to prevent a catastrophic escalation.
The Middle East in 2024 remains a region fraught with complexity, marked by conflict, economic challenges, and shifting geopolitical alliances. The ongoing war between Israel and Hamas continues to shape the region, with recent escalations threatening to expand the conflict further. Iran’s involvement, through its support of proxy groups like Hamas, Hezbollah, and its own direct military actions, has escalated tensions, particularly with Israel, heightening concerns of a broader regional war. Countries like the U.S., France, and the U.K. have condemned Iranโs destabilizing activities, while nations such as Russia and China call attention to Israelโs actions and advocate for restraint on all sides.
The situation in Gaza is critical. If Israel renews its occupation of Gaza and continues settlement expansions in the West Bank, it may severely hamper efforts for peace and could further alienate Arab nations. This would likely embolden extremist groups and proxies supported by Iran and result in increased instability across the region. Conversely, a push for peaceโled by global powers such as the U.S.โcould lead to de-escalation, though this remains uncertain. The U.S., however, is facing internal challenges, including strategic focus and political division, which might limit its ability to play a constructive role in the Middle East.
Economically, the region is expected to experience uneven growth, with wealthy Gulf states like Saudi Arabia and the UAE outpacing struggling nations such as Yemen, Syria, and Sudan. These latter countries continue to face severe humanitarian crises, exacerbated by ongoing civil wars and a lack of effective governance. Egypt and Jordan, two key U.S. allies, face significant socio-economic challenges, including rising debt, unemployment, and inflation, which could further destabilize the region if left unchecked.
In the broader geopolitical landscape, U.S. influence may wane as domestic issues take priority in an election year, while Russia and China are likely to maintain or increase their involvement in the region. Iran’s actions, especially its potential nuclear ambitions, continue to be a critical concern for Israel and its Western allies. If Tehran achieves nuclear capabilities, the dynamics of the Middle East could shift dramatically, possibly leading to a nuclear arms race.
Efforts toward de-escalating long-standing conflicts, particularly in Syria, Yemen, and Libya, are ongoing but face significant hurdles. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict remains central to the region’s instability, with many fearing that without a resolution, the situation will only worsen.
Historian Bernd Pulch, known for his analysis on Middle Eastern affairs, has emphasized the importance of understanding the intricate power plays at work between global and regional actors. Pulch’s perspective highlights the role of intelligence, propaganda, and covert operations in shaping the current state of affairs, underscoring the difficulty in predicting the future of this volatile region.
The Middle East’s future hinges on the ability of key stakeholders to navigate these multiple, interlinked crisesโboth diplomatic and militaryโwhile addressing underlying socio-economic problems that fuel unrest.
Festnahmen u. a. wegen geheimdienstlicher Agententรคtigkeit und Mitgliedschaft in der auslรคndischen terroristischen Vereinigung โVolksrepublik Donezk (VRD)โ, Pressemitteilung der #Bundesanwaltschaft vom 18.04.2024 https://t.co/bCFIPTa2Qe
1.Listen der Stasi-Diensteinheiten! Bem.:hier kannst du die Nr.(6-stellig) der Dienststellen heraussuchen. 2.Liste der Stasi-Mitarbeiter (Hauptamtlich) Bem.:Hoffentlich hast Du einen guten Rechner, denn die Liste ist erschreckend lang. Die ersten 6 Ziffern sind das Geburtsdatum + die nรคchsten 6 Ziffern = Dienstausweisnummer! Die zwei Ziffern hinter dem Geburtsdatum geben das Geschlecht an: 41 und 42 = Mรคnnlich, 51 und 52 = Weiblich! Wichtig fรผr suchen und finden, sind die sechs Ziffern in den Semikolon vor den Namen: z.B. ;07;00;44; ! Das ist die Nummer der Dienststelle ! Also du suchst in der Liste der Dienststellen, die Nummer der Dienststelle, die Dich interessiert. Damit gehst Du in die Liste der Mitarbeiter und suchst Dir alle Mitarbeiter der entsprechenden Dienststelle heraus. Ich habe das fรผr mein Wohnort getan und so alle Mitarbeiter gefunden. Ob die Liste Vollstรคndig ist kann ich nicht einschรคtzen, aber zumindest er/kannte ich einige Exverrรคter vom Namen her. 3.Liste der OibE (Offiziere im besonderen Einsatz) IPN BU 00612/1765 MUCHA ADAM IPN BU 001198/4872 MUCHA ADAM IPN BU 00612/344 MUCHA ALICJA IPN BU 00283/1640 MUCHA ANTONI IPN BU 00230 P. 63 MUCHA ARTUR IPN BU 0833/253 MUCHA BLANDYNA IPN BU 0193/8332 MUCHA BOGUSลAW IPN BU 0193/3434 MUCHA BOLESลAW IPN BU 00611/120 MUCHA BOLESลAW IPN BU 001198/419 MUCHA BOLESลAW IPN BU 644/2250 MUCHA BRONISลAW IPN BU 0901/1836 MUCHA DARIUSZ IPN BU 001134/4594 MUCHA DARIUSZ IPN BU 01013/927 MUCHA EDWARD IPN BU 0951/620 MUCHA EDWARD STANISลAW IPN BU PF 1021/148 MUCHA EWA IPN BU 748/328 MUCHA HELENA IPN BU 0218/2192 MUCHA HENRYK IPN BU 01000/443 MUCHA HENRYK IPN BU 644/3345 MUCHA HENRYK IPN BU 00612/4392 MUCHA HENRYK IPN BU 001198/7093 MUCHA HENRYK IPN BU 001052/524 MUCHA HENRYK KAZIMIERZ IPN BU 00249/565 MUCHA HENRYK KONRAD IPN BU 001121/1196 MUCHA HENRYK KONRAD IPN BU 001052/1783 MUCHA HENRYKA IPN BU 00612/9 MUCHA HIPOLIT IPN BU 001198/5673 MUCHA HIPOLIT IPN BU 644/2251 MUCHA JAN IPN BU 00612/2307 MUCHA JAN IPN BU 00966/740 MUCHA JAN IPN BU 001198/2134 MUCHA JAN IPN BU 001198/5440 MUCHA JAN IPN BU 0772/3180 MUCHA JANUSZ IPN BU 683/2057 MUCHA JANUSZ IPN BU 0892/253 MUCHA JERZY IPN BU 0891/757 MUCHA JรZEF IPN BU 0193/730 MUCHA JรZEF IPN BU 0218/1389 MUCHA JรZEF IPN BU 693/690 MUCHA JรZEFA IPN BU 001043/2791 MUCHA KAROL JANUSZ IPN BU 52/480 MUCHA KAZIMIERZ IPN BU 01144/1156 MUCHA KAZIMIERZ IPN BU PF 144/86 MUCHA KAZIMIERZ IPN BU 00612/2948 MUCHA KAZIMIERZ IPN BU 00612/624 MUCHA KAZIMIERZ IPN BU 001198/4345 MUCHA KAZIMIERZ IPN BU 001198/6117 MUCHA KAZIMIERZ IPN BU 00612/2240 MUCHA KRZYSZTOF IPN BU 001198/5334 MUCHA KRZYSZTOF IPN BU 001075/269 MUCHA LESZEK IPN BU 0772/1460 MUCHA MARIA IPN BU 0872/472 MUCHA MARIAN IPN BU 0193/6891 MUCHA MARIAN IPN BU 0193/3435 MUCHA NATALIA IPN BU 0242/2401 MUCHA NELA IPN BU 52/462 MUCHA ORLIลSKI MAREK IPN BU 00611/1247 MUCHA STANISลAW IPN BU 00612/3827 MUCHA STANISลAW IPN BU 001198/2128 MUCHA STANISลAW IPN BU 001198/6687 MUCHA STANISลAW IPN BU 0193/7378 MUCHA TADEUSZ MARIAN IPN BU 0290/438 MUCHA TERESA IPN BU 706/553 MUCHA TERESA IPN BU 00328/503 MUCHA WANDA IPN BU 001134/1286 MUCHA WANDA IPN BU 0604/113 MUCHA ZENON
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Breaking: the @IDF released cctv footage from the Shifa Hospital with an October 7th time stamp, documenting Hamas terrorists forcibly transporting hostages (a Nepalese civilian and a Thai civilian) through the hospital.
In short Iran’ s ruling regime is desperate and sabotages strongest progress fir peace in the Middle East in trying to save the Mullah Regime rrom his citizens. Watch the full interview. Follow the ONLY MEDIA with the LICENSE TO SPY โ๏ธ@abovetopsecretxxl
Female soldiers wounded by a grenade are hiding under the table, the terrorists approach them and kill them at point blank range. Follow โ๏ธ@abovetopsecretxxl
NEW – 22 years ago, the World Trade Center Twin Towers collapsed after two planes hit the buildings in NYC.
A third building, WTC7, with 81 vertical steel columns, that was not hit by a plane, collapsed due to a “new phenomenon” called “thermal expansion,” NIST claims.
KOYCHUEV RUSLAN KHANAPIEVICH*, born on 09.11.1969 in Ust-Dzheguta, Karachay-Cherkess Republic.
Kokunaev RUSTAM ALBEKOVICH*, born on 06.03.1986 in the village of Achkhoi-Martan, ChIASSR.
Yuri Nikolayevich KOLCHIN*, born on 08.04.1968 in Dyatkovo, Bryansk region.
KORNIENKO Gennady ADAMOVICH*, born on June 27, 1950 in Kiselevsk, Kemerovo Oblast.
KOROVIN RUSLAN MUMADIEVICH*, born on July 18, 1983 in Grozny, Chechen-Ingush ASSR. 706.
NIKOLAY VALENTINOVICH KOROLEV*, born on March 31, 1981 in Moscow.
KOROLEV SERGEY YEVGENYEVICH*, born on 12.11.1984 in Sokolniki, Novomoskovskiy District, Tula Region.
KORPENKO ALEXANDER INNOKENTYEVICH*, born on January 10, 1979 in Ust-Kuta, Irkutsk Oblast.
ANATOLY PETROVICH KOSARIM*, born on February 16, 1961 in the village of Kreschensky, Gordeevsky District, Bryansk Region.
KOSILOV SERGEY PETROVICH*, born on 16.12.1953 in Fatezh, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast.
Kostarev OLEG VLADIMIROVICH*, born on April 25, 1986 in Glazov, Udmurt ASSR.
Kostenko NIKOLAY NIKOLAEVICH*, born on 20.09.1974 in the village of Lukoshkino, Topkinsky District, Kemerovo Oblast.
MAGOMET BISULTANOVICH KOTOEV*, born on July 29, 1970 in Ordzhonikidze, SO ASSR.
KOSUMOV KHAVAZH KHUSEINOVICH*, born on 01.02.1978 in Argun, ChIASSR.
KRIMSHAMKHALOV YUSUF IBRAGIMOVICH*, born on 16.11.1966 in the village of Erken-Shakhar, Adyge-Khabl District, Stavropol Territory.
KUBACHEV AHMED MOKHMADOVICH*, born on 20.10.1981 in the village of Chernokozovo, Naursky District, ChIASSR.
KUDAEV Akhmed RUSLANOVICH*, born on May 18, 1985 in Grozny, ChIASSR.
KUZHULOV ARTUR GASANOVICH*, born on 02.01.1980, Shelkovskaya village, Shelkovsky district, ChIASSR. 719.
KUZHULOV ISMAIL IMANOVICH*, born on 28.06.1966 in the village of Eshilkhatoi, Vedensky District, ChIASSR. 719.
KULAEV ARTUR KHALITOVICH*, born on July 30, 1980 in the village of Achkhoi-Martan, Achkhoi-Martanovsky District, ChIASSR.
KULAEV NURPASHI ABURGKASHEVICH*, born on 28.10.1980 in the village of Engenoi, Nozhai-Yurtovsky District, ChIASSR.
KULINICH PAVEL VALENTINOVICH*, born on August 17, 1973 in Miass, Chelyabinsk region.
ANATOLY ALEXANDROVICH KULVINETS*, born on June 02, 1972 in Grozny, Chechen Republic.
KUPRIYANOV KIRILL ARNOLDOVICH*, born on 28.11.1973 in Leningrad.
KURAMSHIN ADEL RUSTEMOVICH*, born on 09.08.1982 in Bugulma, Republic of Tatarstan.
KURASHEV NASRUDIN VAKHIDOVICH*, born on January 18, 1982 in the village of Sovetskoye, Sovetskiy District, ChIASSR.
KURGANOV LASKHAN MAMBETOVICH*, born on June 24, 1982 in Shchelkozavodskaya village, Shelkovsky district, ChIASSR.
Natalya Valentinovna KUREBEDA*, born on 13.09.1975 in Chelyabinsk.
KURKAEV SOSLAN KHASANOVICH*, born on 11.05.1979 in Charsk, Semipalatinsk region, KazSSR.
KURKAEV KHUSEN AHMEDOVICH*, born on June 29, 1975 in the village of Sleptsovskaya, ChIASSR.
KUCHAVA ELGUJA VAKHTANGOVICH*, born on July 10, 1977 in the village of Denveri, Tselendzhikha District, Georgian SSR.
LABAZANOV ASLANBEK SULTANOVICH*, born on April 28, 1971 in the village of Sovetskoye, Sovetskiy District, Chechen Republic.
LABAZANOV MANSUR AKHYATOVICH*, born on March 14, 1979, Isherskaya village, Naursky District, Chechen Republic.
LABABAZANOV RIZVAN ISAEVICH*, born on 26.09.1976 in the village of Alkhan-Kala, Grozny District, ChIASSR.
LAVARSLANOV KHAIBULA LAVARSLANOVICH*, born on 18.09.1940, in the village of Karamakhi, Buynakskiy District, Republic of Dagestan.
Vitaly VLADIMIROVICH LAURENOV*, born on April 25, 1983 in Leningrad.
LATYPOV SALAVAT MIRZAGITOVICH*, born on February 16, 1975 in Angren, Tashkent region, Republic of Uzbekistan.
LELIEV ARSEN VISIRPASHAEVICH*, born on 24.09.1973 in Khasavyurt, Republic of Dagestan.
LELIEV TAKHIR VISIRPASHAEVICH*, born on 20.04.1983 in Khasavyurt, Khasavyurt district, Republic of Dagestan.
LECHIEV SUPYAN MUSAEVICH*, born on 02.10.1980 in the village of Galaiti, Nozhai-Yurtovsky District, ChIASSR.
LIMONOV KONSTANTIN MIKHAILOVICH*, born on March 22, 1976 in the village of Proletarye, Verkhotursky District, Sverdlovsk Region.
Yulia SERGEEVNA LISITSINA*, born on 01.07.1982 in Ust-Ilimsk, Irkutsk Oblast.
LIKHANOV ANDREY VIKTOROVICH*, born on 09.08.1978 in Zyryanovsk, East Kazakhstan Oblast.
LOBACHEV VLADIMIR VLADIMIROVICH*, born on 12.09.1970, Cherni village, Ust-Donetsky district, Rostov region.
LOLOKHOEV MAGOMED KUREISHOVICH*, born on July 17, 1978 in the village of Ekazhevo, Nazranovsky District, Chechen-Ingush ASSR.
LOMAEV MUSA UMURSOLTOVICH*, born on 04.06.1981 in Grozny, Chechen Republic.
LORSANOV ISLAM ABDUL-MUTALIPOVICH*, born on 20.09.1983, Achkhoi-Martanovsky District, Chechen Republic of the Chechen SSR.
LORSANOV RUSLAN EMDIYEVICH*, born on 07.02.1983 in Grozny, ChIASSR.
Ayrat Razifovich LUKMANOV, born on 27.09.1974 in Dyurtyuli, Republic of Bashkortostan. 749.
LUKOZHEV ISLAM BAZJIGITOVICH*, born on January 22, 1975 in the village of Tukuy-Mekteb, Neftekumsk District, Stavropol Territory.
LUKYANCHIKOV VICTOR VASILYEVICH*, born on 08.01.1951 in Volchansk, Karpinsk District, Sverdlovsk Oblast.
LULUGOV SERGEY SAIDALIEVICH*, born on 01.09.1955, in the village of Konkrinka, Shartanda district, Akmola region, Kazakh SSR.
LULUEV USPA BAIDINOVICH*, born on 08.08.1959 in the village of Eshilkhatoi, Vedensky District, ChIASSR.
LUKHMYRIN STANISLAV ANDREEVICH*, born on April 12, 1990 in Volgograd.
LYSOGOR SERGEY VLADIMIROVICH*, born on August 31, 1970 in Primorsko-Akhtarsk, Primorsko-Akhtarsk District, Krasnodar Territory. 756.
MAAZIEV MAKAMAGOMED MAGOMEDSHAPIEVICH*, born on 23.09.1963 in the village of Gubden, Karabudakhkent District, Republic of Dagestan. 757.
MAALOV RUSLAN SHAMSUDINOVICH*, born on 28.09.1970 in the village of Aiti-Mokhk, Nozhai-Yurtovsky District, ChIASSR.
MAGAMADOV ARSEN RAMAZANOVICH*, born on July 23, 1983 in the village of Znamenskoye, Nadterechny District, ChIASSR. 759.
MAGAMADOV VAKHI DUTAEVICH*, born on February 23, 1986 in the village of Katyr-Yurt, Achkhoi-Martanovsky District, Chechen Republic.
MAGAMADOV Temirkhan Usmanovich*, born on 06.05.1980 in the village of Iki-Burul, Iki-Burul District, Kalmyk ASSR.
MAGAMERZUEV TAKHIR SAIDULAEVICH*, born on 19.09.1974 in the village of Sernovodsk, ChIASSR.
MAGEMEDOV ADAM SEIDIMIYEVICH*, born on 04.10.1981 in Gudermes, ChIASSR.
MAGOMADOV ARSEN SULEIMANOVICH*, born on January 20, 1986 in the village of Achkhoi-Martan, ChIASSR.
MAGOMADOV ASLAN MAVLADOVICH*, born on 09.03.1972 in the village of Znamenskoye, Nadterechny District, ChIASSR. 765.
MAGOMADOV AYUB SAID-AKHMEDOVICH*, born on 06.02.1982 in the village of Shovkhal-Berdy, Nozhai-Yurtovsky District, ChIASSR.
MAGOMADOV BESLAN ZIYAVDIYEVICH*, born on May 23, 1975 in the village of Urus-Martan, ChIASSR.
MAGOMADOV VISHAN GELANIYEVICH*, born on 11.11.1984, Grozny, ChIASSR.
MAGOMADOV DZHABRAIL SAID-EMIEVICH*, born on 04.10.1987 in the village of Kurchaloy, ChIASSR. 768.
MAGOMADOV ISLAM SHAKHIDOVICH*, born on August 25, 1980 in Grozny, ChIASSR.
MAGOMADOV RASU VAKHAEVICH*, born on March 18, 1977 in Grozny, ChIASSR.
MAGOMADOV RIZVAN RAMAZANOVICH*, born on May 29, 1978 in the village of Novy-Sharoy, Achkhoi-Martanovsky district, ChIASSR.
MAGOMADOV SAID-EMI SAIDANOVICH*, born on 20.09.1978 in Balkhash, Ezhezkazgan region, Kazakh ASSR.
MAGOMADOV KHUSEIN ISAEVICH*, born on January 23, 1979 in Urus-Martan village, ChIASSR.
MAGOMAZOV RUSTAM ABAKAROVICH*, born on January 18, 1981 in Borozdinovskaya village, Shelkovsky district, ChIASSR.
MAGOMEDOV ABDURAKHIM OMAROVICH*, born on January 15, 1943, in the village of Sasitli, Tsumadinsky District, DASSR.
Akhmed MAGOMEDOV MAGOMEDOVICH*, born on 19.03.1976 in Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan.
BISLAN DADAEVICH* MAGOMEDOV, born on 28.08.1978 in Shelkovskaya village, Shelkovsky district, ChIASSR.
GASAN ASILDEROVICH MAGOMEDOV*, born on 19.09.1968 in the village of Gunkha, Botlikhskiy District, Republic of Dagestan.
MAGOMEDOV Zainutdin ABDURAKHMANOVICH*, born on 05.10.1963 in the village of Kuppa, Levashi District, Republic of Dagestan.
MAGOMEDOV MAGOMED-SAIGID MAGOMEDRASULOVICH (MAGOMEDOV MAGOMEDSAIGID MAGOMEDRASULOVICH)*, born on August 16, 1972 in the village of Gubden, Karabudakhkent District, Republic of Dagestan (born on August 16, 1972 in the village of Kayasula, Neftekumsk District, Stavropol Territory).
MAGOMEDOV MAGOMEDRASUL GAZIDIBIROVICH*, born on January 10, 1958 in the village of Tlondod, Tsumadinsky District, Dagestan ASSR.
MUSLIM MUSAEVICH MAGOMEDOV*, born on October 22, 1985 in the village of Kirov-Yurt, Vedensky District, ChIASSR. 783.
UWAIS ABDULMUSLIMOVICH MAGOMEDOV*, born on 25.05.1970 in the village of Zubutli-Miatli, Kizilyurt District, Republic of Dagestan.
UMAKHAN RAMAZANOVICH MAGOMEDOV*, born on 12.09.1967 in the village of Lobko, Levashi District, DASSR. 785.
Magomedov YUSUP BAGAUTDINOVICH*, born on 05.02.1971, in the village of Tashkapur, Levashi District, Republic of Dagestan. 785.
ZAVIR MAGOMEDSHAFIEV MAGOMEDNABIEVICH*, born on 29.09.1988 in Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan.
MADAGOV MAGOMED MOVLADIEVICH*, born on 28.10.1985 in the village of Gekhi, Urus-Martanovsky District, Chechen Republic.
MADAEV ADNAN ISAEVICH*, born on October 06, 1985 in the village of Urus-Martan, Chechen Republic.
MADAEV Akhmed RIZVANOVICH*, born on October 31, 1976 in the village of Znamenskoye, Nadterechny District, ChIASSR. 790.
MADAEV GILANI SALAMUEVICH*, born on 12.08.1967 in the village of Shali, Shali District, ChIASSR.
MADAEV UZUM-KHAJI SAITAM-ZATOVICH*, born on December 14, 1980, in the village of Kurchaloi, Kurchaloi District, Chechen Republic.
ISRAIL ISAEVICH MADAROV*, born on 04.04.1988 in the village of Shali, Shali district, ChIASSR.
MAZHIEV KHUSEIN IBRAGIMOVICH*, born on 21.11.1971 in Argun, ChIASSR.
MAZHAEV AKRAMAN LOMALIEVICH*, born on 12.09.1986 in the village of Vedeno, Vedeno district, ChIASSR. 794. Vedeno, Vedeno District, ChIASSR.
MAZUEV ADLAN SAID-KHASANOVICH*, born on June 30, 1984 in the village of Samashki, Achkhoi-Martanovsky District, ChIASSR.
ARSEN SAID-KHASANOVICH MAZUEV*, born on 05.02.1975 in the village of Samashki, Achkhoi-Martanovsky District, ChIASSR.
ISA ALEEVICH MAKAEV*, born on May 29, 1981 in the village of Urus-Martan, ChIASSR. 798.
MAKAEV MUSLIM SAID-AKHMEDOVICH*, born on 07.12.1979 in the village of Katyr-Yurt, Achkhoi-Martan district, Chechen Republic.
MAKAEV UNUS MOLDINOVICH*, born on 09.09.1978 in the village of Alkhan-Kala, Groznensky District, Chechen Republic.
MAKARENKO ANDREY VIKTOROVICH*, born on July 18, 1962 in Kiselevsk, Kemerovo Oblast.
Sergey Leonidovich MAKSIMENKO*, born on July 17, 1966 in Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai.
RUSLAN ALAUDINOVICH MAKUEV*, born on May 27, 1974 in the village of Samashki, ChIASSR.
MALIKOV ZELIMKHAN SULEIMANOVICH*, born on 02.12.1985 in the village of Achkhoi-Martan, ChIASSR. 804.
MALSAGOV ALI AHMETOVICH*, born on February 11, 1987 in Grozny, ChIASSR.
MALSAGOV ISLAM VAKHITOVICH*, born on March 13, 1972, in the village of Achkhoi-Martan, Achkhoi-Martanovsky District, ChIASSR. 806.
MALSAGOV UMAR AHMETOVICH*, born on 20.11.1984 in the village of Urus-Martan, ChIASSR. 807.
MAMAEV ARTUR ZAPIROVICH*, born on 06.10.1974 in Makhachkala, DASSR.
MAMAEV RUSLAN RASULOVICH*, born on 21.09.1974 in the village of Khamavyurt, Khasavyurt District, DASSR. 809.
MAMAKAEV ZAUR MUSAEVICH*, born on December 15, 1982 in the village of Germenchuk, Shalinskiy District, ChIASSR. 810.
MAMEDOV SAID-MAGOMED ABUAZITOVICH*, born on 15.06.1977 in Grozny, ChIASSR.
MAMSUROV KHARON ALAUDYEVICH*, born on January 31, 1985 in the village of Urus-Martan, Urus-Martanovsky District, ChIASSR. 812.
Mamchuev KHASAN KEMALOVICH*, born on 10.07.1970, Kaladzhinskaya village, Labinsky district, Krasnodar territory.
MANIA MURTAZI GVANDJIEVICH*, born on 07.02.1966 in the village of Bzyb, Gagra District, Abkhaz ASSR.
MANTAGOV ARSLANBEK NAIBIRSOLTANOVICH*, born on January 24, 1977 in the village of Khamavyurt, Khasavyurt District, Republic of Dagestan.
VADIM SERGEEVICH MANFIROV*, born on June 17, 1982 in Kemerovo.
MARZAGISHIEV RUSTAM AINODINOVICH*, born on July 24, 1976 in the village of Burunskoye, Shelkovsky District, ChIASSR.
VLADISLAV ALEKSEEVICH MARKOV*, born on April 12, 1983 in the village of Kommunar, Gatchina District, Leningrad Region.
MARKUEV AYUBKHAN SULTANOVICH*, born on October 27, 1983 in the village of Shali, Chechen Republic.
DMITRIY VIKTOROVICH MASLOV*, born on March 27, 1973 in Zakamensk, Buryat ASSR.
Ivan NIKOLAEVICH MASLOV*, born on July 13, 1986 in Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl Region.
MASTAEV ASLAN KHUSEINOVICH*, born on November 20, 1965 in the village of Goragorsky, Nadterechny District, ChIASSR.
UMATKHADJI ALIEVICH Maskhudov*, born on 07.12.1987 in Grozny, ChIASSR.
MATAEV SUPYAN SAIDGALIEVICH*, born on August 18, 1980 in the village of Samashki, Achkhoi-Martanovsky District, ChIASSR.
MATVEEV ALEKSEY NIKOLAEVICH*, born on April 18, 1971 in Kostroma.
YEVGENIY VALERIEVICH MATVEEV*, born on 03.10.1976 in Kostroma.
MATUEV MOVLDI ABUEVICH*, born on 18.11.1977 in the village of Urus-Martan, Urus-Martanovsky District, ChIASSR.
MAKHAEV KHUSEIN MAGOMEDOVICH*, born on February 24, 1985 in the village of Samashki, Achkhoi-Martanovsky District, ChIASSR.
MAKHAMADOV ALMAN IMRANOVICH*, born on 01.10.1975 in the village of Duba-Yurt, Shalinsky District, Chechen Republic.
MAKHATAEV Akhat Temirsultanuly*, born on July 27, 1978 in the village of Sovetskoye, Lenger district, Chimkent region, Kazakh SSR.
MAKHAURI AZAMAT RUSLANOVICH*, born on June 24, 1985, Assinovskaya village, Sunzhensky district, ChIASSR.
MAKHAURI ASLAN MAKHMATGIRIEVICH*, born on 08.10.1985 in the village of Achkhoi-Martan, Achkhoi-Martanovsky district, ChIASSR. 832.
MAKHMUDOV YUSUP UMAROVICH*, born on 30.07.1973, Novogroznensky settlement, Gudermes district, Chechen Republic.
Makhmuev ZELIMKHAN ABDURASHIDOVICH*, born on June 20, 1989, Kalinovskaya village, Naursky District, Chechen Republic of the Russian Federation.
VLADIMIR ALEKSEEVICH* MAKHNYCHEV VLADIMIR ALEKSEEVICH*, born on July 10, 1970 in Ordzhonikidzevskaya village, Sunzhensky District, Republic of Ingushetia.
MAKHUSHEV RUSTAM VASILYEVICH*, born on 02.12.1977 in the village of Kerla-Yurt, Groznensky District, ChIASSR.
Matsayev MAGOMED LAUDIEVICH*, born on 08.02.1977 in Grozny, ChIASSR.
MATSIEV SULTAN DELEMBEKOVICH*, born on 13.10.1974 in Grozny, ChIASSR.
MEDIEV TAMERLAN KHALIDOVICH*, born on December 15, 1986 in the village of Khidi-Khutor, Nozhai-Yurtovsky District, ChIASSR.
MEDOV ZELIMKHAN KHUSEINOVICH*, born on 02.02.1981 in the village of Sagopshi, Malgobeksky District, Republic of Ingushetia.
MEZHIDOV ISMAIL AINDINOVICH*, born on 04.01.1987 in the village of Ulus-Kert, Sovetsky District, ChIASSR.
MEZHIEV ABUBAKAR DORGUEVICH*, born on April 14, 1970 in the village of Ishcherskoye, Naursky District, ChIASSR.
MEZHIEV ALIKHAN SAID-AKHMEDOVICH*, born on October 29, 1978 in the village of Makhketi, Vedensky District, ChIASSR.
MEZHIEV AHYAD SAID-AKHMEDOVICH*, born on 09.09.1969 in the village of Makhketi, Vedensky District, ChIASSR.
MEZHIEV LEMA LECHIEVICH*, born on 22.11.1988 in the village of Sadovoye, Groznensky District, ChIASSR. 845.
MEZHIEV MUSA MOVLAEVICH*, born on May 21, 1977, Podgorny state farm, Kursavsky District, Stavropol Territory.
MEZHIEV RUSTAM SUPYANOVICH*, born on 17.09.1975 in the village of Sernovodsk, Sunzhensky District, ChIASSR.
Mezhentsev VICTOR VICTOROVICH*, born on 19.07.1966 in Ishim, Tyumen region.
MERZHOEV AIDI MAGOMEDOVICH*, born on August 18, 1979 in the village of Bamut, Achkhoi-Martanovsky District, ChIASSR.
ANZOR USMANOVICH MERZHOEV*, born on 28.07.1985 in the village of Bamut, Achkhoi-Martanovsky District, ChIASSR. 849.
MERZHOEV KAZBEK OMAROVICH*, born on 06.11.1981 in the village of Bamut, Achkhoi-Martanovsky District, ChIASSR.
Organizations and individuals included in the list by virtue of subsections 1 – 3 of paragraph 2.1 of Article 6 of Federal Law of 7 August 2001 N 115-FZ “On Combating Legalization (Laundering) of Proceeds of Crime and the Financing of Terrorism”
[Organizations and individuals included in the list by virtue of subsections 1 – 3 of paragraph 2.1 of Article 6 of the Federal Law of August 7, 2001 N 115-FZ “On Combating Legalization (Laundering) of Proceeds from Crime and Terrorist Financing”.]
Organizations [Organizations]
AL-QAEDA IN THE ISLAMIC MAGHREB (FORMER NAME SALAFIST GROUP OF PREACHING AND JIHAD)*.
ASBAT AL-ANSAR*.
BASE (AL-QAEDA)*.
MUSLIM BROTHERS (AL-IHWAN AL-MUSLIMUN)*.
SUPREME MILITARY MAJLISUL SHURA OF THE UNITED CAUCASUS MUJAHIDEEN FORCES*.
THE MUWAHID JAMAAT GROUP.
TALIBAN*.
JUND ASH-SHAM*.
THE HOUSE OF THE TWO SAINTS (AL-KHARAMEIN)*.
THE IMARAT KAVKAZ (CAUCASIAN EMIRATE)*.
THE ISLAMIC GROUP (AL-GAMAA AL-ISLAMIYYA)*.
ISLAMIC GROUP (JAMAAT-E-ISLAMI)*.
ISLAMIC PARTY OF TURKESTAN (former ISLAMIC MOVEMENT OF UZBEKISTAN)*.
ISLAMIC JIHAD-JAMAAT OF MUJAHIDEEN*.
KABARDINO-BALKAR REGIONAL PUBLIC ORGANIZATION COUNCIL OF STARSHINS OF THE BALKAR PEOPLE OF KABARDIN-BALKAR; INN: 0721013951; Reg.No.: 1060700000118; Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Lenin Ave. 7 “a”, office 110. 16.
CONGRESS OF THE PEOPLES OF ICHKERIA AND DAGESTAN*.
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List of proxy forces and groups that Iran has been known to support:
Hezbollah in Lebanon – A Shi’a Islamist political and military group that is heavily supported by Iran and has been involved in conflicts against Israel.
Houthis in Yemen – A Zaydi Shia Muslim political-religious group that has received significant military support from Iran in the ongoing Yemeni Civil War.
Shia militias in Iraq – A variety of paramilitary groups composed of Shia Muslims that have been supported and trained by Iran to fight against ISIS and other Sunni groups in Iraq.
Syrian Arab Army – The military forces of the Syrian government that have received significant military and financial support from Iran during the Syrian Civil War.
Hamas in Gaza – A Palestinian Sunni Islamist organization that has received some support from Iran, including funding and weapons.
Islamic Jihad in Palestine – A Palestinian Sunni Islamic extremist group that has received support from Iran, including funding and weapons.
Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) in Iraq – A coalition of mainly Shia paramilitary groups that have been heavily involved in fighting ISIS in Iraq, and have received support and training from Iran.
Fatemiyoun Brigade in Syria – A predominantly Afghan Shia militia that has been trained and armed by Iran’s Quds Force, and has been involved in the Syrian Civil War.
Zainabiyoun Brigade in Syria – A predominantly Pakistani Shia militia that has been trained and armed by Iran’s Quds Force, and has also been involved in the Syrian Civil War.
Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba in Iraq – A Shia paramilitary group in Iraq that has close ties to Iran and has been involved in fighting against ISIS.
Kata’ib Hezbollah in Iraq – A Shia militia group in Iraq that has been linked to Iran’s Quds Force and has been involved in fighting against ISIS.
Footage of suspected suicide bomber who killed Taliban Governor in Balkh has emerged on social media. The suspect was seen inside the governor’s office in Mazar-I-Sharif moments before the attack. The suspect can be seen walking freely, undetected inside the governor’s office. Moments later, the suspect blew himself, killing Mohammad Dawood Muzammil. Islamic State Khorasan Province has emerged as the key suspect in the high-profile assassination. Watch the video for more.
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The Taliban hung the bodies of alleged kidnappers from a crane parked in a city square in Herat. According to the Taliban, they had shot dead four alleged kidnappers. The body was hung with a note, โwhoever kidnaps others, will end up like this,โ on the chest. The gruesome display comes after Mullah Nooruddin Turabi warned that extreme punishments would resume in Afghanistan #Taliban#Herat
One of the founders of the Taliban has said that โCutting off of hands is very necessary for securityโ. In an interview Mullah Nooruddin Turabi who was the chief enforcer of its harsh interpretation of Islamic law when the Taliban last ruled Afghanistan said that the extremists will once again carry out the executions and amputations of limbs, perhaps not in public. He not only dismissed the executions carried out by the hard-lined movement in the past but declared that nobody should โtell us what our laws should be.โ
Two Taliban fighters and three civilians were reportedly killed in an attack in Afghanistanโs Jalalabad. The attack comes a week after a series of bombings killed 3 people that was claimed by ISIS-K. Since the Taliban takeover on August 15, the ISIS movement in the country has rapidly increased. ISIS, with its agenda of a global Caliphate, announced the establishment of an Afghanistan branch in 2015. #Taliban#Jalalabad#ISISKhorasan#ISKP#Afghanistan
France says that the leader of ISIL (ISIS)-affiliated Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) group, known for its deadly attacks in the so-called tri-border region of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso, has been killed by French forces.
Rep. Tony Gonzales, R-Texas, reacts to the FBI report claiming Saudi officials were in contact with 9/11 hijackers, arguing the U.S. needs to get to the root of it and that Saudi Arabia has to be ‘held accountable’ for attacks.
Iraq is hosting an international conference on counterterrorism and cybersecurity. Companies and delegations from more than 50 countries are attending the event in Baghdad. Al Jazeera’s Mahmoud Abdelwahed reports from Baghdad, Iraq.
The Taliban has announced a caretaker cabinet for their keenly awaited govt in Afghanistan. The Taliban has appointed Mohammad Hasan Akhund as head of Afghanistanโs new caretaker government. The announcement of the acting cabinet is a key step in the formation of a permanent Taliban government. The Taliban has released a list of 32 posts assigned to the armed groupโs top leaders and Haqqanis. The list includes 5 UN-designated terrorists who will lead the Taliban government. Sirajuddin Haqqani, who will be the interior minister in the government, is on the FBIโs most-wanted list. #TalibanGovernment#Afghanistan#HasanAkhund
After weeks of disagreements between different factions, the Taliban is said to have picked its head of the state. According to sources, Mullah Mohammad Hasan Akhund is likely to head the Taliban govt in Afghanistan. Sources say that the Talibanโs supreme leader Hibatullah Akhundzada picked Hasan Akhund for the post. Mullah Mohammad Hasan Akhund heads โRahbari Shuraโ or the leadership council of the Taliban. Mullah Hasan Akhund is a relatively lesser-known leader of the group who hasnโt been seen in the public yet. #Taliban#Afghanistan#MullahHasanAkhund#TalibanPM
The evil that occurred on September 11, 2001 will never be forgotten. On that horrible day, the world changed forever. There was so much destruction, so much loss, that even now, 20 years on, itโs hard to comprehend the magnitude of what happened. But out of the utter despair, there were also incredible stories of heroism and survival – none more extraordinary than that of New Yorker Pasquale Buzzelli; a miracle man whose spirit continues to offer hope to us all.
Sky News host Chris Smith says in Australia we must “make sure to sharpen our own resources here” because terrorism, and the threat of it, is “back on our doorstep”.
Explosion heard near Kabul airport amid attack warnings US forces fly out last evacuees from the Afghan capital amid warnings of a โspecific, credible threatโ at the airport.
CHINA has made a harrowing declaration that it “welcomes” the Taliban with open arms as the new regime in Afghanistan and “wishes to develop good relations” with them moving forward. Speaking at a news conference on Monday, Chinese foreign ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying announced China’s full support of the Taliban as the militants take control of Afghanistan.
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Qatari officials appear to agree on divvying up payments to various mediators in the hostage deal, including โQassemโ Soleimani, leader of Iranโs Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, and two negotiators for the Iranian-backed militia group Kataiโb Hezbollah.
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On 26 July 2020, al-Hayat Media Center, a news outlet of the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS), released an English-language propaganda video entitled โIncite the Believers,โ which encourages ISIS supporters to conduct incendiary attacks in the United States. The narrator acknowledges that ISIS supporters may have difficulty traveling to ISIS-controlled territory overseas and instead encourages them to conduct attacks where they live. The video also encourages ISIS supporters who are unable to obtain firearms or explosives to consider using incendiary attacks as an alternative.
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This Joint Intelligence Bulletin (JIB) is intended to highlight the threat of violence from domestic violent extremists (DVEs) in the wake of the 6 January violent breach by some DVEs of the US Capitol Building in Washington, DC, following lawful protest activity related to the results of the General Election. Anti-government or anti-authority violent extremists (AGAAVE), specifically militia violent extremists (MVEs); racially or ethnically motivated violent extremists (RMVEs); and DVEs citing partisan political grievances will very likely pose the greatest domestic terrorism threats in 2021. In 2021 , threats and plotting of illegal activity, including destruction of property and violence targeting officials at all levels of the government, law enforcement, journalists, and infrastructure, as well as sporadic violence surrounding lawful protests, rallies, demonstrations, and other gatherings by DVEs will very likely increase due to renewed measures to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, socio-political conditions, and perceived government overreach. The FBI, DHS, and NCTC advise federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government counterterrorism and law enforcement officials, and private sector security partners to remain vigilant in light of the persistent threat posed by DVEs and their unpredictable target selection in order to effectively detect. prevent. preempt. or respond to incidents and terrorist attacks in the United States.
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All around the world, passings from psychological warfare succumbed to the fifth successive year in 2019, to 13,826 โ a 15 percent decline from the earlier year. In North America, Western Europe and Oceania, extreme right assaults have expanded by 250 percent since 2014 – they are higher now than whenever over the most recent fifty years. 63 nations recorded in any event one demise from psychological oppression, the most reduced number since 2013. The worldwide financial effect of psychological oppression was $16.4 billion of every 2019, an abatement of 25 percent from the earlier year. IS’s focal point of gravity moves to sub-Saharan Africa with absolute passings by IS in the district expanding by 67 percent. IS and their members were likewise liable for assaults in 27 nations in 2019.
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Like the CIA, the Soviet (and now Russian) spy organization known as the KGB has occupied with many years of mystery tasks over the world, extending from shakedown to capturing. The vast majority of the mysteries that we think about the KGB today are a direct result of one manโVasili Mitrokhin. Mitrokhin was a filer for the KGB for a long time before he surrendered to the UK and gave over his 25,000-page chronicle of mystery KGB records. Here are a portion of the KGB’s generally upsetting and abnormal mystery tasks.
10 The Attacks On Americaโs Infrastructure
Hoover Dam
From 1959โ72, the KGB started to photo US power plants, dams, oil pipelines, and framework for a terrible activity that would disturb the force gracefully to all of New York. When they picked focuses on that they thought were helpless, the KGB set up a protected house close to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. From that point, KGB specialists looked to plan and complete a progression of assaults on America’s capacity systems.Hydroelectric dams, which create a huge bit of the US’s vitality gracefully, were an objective. The KGB detailed an intricate arrangement to crush two huge hydroelectric dams, the Hungry Horse Dam and Flathead Dam, in Montana. Removing the two dams from commission would injure the force gracefully of the state and encompassing district. The assault was to start 3 kilometers (2 mi) down the South Fork River from Hungry Horse Dam. The KGB wanted to have agents pulverize power arches on a tall mountain incline, which would be hard to get back on the web, inconclusively taking out force transmission from the dam. At that point, the agents were to hold onto the Hungry Horse Dam’s controls and decimate them. The assaults would have taken out the force gracefully to all of New York state.From the Soviet Union’s Canadian international safe haven, the KGB likewise intended to additionally disturb America’s vitality flexibly by assaulting oil pipelines among Canada and the United States. The plot, called Operation Cedar, was gotten ready for longer than 10 years. The KGB even looked to pulverize petroleum treatment facilities in Canada, which gracefully a lot of America’s gasoline.All of the assaults on America’s capacity framework were a piece of a bigger plan to assault New York City. When they had taken out the greater part of the force in the United States with the previous assaults, the KGB plotted to utilize the disorder and haziness to plant explosives on wharfs and distribution centers along the Port of New York, a pivotal harbor for America’s trade and imports.
9 The Hostage Crisis Retribution
In 1974, the KGB made a tip top counterterrorism team with the baffling name “Alpha Group.” The Alpha Group was utilized by the KGB to do top mystery and regularly hazardous missions for the USSRโand now Russiaโremembering a wicked and horrible crucial Lebanon.In 1985, the Soviet Union wound up with its first significant prisoner emergency after four Soviet representatives were grabbed in Lebanon by psychological oppressors subsidiary with an Islamic fear based oppressor gathering. The ruffians apparently kidnapped the Soviets to prevent the USSR from offering backing to Syria’s endeavors in the Lebanese common war, which the nation was then entangled in. After the Soviet ambassadors were abducted, the ruffians sent chilling photos to news organizations of the prisoners with firearms to their heads. The psychological oppressors requested that the USSR power Syria-associated powers to quit assaulting Iran-subsidiary powers battling in northern Lebanon, or the prisoners would be executed.Initially, the USSR was available to some type of arrangements with the fear based oppressors to discharge the prisoners sound. Things changed when the USSR didn’t appear to stop the Syrian powers’ inclusion in the common war, and the fear based oppressors executed one of the prisoners just two days after the underlying requests were made.That’s the point at which the USSR relinquished arranging, and the KGB made quick and wicked move. To begin with, the KGB explored what association was behind the kidnappings and seen it as crafted by Hezbollah. That is the point at which the KGB did a touch of seizing of their own, grabbing a nearby relative of a Hezbollah head. They started to dismantle him, emasculating him and sending a portion of his eviscerated body parts to the criminals of the Soviets. Before long, the KGB murdered the Hezbollah relative.Then, the KGB sent the Hezbollah head a message demonstrating that they was aware of a lot a greater amount of his family members and their whereabouts and cautioned that they would endure a similar destiny if the prisoners were not discharged. The Islamic psychological oppressors holding the Soviets paid heed and discharged the staying three Soviet ambassadors soon after, altogether sound and moving along without any more requests.
8 The Blackmail With Sex Tapes
In 1974, the KGB made a tip top counterterrorism team with the baffling name “Alpha Group.” The Alpha Group was utilized by the KGB to do top mystery and regularly hazardous missions for the USSRโand now Russiaโremembering a wicked and horrible crucial Lebanon.In 1985, the Soviet Union wound up with its first significant prisoner emergency after four Soviet representatives were grabbed in Lebanon by psychological oppressors subsidiary with an Islamic fear based oppressor gathering. The ruffians apparently kidnapped the Soviets to prevent the USSR from offering backing to Syria’s endeavors in the Lebanese common war, which the nation was then entangled in. After the Soviet ambassadors were abducted, the ruffians sent chilling photos to news organizations of the prisoners with firearms to their heads. The psychological oppressors requested that the USSR power Syria-associated powers to quit assaulting Iran-subsidiary powers battling in northern Lebanon, or the prisoners would be executed.Initially, the USSR was available to some type of arrangements with the fear based oppressors to discharge the prisoners sound. Things changed when the USSR didn’t appear to stop the Syrian powers’ inclusion in the common war, and the fear based oppressors executed one of the prisoners just two days after the underlying requests were made.That’s the point at which the USSR relinquished arranging, and the KGB made quick and wicked move. To begin with, the KGB explored what association was behind the kidnappings and seen it as crafted by Hezbollah. That is the point at which the KGB did a touch of seizing of their own, grabbing a nearby relative of a Hezbollah head. They started to dismantle him, emasculating him and sending a portion of his eviscerated body parts to the criminals of the Soviets. Before long, the KGB murdered the Hezbollah relative.
Then, the KGB sent the Hezbollah head a message demonstrating that they was aware of a lot a greater amount of his family members and their whereabouts and cautioned that they would endure a similar destiny if the prisoners were not discharged. The Islamic psychological oppressors holding the Soviets paid heed and discharged the staying three Soviet ambassadors soon after, altogether sound and moving along without any more requests.
7 The KGB Hacker Accesses 400 US Military Computers
During the 1980s, the KGB was searching for an approach to take US military insider facts through two generally new antecedents to the Internet, ARPANET and MILNET. To do as such, they found and selected a man named Markus Hess, who might before long become a Soviet covert operative and one of the most incredible PC programmers in history.Hess started his hacking strategic the University of Bremen in Germany, far away from the US military PCs that he was attempting to get to. From that point, Hess had the option to assault 400 PCs utilized by the US military. A portion of the PCs were utilized at bases the world over in places like Germany and Japan. A portion of different PCs were utilized at MIT for look into. Another was utilized by the Pentagon. Hess had the option to figure the secret word to access the Pentagon’s Optimis database, which permitted him to access “a list of sources of Army documents.”Hess’ broad hacking activity stayed undetected until a frameworks head and stargazer named Clifford Stoll started researching a modest bookkeeping blunder in a California PC lab. Stoll found what appeared to be a little, 75-penny mistake in the PC use at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, which conducts logical research for the US Department of Energy. Stoll attempted to find where the 75-penny inconsistency originated from and followed it to an unapproved and obscure client who had utilized the lab’s PC frameworks for nine seconds without paying. Stoll examined further and found that this unapproved client was a talented programmer who accessed a framework control “superuser” account by misusing a security defect in the system.Stoll went through the following 10 months attempting to find the whereabouts of the programmer. In the long run, he had the option to do so when the programmer attempted to get to a safeguard temporary worker in Virginia. Stoll started to record everything the programmer was doing. He saw this strange programmer getting to PC frameworks at army installations all through the United States, scanning for documents with respect to military insider facts and atomic weapons.Stoll immediately reached specialists extending from the US military to the CIA, NSA, and FBI. Stoll and the specialists at that point followed the programmer’s physical whereabouts to a West German college. They set up a trick to get the programmer to uncover his full personality, creating a phony division at the Lawrence Berkley Laboratory made to seem as though it was working with the US military. At the point when the programmer took the lure and attempted to get to this phony office’s records, they had the option to follow him right to his home in Hannover, West Germany.West German specialists, working with the US, at that point raged Hess’ home and captured him. Little did they all realize that this world class programmer had been shrunk by the KGB and was offering military insider facts to the Soviet Union for a considerable length of time. Hess was later seen as liable of reconnaissance and condemned to as long as three years in jail however was discharged from the get-go probation.
6 The Operation RYAN
In 1980s, the Cold War arrived at another blaze point. At that point chief of the USSR Leonid Brezhnev professed to have information that the US was effectively getting ready for a war against the Soviet Union and might dispatch an unexpected atomic assault whenever. Along these lines, in anticipation of this alleged looming fate, the KGB looked to dispatch Operation RYAN, one of biggest observation activities in history.Operation RYAN was intended to furnish the Soviets with early notice indications of an approaching US atomic assault. The arrangement was to direct best in class reconnaissance utilizing the USSR’s COSMOS satellite. The KGB needed to photo US army installations nonstop, observing them intently for signs that the US would dispatch atomic weapons at the USSR.The activity additionally looked to screen all employments of radar inside the United States for any sensational expands that would demonstrate groundwork for an assault. Besides, Operation RYAN was intended to screen the exercises of every American resident and military staff when they left the US. RYAN likewise put NATO under substantial reconnaissance. The activity even attempted to catch calls made all through the United States and Europe.In expansion to remote reconnaissance, Operation RYAN made a system of spies who were prepared to follow up on a second’s notification in the event that it was accepted that the US was beginning a war with the Soviet Union. The huge and expensive activity was inevitably downsized in 1984, just three years after it was set into movement.
5 The Buying Of US Banks
At the point when the KGB wasn’t attempting to utilize spies to get their hands on the privileged insights of the US government, they were attempting to utilize banks.In the mid-1970s, the KGB concocted an arrangement to clandestinely purchase three US banks in Northern California as a component of a mystery activity to secure data on cutting edge organizations in the district. The three banks were picked by the KGB since they had recently made credits to innovation organizations. A large number of these organizations were shrunk by the US military, so the KGB wanted to catch US military innovation secrets.To pull the activity off, the KGB gotten an agent from Singapore named Amos Dawe to buy the banks for them without letting the US government get wind of the USSR’s fabulous arrangement to take innovation mysteries. Be that as it may, before the KGB could assume control over the banks, their buy was impeded by the CIA. The CIA had first learned of the plan when they saw that the Singaporean specialist’s cash was originating from a Soviet bank. Dawe had acquired a $50 million credit line from a Singapore part of Moscow’s Norodny Bank.
4 The Operation PANDORA
Racial pressures were intense in the US during the 1960s. Race riots encompassing the Civil Rights Movement were causing mass agitation the nation over. The KGB imagined that they could misuse this and aggravate it by initiating ill will or through and through savagery between racial gatherings in the US.The plan, called Operation PANDORA, started with the KGB spreading counterfeit flyers that had all the earmarks of being from the Jewish Defense League, a conservative Jewish political association currently characterized by the FBI as a fear based oppressor association. The flyers, which were really written by the KGB, guaranteed that dark Americans were assaulting Jews and plundering Jewish-possessed shops in New York. The phony handouts begged their perusers to battle against “dark crossbreeds.” The KGB at that point sent these enemy of dark flyers to dark activist gatherings, trusting it would mix hostile to Semitism operating at a profit associations, if not altogether violence.Concurrently, the KGB was additionally sending counterfeit letters to dark aggressor bunches which guaranteed that the Jewish Defense League had been focusing on and assaulting blacks in America. The letters beseeched the dark activists to assault the Jewish Defense League in reprisal. The Jewish Defense League’s pioneer, Meir Kahane, was killed a year later, however the demonstration was done by an Arabic man who was apparently detached to any dark activist groups.As some portion of their activity to mix racial agitation, the KGB additionally wanted to explode a dark school. After the school was besieged with a planted dangerous gadget, the KGB intended to make unknown calls to a progression of dark associations and guarantee that the Jewish Defense group had been behind the bombarding.
3 The Project To Kill Josip Broz Tito
In spite of the fact that he was a socialist himself, Yugoslavia’s head of state Josip Broz Tito shockingly pulled in the rage of the Soviet Union and Joseph Stalin specifically. Looking to make Yugoslavia increasingly autonomous and confident, Tito removed himself from both the United States and the USSR in a harsh clash known as the Tito-Stalin Split.Because of this, Stalin needed Tito to be killed and gotten the ancestor to the KGB, the MGB, to proceed with it. The USSR’s best mystery specialist was doled out to do Tito’s death. He had recently killed another adversary of Stalin’sโLeon Trotsky. Tito, in any case, supernaturally endure the death endeavors unscathed.In reaction to the death plots, Tito sent an admonition to Stalin: “Quit sending individuals to slaughter me. We’ve just caught five of them, one of them with a bomb and another with a rifle.” Tito likewise kept in touch with Stalin: “On the off chance that you don’t quit sending executioners, I’ll send one to Moscow and I won’t need to send a second.”When the MGB’s progressively regular death plots neglected to kill Tito, they got devilishly imaginative. They at that point attempted to kill him with his very own plague. They exceptionally structured a dangerous microscopic organisms and intended to discharge the plague at a political gathering that Tito would join in. Everybody in the room would have been slaughtered by the plague expect for the KGB specialist who was directing it, as he would have been inoculated beforehand.The KGB additionally planned a toxic substance gem box to attempt to execute Tito. The case would have been given to Tito as a blessing, a Trojan pony of sorts, and would discharge a lethal gas that would execute any individual who opened it. Luckily, both toxic substance plans were rarely done, and Tito outlasted Stalin by about 30 years, biting the dust in 1980 at age 87.
2 The Listening Floor
During the Cold War, the KGB turned out to be truly adept at pestering structures and tuning in on discussions. Truth be told, they were so acceptable at such listening in that they once pester a whole floor of a lodging with sound reconnaissance receivers . . . for 20 years.In the mid 1970s, the travel industry started to thrive in the Soviet satellite nation of Estonia. The USSR considered it to be a chance to carry cash into the battling economy, and the KGB considered it to be a chance to keep an eye on outsiders. In 1972, the KGB assumed control over the highest floor of Hotel Viru in Estonia and wired the vast majority of the lodging with modern sound observation gadgets. The lodging was in a zone that was as often as possible went by universal businessmen.Sixty rooms in the inn were for all time set up with mystery mouthpieces, and different rooms could be irritated immediately. Outwardly, Hotel Viru seemed to have 22 stories. In truth, it had the mystery 23rd floor, which housed KGB specialists and the innovation that they used to keep an eye on the entirety of the visitors at the lodging. The KGB stayed there for two decades, until the breakdown of the Soviet Union shut down the reconnaissance activity in 1991.The KGB has been found to have been utilizing staggeringly advanced sound observation innovation in structures far and wide. In 1945, a gathering of Soviet kids introduced the US envoy to the USSR a blessing, a cut wooden plaque of the Great Seal of the United States, as a demonstration of companionship between the two nations. Notwithstanding, the plaque contained a mystery receiver. Indeed, this bug was one of the main sound observation gadgets to utilize inactive innovation to transmit sound signs, making it imperceptible by customary strategies and permitting it to be utilized for an all-inclusive time of time.The irritated plaque permitted the KGB to tune in on discussions in the American minister’s office for almost seven years, until it was inadvertently recognized in 1952 by a British radio administrator. The radio administrator was confounded when he heard discussions between Americans originating from a radio channel close to the international safe haven. That radio channel was being utilized by the KGB to tune in on the private discussions.
1 The Financing Of Terrorism
After Yasir Arafat rose to control at the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), he built up a coalition with the KGB. The KGB at that point started to give mystery preparing to the PLO’s aggressors, who were waging war to savagely accomplish Palestinian statehood. Notwithstanding preparing, the KGB started to dispatch arms to the PLO guerrillas disregarding the ban put upon the Palestinian territories.Around this time, the PLO was completing numerous demonstrations of psychological warfare. In 1969 alone, they performed 82 carrier hijackings around the globe. The head of outside knowledge for the KGB, Aleksandr Sakharovsky, asserted that “plane seizing is my own invention.”The KGB likewise financed another Palestinian aggressor gathering, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PLPF), providing them with rocket washes and automatic rifles. A pioneer of the PLPF, Wadie Haddad, was uncovered to be a KGB operator. While Haddad was accountable for the PLPF, he did different hijackings of regular citizen planes. One of those hijackings, the Dawson’s Field Hijackings of 1970, incited what’s known as Black September in Jordan, a wicked common war that kept going from September 1970 until July 1971.The KGB purportedly gave 100 assault rifles, programmed rifles, guns, and ammo to the Official Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1972. The Irish paramilitary gathering introduced probably the most savage demonstrations of viciousness and psychological warfare in the Northern Irish clash known as the Troubles. One explanation that the KGB and USSR looked into the IRA was on the grounds that they had turned Marxist and had started to help transforming Ireland into a socialist state.
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Mao Zedong, founder of the People’s Republic of China, is technically the greatest mass murderer in history. In 1958, Mao brought forth (and ruthlessly enforced) “The Great Leap Forward,” which was a plan to catch China up to the economy of the western world. Unfortunately, this plan came with mass famine, starvation, torture, and systematic violence, which included making people work nude in the dead of winter, and parents burying their own children alive. All told, 45 million people died during Mao’s reign, a body count that remains unmatched by any other historical despot.
But the guy just loved poetry. Chairman Mao – though he persecuted many Chinese writers and had countless books burned – was an avid reader, as well as a bit of a writer. He wrote over 30 poems, usually in the format of the ancient Chinese style. Ironically, he would have forbidden one billion people from every reading his work, due to his principles, but who isn’t self-conscious about their poetry?
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In 1971, Idi Amin overthrew the Ugandan government and installed himself as leader. During his eight-year reign, he would massacre over 400,000 civilians, often by forcing them to bludgeon one another to death with sledgehammers at the hands of his death squads. In 1979, Amin fled to Saudi Arabia, where he lived the rest of his days in exile – never facing any consequences for his crimes against humanity – before passing away in 2003.
But there was another side to Idi Amin. More than a tyrant, more than a mad man, Idi Amin was a guy who just loved slapstick comedy. He was apparently an avid fan of children’s cartoons, most specifically Tom and Jerry – you know, the one where the larger, menacing figure seeks to destroy the smaller, ostensibly defenseless one?
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Architect of the 9/11 attacks, the worst instance of terrorism ever on American soil, Osama bin Laden knew how to let his hair down and blow off some steam after a long day at Al-Qaeda HQ.
But when the 5 o’clock whistle blew, bin Laden didn’t dash to the nearest happy hour for wings and tall boys – he hit the sand for an intense match of beach volleyball.
The 6’4″ bin Laden was a force on the court, according to his associate Mohammed Atef. Atef, the former chief of Al-Qaeda, also enjoyed the game, but the two never played on the same team, citing the fact that they were so good it was an unfair advantage over other players.
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Indeed, even severe despots need time to loosen up. While overbearing maniacs have persecuted, starved, abused, tormented, and killed millions they’ve additionally set aside some effort to watch kid’s shows, play sea shore volleyball and even pen hot erotica.
While ordinarily a side interest refines somebody, these pastimes of the merciless despots on this rundown just make them progressively outsider and strange. This is what the absolute cruelest individuals in history got up to when they were off the clock.
Previous Leader of Iraq Saddam Hussein was a heartless pioneer who managed with an iron clench hand. The genuine degree of his monstrosities is obscure, as murders completed at his command are countless, yet there is proof of more than 250 mass graves from his rule. At the end of the day, preceding his hanging in 2003, Saddam was not a very chill fellow.
He was, in any case, horny.
Saddam had a propensity for composing romance books. Composing under the vigorously encoded nom de plume of “S. Hussein,” Saddam distributed a book called Zabibah and the Ruler, which was a ham-fisted and sensual personal novel set in antiquated Iraq. The revelation of this sappy, explicitly charged tome was additionally entirely arbitrary: CIA authorities discovered it by chance in an Arabic book shop in London in 2001.
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This Reference Help analyzes strategies and targets gathered from an audit of assaults or upset psychological oppressor activities from 2012-2018 connected to either Lebanese Hizballah (LH) or Iran. It recognizes practices and pointers that may ascend to the level for suspicious movement detailing in zones, for example, enlistment, procurement of mastery, materiel and weapons stockpiling, target type, and operational safety efforts, which could help bureaucratic, state, nearby, inborn, and regional government counterterrorism organizations, law requirement authorities, and private division accomplices in identifying, forestalling, acquiring, and disturbing potential psychological oppressor action in the Country. This Reference Help doesn’t suggest these pointers would fundamentally be watched or distinguished in each circumstance or that LH and Iran essentially utilize similar strategies or exhibit similar markers. A portion of these identification openings may come throughout typical examinations concerning criminal operations in the US, for example, unlawful travel or sneaking of medications, weapons, or money, and lead to the revelation of pre-operational action. An adaptation of this Reference Help’s infographic was additionally included as a supplement to a recently distributed Insight Evaluation. Data in this Reference Help is present starting at 16 May 2019.
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This Reference Aid analyzes strategies and targets earned from a survey of assaults or disturbed fear based oppressor activities from 2012-2018 connected to either Lebanese Hizballah (LH) or Iran. It recognizes practices and pointers that may ascend to the level for suspicious movement announcing in regions, for example, enrollment, obtaining of ability, materiel and weapons stockpiling, target type, and operational safety efforts, which could help administrative, state, neighborhood, inborn, and regional government counterterrorism offices, law requirement authorities, and private area accomplices in distinguishing, counteracting, seizing, and disturbing potential fear monger action in the Homeland. This Reference Aid doesn’t suggest these pointers would fundamentally be watched or recognized in each circumstance or that LH and Iran essentially utilize similar strategies or exhibit similar markers. A portion of these identification openings may come over the span of ordinary examinations concerning criminal operations in the United States, for example, unlawful travel or carrying of medications, weapons, or money, and lead to the disclosure of pre-operational movement. A rendition of this Reference Aid’s infographic was additionally included as a supplement to a recently distributed Intelligence Assessment. Data in this Reference Aid is present starting at 16 May 2019.
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Executive Summary:
(U//FOUO) This Joint Intelligence Bulletin (JIB) is intended to provide information on the recent video appearance by the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The video addresses the groupโs territorial defeat in Syria, discusses the acceptance of pledges of allegiance from ISIS supporters, and praises recent attacks in Sri Lanka and Saudi Arabia. This JIB is provided by the FBI, DHS, and NCTC to support their respective activities and to assist federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government counterterrorism and law enforcement officials and private sector security partners in deterring, preventing, or disrupting terrorist attacks against the United States. All video details described in this JIB are taken from the translated transcript of Baghdadiโs speech. The information cutoff date is 1 May 2019.
(U) Details of ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadiโs Video Message
(U//FOUO) On 29 April 2019, ISISโs al-Furqan Media Establishment publicly released an 18-minute video message in Arabic titled โIn the Company of the Amir of the Believersโ, which shows ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi sitting on a carpet in an undisclosed location with an assault rifle at his side. This is Baghdadiโs first public statement since his August 2018 audio message, and his first video appearance since July 2014, when Baghdadi was filmed introducing himself as โcaliphโ of the newly-declared caliphate at the Grand Mosque in Mosul, Iraq.
(U) Baghdadi Vows a โLong Battle Aheadโ Despite Defeat in Syria
โข (U//FOUO) Baghdadi emphasizes that ISISโs fight is not over, stating, โIn truth, the battle between Islam and its people with the Cross and its people is long.โ He further explains that ISIS is engaged in a multigenerational struggle and they plan to wear down their enemies with attrition, emphasizing that โjihad will continue until Judgement Dayโ and that โGod Almighty ordered us to wage jihad and did not order us to achieve victory.โ
โข (U//FOUO) Baghdadi acknowledges that ISIS lost the war in Baghuz, Syria, but emphasizes that the โbravery, steadfastness, and endurance of the Ummah of Islam was evident.โ He states that ISISโs soldiers did not abandon their faith during the battle, and sacrificed their lives rather than giving away land to ISISโs enemies.
โข (U//FOUO) Baghdadi praises the members in all of ISISโs provinces for their โunified raid to avenge their brothers in Syria, which amounted to 92 operations in eight countries.โ He states these attacks indicate the cohesion and steadfastness of the โmujahedeen.โ Baghdadi praises and thanks the now-deceased emirs, provincial governors, military personnel, and media members from various countries for their support to ISIS.
(U) Baghdadi Praised the Attacks in Sri Lanka and Saudi Arabia and Calls for Additional Operations
โข (U//FOUO) Video footage displays the Sri Lanka attackersโwho conducted a series of suicide bombings against luxury hotels and Christian churches in Sri Lanka on 21 April, killing approximately 250 peopleโpledging allegiance to Baghdadi, while audio of purportedly Baghdadiโs voice is heard stating, โYou brothers in Sri Lanka have pleased the monotheists by their commando operations that unsettled the Crusaders in their Easter celebrate to avenge their brothers in Baghuz.โ Baghdadi continues with โpraise be to God, for among those killed were some Americans and Europeans.โ Baghdadi congratulates the Sri Lanka attackers on their pledge of allegiance to join the โcaliphate,โ and asked God to accept them as martyrs.
โข (U//FOUO) Baghdadi acknowledges the attack in Saudi Arabiaโwhere ISIS fighters attacked a Saudi security building in Az Zulfi on 21 Aprilโand asked God that it be โfollowed by another one.โ He calls on members in Saudi Arabia โto continue down the path of jihadโ against the Saudi regime.
โข (U//FOUO) While Baghdadi appears in discussion with unidentified men, text on the screen indicates he was giving directives to โdouble the effort and intensify the blows against the Crusaders, apostates, and their supporters.โ
(U) Baghdadi Accepts Pledges of Allegiance and Praises Global Network
โข (U//FOUO) The video shows Baghdadi being handed booklets by one of the unidentified men which are labeled with the names of ISIS provinces, including Libya, Khorasan, Somalia, Yemen, Caucasus, West Africa, Central Africa, and Turkey, as well as Tunisia, which is not publicly identified as a province. This is the first time ISIS has referred to Turkey as an official province, or โwilayah,โ in its media releases.
โข (U//FOUO) Additionally, Baghdadi accepts pledges of allegiance from ISIS members in Burkina Faso and Mali, and congratulates them for joining the โcaliphate.โ He recommends they intensify their attacks against France and its allies and to avenge their brothers in Iraq and Syria.
โข (U//FOUO) Baghdadi congratulates ISIS members in Libya for their resoluteness and their raid on the town of Al Fugaha, Libya. He states that despite their withdrawal from it, they have shown their enemies that they are capable of taking the initiative, knowing their battle today is a battle of attrition.
(U) Baghdadiโs Image Starkly Contrasts with Last Appearance in 2014
(U//FOUO) The videoโs presentation of Baghdadi as an insurgent leaderโsimilar to the images of now-deceased al-Qaโida (AQ) leader Usama Bin Laden and now-deceased AQ in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi from prior videosโcontrasts with Baghdadiโs July 2014 appearance at the Grand Mosque in Mosul, Iraq, where he delivered a formal address from the mosqueโs pulpit wearing a black turban and robe probably to evoke images of the last caliphs who ruled from Baghdad.
(U) Outlook
(U//FOUO) The FBI, DHS, and NCTC assess Baghdadiโs appearance almost certainly will bolster the morale for ISISโs existing supporters around the world, including those in the United States, by indicating Baghdadi is alive and in control of the group as of late April 2019. Most homegrown violent extremists (HVEs) generally do not mobilize to violence in response to specific events and instead are usually influenced by a confluence of sociopolitical, ideological, and personal factors.a However, those wavering in their commitment to ISIS might feel a sense of renewed devotion to the group as Baghdadi is alive and apparently still managing ISIS.
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(U//FOUO) NCTC (National Counterterrorism) assesses that the Sunni extremist threat to the US before 9/11 was characterized by diverse extremist organizations and lone actors motivated by multiple ideological narratives and other factors, including Salafi jihadism, Palestinian nationalism, theological disputes within Islam, anti-Semitism, and anti-Hindu sentiments. We have identified a dozen successful attacks, four disrupted plots, and one attempt to set up an extremist training camp in the US between 1973 and 2001, underscoring the persistent threat from al-Qaโidaโassociated extremists, Palestinian terrorist groups, and Sunni extremist lone actors in the decades leading up to 9/11.
These extremists chose a wide array of targets, with the majority of their attacks before 1993 focused on Hindu, Jewish, or Muslim individuals or institutions. Most attacks after that date were against civilian or US Government targets, because of al-Qaโidaโassociated extremistsโ focus on indiscriminate mass casualty attacks. In some cases, we lack clear insight into the attackersโ motivations because of information gaps, and FBI disagrees about the motivations underlying two of these attacks.
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Executive Summary
Since its founding in 2012, the National Institute of Justiceโs Domestic Radicalization to Terrorism program has sponsored research on how radicalization to terrorism occurs in the United States in order to support prevention and intervention efforts. These projects have taken a variety of approaches to examining the process of radicalization to terrorism, but in spite of this there is substantial overlap in their findings, which collectively provide evidence of the importance of several facilitators of radicalization and the need to take into account how this process unfolds within individuals over time.
Facilitators of Radicalization to Terrorism
Terrorist belief systems or narratives
Identity processes
Activities that demonstrate commitment to a terrorist group or cause
Connections with terrorists in oneโs offline social network
Connections with terrorists via the internet and/or social media
Group dynamics
Grievances
Triggering events
At the individual level, the radicalization process often involves embracing a terrorist belief system or narrative that identifies particular others or groups as โenemiesโ and justifies engaging in violence against them. Individuals may also begin to identify themselves as terrorists, as well as to engage in activities that highlight their commitments to their new beliefs, identities, and/or others who hold them. It is, however, important to note that while these beliefs and behaviors may facilitate the movement to terrorism, this outcome is not inevitable. Those close to these individuals may become aware of the changes that their friends and family members are undergoing and attempt to address them or seek help from others who can. An important implication of this is that trusted information and resources need to be available to assist in this effort. Another is that prevention and intervention efforts may benefit from addressing beliefs that justify violence and helping individuals to develop identities in which these beliefs are not central.
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Testing Two Theoretical Perspectives on Radicalization to Terrorism
In their completed NIJ-sponsored research, a team led by the University of Arkansas tested whether role identity theory and framing theory help to explain how individuals and groups radicalize to terrorism (Smith et al., 2016). In doing so, the researchers built on previous research conducted using the American Terrorism Study (ATS) database (e.g., Smith & Damphousse, 2009; Smith, Damphousse, & Roberts, 2006; Smith, Roberts, & Damphousse, 2013) and focused not on testing a complete model of the radicalization process but rather on testing what they viewed to be a crucial component of it: the construction of a terrorist identity. This process is outlined in Figure 2 on page 11.
Several concepts displayed in the figure are central to understanding the analyses the team conducted. The first two are identity salience and identity pervasiveness โ both of which are based on the premise that everyone has multiple identities (e.g., as a parent, teacher, musician). If an identity is salient, it is more likely to be brought to bear in a particular situation. If an identity is pervasive, it is more likely to be brought to bear in numerous situations. The researchers hypothesized that individuals with more salient and pervasive terrorist identities would be more likely to engage in terrorism.
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This Joint Intelligence Bulletin (JIB) is intended to provide information on Australian national and violent extremist Brenton Tarrantโs 15 March 2019 attacks on two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand. These attacks underscore the enduring nature of violent threats posed to faith-based communities. FBI, DHS, and NCTC advise federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government counterterrorism and law enforcement officials and private sector security partners responsible for securing faith-based communities in the Homeland to remain vigilant in light of the enduring threat to faith-based communities posed by domestic extremists (DEs), as well as by homegrown violent extremists (HVEs) who may seek retaliation. This JIB is provided to assist federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial counterterrorism and law enforcement officials and private sector security partners to effectively deter, prevent, preempt, or respond to incidents and terrorist attacks in the United States.
(U) Attack Details
(U//FOUO) On 15 March 2019, New Zealand police arrested an Australian national who appeared to be inspired by a white supremacist ideology and who allegedly conducted a shooting attack on two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand. This attack highlights the enduring threat of violence posed to faith-based communities. There are currently 49 victims deceased, and 20 others are listed as being in critical condition following the attack.
ยป (U//FOUO) On 15 March 2019, at about 1:40 PM local time, Australian national Brenton Tarrant used firearms to attack the Masjid Al Noor Mosque in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, before conducting a similar shooting attack at the Linwood Masjid Mosque, approximately four miles away. Tarrant drove to the attack sites and livestreamed a video of the attack. Police also discovered improvised explosive devices in a vehicle connected with the attack. Tarrant is currently the only known perpetrator; however, investigation of his movements and associates continues.
ยป (U//FOUO) Tarrant disseminated a manifesto prior to the shooting which detailed his concerns of perceived โwhite genocide.โ The manifesto contains a wide range of anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim views. One reason listed as to why he carried out the attack was โto create conflictโฆwithin the United States on the ownership of firearms in order to further the social, cultural, political, and racial divide within the United states [sic].โ
ยป (U//FOUO) Tarrant claimed to have been planning the attack for two years and recently relocated to New Zealand to live temporarily while he โplanned and trained.โ He claimed to have chosen to conduct his attack in Christchurch three months prior to show such attacks could happen anywhere.
(U) Mosque Attacks Could Incite Like-Minded and Retaliatory Attacks
(U//FOUO) We are concerned online sharing of Tarrantโs livestreamed footage could amplify viewer reaction to the violent attack and possibly incite similar attacks by those adhering to violent extremist ideologies in the United States and abroad, as well as retaliatory attacks from HVEs and individuals otherwise affiliated with foreign terrorist organizations. Tarrant appeared to have been influenced by prior attacks by violent extremists in the United States and other countries, and we remain concerned that US-based DEs of similar ideologies could become inspired by this attack. Although most HVEs generally do not mobilize to violence in response to specific events and instead are usually influenced by a confluence of sociopolitical, ideological, and personal factors, exceptions may occur and we remain concerned for the potential of retaliatory attacks by some HVEs, as we have already seen calls for attacks by violent extremists online.
ยป (U//FOUO) Tarrant claimed Norwegian mass attacker Anders Brevik gave his โblessingโ for the attack. Tarrantโs ammunition cases also displayed handwritten names of violent extremists in Canada and elsewhere who previously conducted violent attacks on Muslims or in support of violent extremist ideologies.
ยป (U//FOUO) An examination of online jihadist media following the mosque attacks indicates various al-Qaโida and ISIS supporters are posting attack images to express outrage and are calling upon all Muslims to respond to the New Zealand attacks by launching their own near-term attacks in retaliation.
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(U//FOUO) On January 27, 2019 at approximately 12:15pm local time, a vehicle resembling an ambulance and laden with explosives detonated after it passed through a police checkpoint in Kabul, Afghanistan. The explosion killed more than 100 people and wounded approximately 235 others. According to the deputy spokesperson for the Afghanistan Interior Ministry, the vehicle was painted to resemble an ambulance and had successfully passed through a checkpoint after the attacker allegedly told police he was transporting a patient to a nearby hospital. While stopped at a second checkpoint farther inside the city limits, the attacker detonated the explosives concealed in the vehicle. The explosion occurred in an area known as Chicken Street, which includes a prominent shopping zone and is in close proximity to foreign embassies and government buildings. A Taliban spokesman released a statement claiming responsibility and alleged the attack was in retaliation to an increased presence of U.S. troops and an increase in airstrikes throughout Afghanistan.
(U//FOUO) Individuals may consider using a variety of official vehicles or altering vehicles to look like official vehicles to further their terrorist objectives. The use of ambulances, law enforcement vehicles, fire vehicles, or other government vehicles could enable attackers to enter into secure areas to access sensitive sites or carry attackers, weapons, and/or explosives to an intended target location. Individuals may clone first responder vehicles by modifying unofficial vehicles with paint and decals to make them appear to be official; steal vehicles from residences, vulnerable vehicle lots, or while first responders are at a scene; or purchase retired, official vehicles and potentially re-equip them with equipment that was removed prior to sale to make them appear more legitimate. Incidents involving stealing or cloning first responder vehicles in the United States have often been associated with criminal activity, but individuals in the United States could also gain insight from international attacks to attempt similar tactical use of emergency response and government vehicles in terrorist attacks in the United States.
(U//FOUO) First responders should follow agency protocols for responding to suspicious incidents and safeguarding equipment and vehicles. The following non-exhaustive list identifies potential indicators of misuse or misrepresentation of first responder vehicles.
(U//FOUO) Drivers of government vehicles who are not knowledgeable or who become increasingly nervous when questioned about the organization represented on the vehicle they are driving (U//FOUO) Incorrect vehicle decals, verbiage, colors, word font, and size (U//FOUO) Visible identifiers, such as phone number or license plates, that are inconsistent with the vehicleโs operating area or mission are very suspicous. (U//FOUO) Heavily loaded vehicles, possibly beyond capacity must be considered as dangerous.
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NATIONAL COUNTERTERRORISM CENTER
(U//FOUO) NCTC Counterterrorism Weekly Open Source Digest December 2018
December 24, 2018
Counterterrorism Weekly 6-18 December 2018
Page Count: 18 pages
Date: December 12, 2018
Restriction: For Official Use Only
Originating Organization: National Counterterrorism Center
File Type: pdf
File Size: 1,684,886 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256): 5DB3EF6875E67FA136A736986BC4F476BD2DA0DBCDC4DD30A0DB7241449EC7B1
(U) Terrorist Profile: Former Jordanian ISIS Official Saโd Al-Hunayti
(U) Jordanian national Saโd al-Hunayti was a leading member of the Jihadist Salafi movement in Jordan before he traveled to Syria and joined Nusrah Front then ISIS. Hunayti was ultimately arrested by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) for reportedly being a leader in ISIS-run secret cells in Idlib Province, Syria, that planted IEDs and conducted kidnappings and assassinations in northwest Syria.
(U) During the 1980s, Hunayti studied history at Yarmouk University in north Jordan and was suspended twice for โhis political positions.โ During this period, he was influenced by Sayyid Qutbโs idea of โgovernance,โ according to Dr. Muhammad Abu-Rumman, a Jordanian researcher who specializes in Political Thought and Islamic Movements. (Sayyid Qutb was the Spotlight topic in the 23 May 2018 issue of this publication.)
(U) In 2011, Hunayti was arrested by Jordanian security forces after demonstrations in Al Zarqa that called for governmental and constitutional reforms. The protests were led by the Islamist movement, which dominated the political opposition, and by the popular protest movement, which encompassed numerous pro-reform organizations. Hunayti was released from Jordanian custody in October 2013.
(U) In April 2014, Hunayti traveled to Syria at the behest of senior Salafi Jihadi ideologue Abu-Muhammad al-Maqdisi to mediate between Nusrah Front and ISIS during their clashes in Deir az-Zour. Bassam al-Nuโaymi, an activist in the Jihadist Salafi movement in Jordan, said that after the failure of his reconciliation initiative, Hunayti received an offer from Nusrah Front leader Abu-Muhammad al-Jawlani to become a Sharia judge and head of the courthouse in northern Syria. The judicial branch faced controversy due to suspicious verdicts, leading to tensions with the Nusrah Front leadership that Hunayti viewed as hindering his โimplementation of sharia.โ
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(U) Telegram Suspends Thousands of Violent Jihadist Accounts
(U) On 6 December, the Telegram messaging app suspended over 3,000 โterroristโ accounts. Telegramโs daily report on the โterroristโ accounts it blocks usually cites an average of 200-300 take-downs per day, but this rose to 507 on 5 December and significantly jumped to 3,276 on 6 December.
โ (U) Telegramโs โISIS Watchโ initiative to block channels with โterrorist contentโ was launched in 2016 after the company came under pressure over the number of violent jihadists operating on its platform. The ISIS Watch channel provided daily and monthly totals for its account suspensions.
โ (U) The Telegram cull followed a recent effort by ISIS to beef up its presence on the platform. ISIS operated a network of multiple channels and groups on Telegram under the โNashir news agencyโ brand.
โ (U) Since 12 November, Nashir started advertising a flurry of new Telegram groups to complement its already swelling number of channels, enhancing the overall number of ISIS outlets on the platform.
โ (U) The measure of having dozens of mirror accounts, so far unique to ISIS, was designed to mitigate the impact of take-downs on the groupโs media operation. So when 10 or 50 accounts are suspended, other duplicate accounts are still active.
โ (U) In November 2017, Nashir claimed to be operating 600 duplicate channels and groups. While this might have been an exaggerated figure, the group indeed has dozens of active accounts on Telegram. (BBC)
JCAT: (U//FOUO) The desire for and reliance on terrorists and their supporters to communicate electronically with like-minded individuals provides potential investigative avenues through human operations, outreach, and targeting analysis. While a subjectโs communications can be anonymized or encrypted, often their participation in online forums, chat rooms, and initial contact with others may not be, providing a window for discovering trends and methods in terrorist COMSEC. (JCAT)
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In an effort to further enhance public understanding of al-Qa’ida, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on 1 November 2017 released additional materials recovered in the 2 May 2011 raid on Usama Bin Ladin’s compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
With the release of these materials, the information remaining in the collection that has not been released publicly includes materials that are protected by copyright; sensitive such that their release would directly damage efforts to keep the nation secure; pornography; malware; blank, corrupted, and duplicate files. The entire collection has been available to the US Intelligence Community and Department of Defense organizations for years.
The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) previously released documents from the collection on 20 May 2015, 1 March 2016, and 19 January 2017 after an interagency review spearheaded by the CIA. The releases align with ODNI initiatives for increased transparency – consistent with national security prerogatives – and the 2014 Intelligence Authorization Act, which required the ODNI to conduct a review of the documents for release.
CIA’s 1 November 2017 release includes additional al-Qa’ida letters, videos, audio files, and communications, as well as routine family correspondence. As a result, it builds on the ODNI releases that provided material relevant to understanding the plans and workings of terrorist organizations. The material is posted in its original Arabic format and in as close to the original form as possible, modified only so the files cannot be edited.
All of the material, which includes audio, document, image, video, and software operating system files, can be found on the All Original Filessection of this page. To view material by category, refer to the Audio, Documents, Images, and Video pages. To view the material by the device from which it originated, refer to the Devices page. Lastly, to view Microsoft Office files of various ages and formats that CIA has converted to Portable Document Format (PDF) for ease of viewing, refer to the Converted Material page.
The files underwent interagency review, and an effort was made to remove copyrighted material. However, the files may still contain some copyrighted works. Further reproduction, distribution, public performance, or public display of any copyrighted work is generally prohibited without the permission of the copyright owner. Copyright owners may request the removal of their content by submitting a notice via mail to Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Public Affairs, Washington, DC, 20505; via fax to 571-204-3800; or via the contact button on the CIA.gov homepage.
A notice must include:
A sufficient description of the copyrighted content to locate and remove it;
The copyright owner’s contact information or that of an authorized agent;
A statement of good faith belief that the use of the content at issue is not permitted by the copyright owner, an authorized agent, or the law; and
A statement that the information in the notice is accurate, including that it is submitted by the copyright owner of the content at issue or an authorized agent.
Bin Ladin’s Journal
1 November 2017
In addition to the computer files and digital media recovered in the May 2011 raid on Usama Bin Ladin’s compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, CIA recovered Bin Ladin’s journal. As part of the 1 November 2017 release, CIA made available photographs of the journal, which includes an entry the day before Bin Ladin’s death. Please note the photographs were taken in the urgent hours after the raid as the US Intelligence Community analysts reviewed the material in search of clues that would reveal ongoing al-Qa’ida plots, as well as the identities and locations of al-Qa’ida personnel, and other information of immediate importance.
The material in this file collection may contain content that is offensive and/or emotionally disturbing. This material may not be suitable for all ages. Please view it with discretion.
Prior to accessing this file collection, please understand that this material was seized from a terrorist organization. Out of an abundance of caution we took the site down to resolve technical issues associated with the initial posting โ and to remove additional detected malware โ but we cannot guarantee that all malware has been removed.
Prior to accessing this file collection, please note the large file sizes of some of the material.
Page Count: 4 pages Date: January 2018 Restriction: For Official Use Only, Law Enforcement Sensitive Originating Organization: Customs and Border Protection, Office of Intelligence File Type: pdf File Size: 45,021 bytes File Hash (SHA-256):CE410209C50668E2A75D5E002B2728EB4549C565CBCA1ED3FFC3D9DCAD12E177
(U//FOUO/LES) CBPโs Office of Intelligence produced this document by request from CBPโs Commissioner on 19 December. This product examines 29 perpetrators of 25 terrorist incidents in the United States from October 2001 through December 2017 whom CBP/OI assesses were driven by radical Sunni Islamist militancy.1 This assessment covers the demographic profile of the perpetrators, consisting of age, citizenship, gender, immigration status, national origin, international travel and religious background. This assessment is intended to inform United States foreign visitor screening, immigrant vetting and on-going evaluations of United States-based individuals who might have a higher risk of becoming radicalized and conducting a violent attack. This information is cut-off as of 22 January 2018.
(U) Source Summary
(U//FOUO) We place moderate confidence on assessments discussed herein due to our reliance on information derived primarily from analysis of law enforcement databases, independent think tank studies, scholastic publications, and United States press reporting. We lack specific details on the perpetrators path to radicalization that would have contributed a higher confidence in our assessment.
(U) Key Findings
(U//FOUO/LES) The national origins of all but six of the perpetrators traced to the Middle East, South Asia or Africa, possibly reflecting the long-term difficulty for some Muslim immigrants to integrate into United States society.
(U//FOUO/LES) Most perpetrators resided in the United States for a significant period of time, signaling the need for recurrent screening and vetting over a long period of time.
(U//FOUO/LES) The presence of all of the perpetrators in the United States was lawful, highlighting that illegal immigration was not a factor in these cases.
(U//FOUO/LES) Despite the prominent role Muslim converts have played in radical Islamist terrorist incidents occurring in the West, only six of the perpetrators converted to Islam.
(U) Gender
(U//FOUO/LES) Males were involved in all of the attacks highlighted in the assessment, despite growing concerns, such as assessments by the Combatting Counterterrorism Center at West Point, regarding the increasingly prominent, and sometimes operational, role women play in radical Islamist militant circles, including their use by the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS).(2) There was only one incident, where a female, the wife of the male perpetrator, was also involved in carrying out the attack.
(U) Ages
(U//FOUO/LES) Case studies over the past few years conducted by both federal and private entities yielded similar age-ranges after reviewing various comparable subsets of individuals. Our study found the average age of the 29 perpetrators was 28 years, ranging from 17 to 49 years of age at the time they were arrested or killed. The average age of perpetrators who conducted attacks in North America and Europe following ISISโ declaration of its self-proclaimed caliphate in June 2014 was a similar 27.3 years old, according to independent think tank findings.(3) According to one scholastic publication, the average age of United States individuals arrested due to their associations with ISIS was 26. (3) We assess that 14 out of the 15 individuals born outside the United States spent approximately 10 years in the United States prior to their attacks; the remaining foreign born perpetrator was a Canadian resident visiting the United States.
(U) National Origins
(U//FOUO/LES) The national origins of all but six of the perpetrators traced to the Middle East, South Asia or Africa, likely reflecting the long-term difficulty for some Muslim immigrants to integrate into U.S. society. Just over half of the perpetrators were born outside the United States and over four-fifths (86%) of those immigrated as a minor or resided for a significant period of time (approximately 10 years) in the United States, indicating that the radicalization of these individuals likely occurred after immigrating. The remaining perpetrators born outside the United States resided in the country for two years or less, suggesting that they could have arrived in the United States already radicalized. The presence of all of the foreign-born perpetrators in the United States was lawful, highlighting that illegal immigration was not a factor in these cases and that possibly some militants are heeding calls by ISIS and AQ to take up arms in their Western countries of residence as opposed to traveling abroad to participate in foreign conflicts.
โข (U//FOUO/LES) Eight of the 14 U.S.-born perpetrators are first-generation descendants of South Asian, Middle Eastern or African immigrants. Of the six other U.S.-born perpetrators, five are of African-American heritage and one is Caucasian.
โข (U//FOUO/LES) Among the 14 foreign-born perpetrators who immigrated to the United States, 4 entered the United States before they reached 10 years of age; another 5 perpetrators were between 13 and 17 years of age when they migrated. Four perpetrators migrated to the United States after the age of 18 and were residents for approximately 7 years. Only one perpetrator over 18 years old had been in the United States for a year or less.
(U//FOUO/LES) Fourteen of the foreign-born perpetrators were lawful permanent residents (LPR)2 of the United States and one was a lawful resident of Canada visiting the United States under a U.S.-Canada Trusted Traveler Program. Of the fourteen foreign-born individuals who were residents of the United States, 7 acquired permanent residency in the United States and 7 were naturalized citizens.
(U) Immigration Channel
(U//FOUO/LES) Of the 14 U.S. LPRs, five immigrated to the country as children of asylees; two were refugees; two acquired diversity immigrant visas, one was the child of a U.S. citizen; one was the spouse of a U.S. citizen; one was the child of an alien family member of a U.S. citizen; one was the child of an alien with an advanced professional degree; and one immigrated on a fiancรฉ visa.
(U) International Travel
(U//FOUO/LES) Nine of the perpetrators traveled outside of the United States, within one to two years of the incident, to countries in the Middle East, South Asia or Europe, suggesting the travel may have played a role in their path to radicalization. Four individuals traveled to the Middle East or South Asia within three to four years of their attacks. Five out of the 14 U.S.-born perpetrators traveled to the Middle East or South Asia within 4 years or less of the incidents.
(U) Religious Conversion
(U//FOUO/LES) We assess that only six of the perpetrators-or about 20 percent converted to Islam, which is in line with a 2017 independent think tank that found 23-percent of United States Muslims are converts (4)- despite the prominent role Muslim converts have played in radical Islamist terrorist incidents occurring in the West, according to a body of academic, media and anecdotal reporting. (5) (6) (7)
(U) Outlook
(U//FOUO/LES) CBP/OI assesses that the factors contributing to an individualโs decision to perpetrate an act of terrorism reflect a highly personalized set of circumstances. The cohort of perpetrators represents migrants to the United States, U.S.-born citizens, including six converts to Islam with backgrounds that are comparable to other Sunni Islamist extremist cohorts. Demographic factors such as age, national origin, length of residence, immigration status or travel history can inform evaluations, but are not determinative, when assessing an individualโs susceptibility to violent extremism. While the sense of perceived marginalization of some Muslim immigrants may represent an important factor in the radicalization process, we assess with low confidence that the motivations of at least some of the perpetrators centered on their failure to assimilate in United States society.
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This investigation, dispatched by the European Parliament’s Arrangement Division for Subjects’ Rights and Sacred Issues at the demand of the LIBE Panel, gives a review of current ways to deal with countering psychological oppressor stories. The first and second segments layout the distinctive reactions created at the worldwide and European Union levels. The third segment introduces an investigation of four distinctive ways to deal with reacting to fear based oppressor stories: disturbance of publicity conveyance, divert technique, crusade and message outline, and government correspondences and synchronization of message and activity. The last area offers various arrangement proposals, featuring five interrelated ‘lines of exertion’ basic to amplifying the proficiency and viability of counterterrorism and countering fierce fanaticism key correspondence.
1. Worldwide activities to counter fear based oppressor accounts are completed by various distinctive on-screen characters on the supranational, global, local, national and sub-national levels. The UN has set up itself as a key player in the field of counter-stories, rousing related organizations, for example, the Worldwide Counterterrorism Gathering (GCTF) and Hedayah, to help states in building solid designs of activity in this field. Other worldwide associations, for example, NATO and OSCE, have executed activities that attention on vital interchanges and counter-stories. States have likewise expanded endeavors in countering fear based oppressor stories through participation with different states or non-state institutional accomplices. At last, tech organizations have found a way to counteract manhandle of their stages by fear based oppressor on-screen characters.
2. The EU has expected a main part in counter-account endeavors through its own particular offices and projects and in addition through supporting outside activities. Europol assumes a key part in expelling illicit psychological militant substance from the Web while the EU Web Gathering gives a stage to disturb fear monger content and open up counter-accounts. The EU likewise encourages a system of cutting edge specialists, the Radicalisation Mindfulness System, which gives investigations of existing counter-account endeavors. At last, there are various establishments working at the European level, frequently in association with either the EU or Part States, which encourage the making of counter-accounts between governments, industry, and common society.
3. There are four key patterns in current endeavors to handle fear monger purposeful publicity:
I. Interruption of promulgation circulation โ The key goal is to meddle with the conveyance of publicity, to put it plainly, to attempt and stop purposeful publicity at the source by keeping it from achieving its intended interest group. Specifically, this has focussed on bringing down promulgation from web-based social networking and erasing affronting accounts.
ii. Divert technique โ Instead of eradicating promulgation, this approach looks to divert watchers to various messages trying to ‘bump’ their conduct. Spearheaded by Jigsaw and ISD, this venture diverts those scanning for jihadist material to counter-informing.
iii. Crusade and message outline โ These tasks look to give data and aptitudes to Common Society Associations (CSOs) to create correspondence battles, normally in light of counter-story or option account approaches. While interruption looks to stop the spread of purposeful publicity, this approach tries to empower CSOs with the aptitudes to stand up to and undermine the promulgation.
iv. Government correspondences and synchronization of message and activity โ There is a propensity for correspondence crusades to be composed in a vacuum, detached from occasions, in actuality. Synchronization approaches take a thorough point of view and intend to connect messages and activities, and to arrange informing crosswise over government and with global accomplices. The quality of these methodologies is to keep the undermining of a story by uncovering its ‘say-do-hole’, through guaranteeing message and activities are adjusted, and through constraining opposing informing.
4. In spite of the fact that counter-accounts is broadly bolstered by governments, think tanks and NGOs, the idea itself is somewhat immature and does not have an exhaustive establishing in observational research. There is little proof to help the adequacy of counternarratives and a significant number of its hidden presumptions have been raised doubt about. There is a requirement for more noteworthy research here and, specifically, compelling observing and assessment of flow counter-account extends keeping in mind the end goal to have the capacity to guarantee that lessons are found out.
5. Counter-psychological oppression (CT) and countering vicious radicalism (CVE) vital correspondences endeavors crosswise over different projects and activities can be educated by the accompanying suggestions:
I. Interruption of fierce fanatic material should be connected extensively and over various stages, keeping in mind the end goal to abstain from dislodging fear monger informing movement between channels. The vacuum made by interruption should be loaded with a progression of messages intended to use a scope of motivational drivers, keeping in mind the end goal to resound with an intended interest group subject to changing inspirations and so as to have a strengthening total impact on that gathering of people.
ii. To guarantee cognizant informing over the short, medium and long haul, battle and message plan standards should be synchronized through the foundation of a reasonable and easy to-comprehend, larger focal account, which is upheld by a specifically assorted exhibit of messages.
iii. An unmistakable recognizable proof of the intended interest group is essential to successful key correspondences, considering a range of potential customers of the message (expected, unintended, supporters, enemies and neutrals). A nuanced behavioral and attitudinal comprehension of that group of onlookers is expected to powerfully shape mentalities and practices.
iv. Measuring the viability of vital interchanges requires appraisals that emphasis on measures of key education, specialized proficiency and target gathering of people. These appraisals should be at first performed preceding the beginning of a key interchanges exertion to build up a standard measure. Once the benchmark measurements are set up, these evaluations should be consistently executed as a way to check the viability and proficiency of the battle after some time.
v. So as to pick up put stock in, believability and authenticity according to an intended interest group, informing should be synchronized with exercises on the ground, in this manner diminishing the apparent uniqueness between what one says and does (the ‘say-do hole’). The focal necessity for enhancing the synchronization of informing and activity crosswise over organizations is to a great extent social. Antiquated states of mind that ‘activities talk louder than words’ add to a hierarchical culture, frequently strengthened by principle, which bears vital interchanges an ex post facto part in operations, procedure and arrangement. Vital correspondences ought to be a key thought in arranging from the earliest starting point of the
iii. A reasonable distinguishing proof of the intended interest group is key to viable vital correspondences, considering a range of potential buyers of the message (planned, unintended, supporters, foes and neutrals). A nuanced behavioral and attitudinal comprehension of that gathering of people is expected to powerfully shape mentalities and practices.
iv. Measuring the adequacy of key correspondences requires evaluations that emphasis on measures of vital education, specialized proficiency and target group of onlookers. These evaluations should be at first performed preceding the beginning of a key interchanges exertion with a specific end goal to build up a benchmark measure. Once the benchmark measurements are built up, these appraisals should be frequently executed as a way to check the adequacy and productivity of the battle after some time.
v. Keeping in mind the end goal to pick up put stock in, believability and authenticity according to an intended interest group, informing should be synchronized with exercises on the ground, in this manner lessening the apparent dissimilarity between what one says and does (the ‘say-do hole’). The focal prerequisite for enhancing the synchronization of informing and activity crosswise over administrations is to a great extent social. Antiquated states of mind that ‘activities talk louder than words’ add to a hierarchical culture, regularly strengthened by precept, which bears key interchanges an ex post facto part in operations, procedure and arrangement. Key correspondences ought to be a key thought in arranging from the earliest starting point of the
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Germany: Vehicular Assault at Christmas Market Underscores Threat to Mass Gatherings and Open-Access Venues
Page Count: 4 pages Date: December 21, 2016 Restriction: For Official Use Only Originating Organization: Department of Homeland Security, Office of Intelligence and Analysis File Type: pdf File Size: 298,161 bytes File Hash (SHA-256): ED0FA815C6477AA7CF193FB8C1972FE0D727BD52F7599F39FF9C7893C7A86807
(U) A 25-ton commercial truck transporting steel beams from Poland to Germany plowed into crowds at a Christmas market in Berlin at about 2000 local time on 19 December, killing at least 12 people and injuring 48 others, several critically, according to media reporting citing public security officials involved in the investigation. The truck was reportedly traveling at approximately 40 miles per hour when it rammed the Christmas market stands. Police estimate the vehicle traveled 80 yards into the Christmas market before coming to a halt.
(U) German authorities are calling the attack a terrorist incident, with the attacker still at large. German authorities are warning that it is unclear if the attacker was a lone offender, acted as part of a cell, or if he received any sort of direction by a FTO, and expressed concern that additional attacks are possible. An individual who was initially detained on 19 December was released on 20 December, and is no longer considered a suspect, according to German police. The truck may have been stolen or hijacked with the original driver overpowered or murdered. The original driver, found dead in the truck cab, appears to have died from stabbing and shooting wounds, according to media reporting citing law enforcement officials. The truck tracking location system indicated repeated engine stalls in the time leading up to the attack, leading the owner of the vehicle to speculate this was unlikely if a veteran driver was operating the truck, unless there was some sort of mechanical trouble. In response to the incident, German authorities, as part of their heightened security posture, will place concrete barriers around access points at Christmas markets across Germany.
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(U//FOUO) Vehicle Ramming Featured in Recent Terrorist Messaging
(U//FOUO) I&A assesses that the 19 December likely terrorist attack at one of the largest Christmas markets in Berlin highlights terroristsโ continued use of simple tactics and is consistent with recent calls by the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) for attacks in the West using โall available means.โ In an early December audio statement, ISIL spokesman Abu Hassan al-Muhajir called for attacks in โtheir homes, markets, street gatherings and anywhere they do not think of.โ Vehicle ramming has been featured in recent violent extremist publications and messagingโincluding in ISILโs al Rumiyah magazine and al-Qaสปida in the Arabian Peninsulaโs (AQAP) Inspire magazineโespecially since the mid-July vehicle ramming attack in Nice, France. The early-November third issue of Rumiyah highlighted applicable targets for vehicle ramming attacks such as โlarge outdoor conventions and celebrations, pedestrian-congested streets, outdoor markets, festivals, parades, and political rallies.โ The most recent Homeland attack featuring this tactic occurred at Ohio State University in Columbus on 28 November, where Abdul Razak Ali Artan ran over pedestrians and then continued the attack with an edged weapon after the vehicle came to a stop.
(U//FOUO) On 20 December, ISILโs Aโmaq News Agency called the attacker โan Islamic State soldierโ consistent with previous instances of quickly posting claims of credit for operations. While the attack bears the hallmarks of ISILโs tactics and targets, we have not been able to determine a definitive link to the group at this time.
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(U//FOUO) I&A has no information indicating a specific or credible threat against individuals, locations or events in the Homeland, but several recent plots and attacks in the United States and overseas involving shopping malls, mass transit, and mass gatherings, including sporting events, have shown that homegrown violent extremists (HVEs) and terrorist groups are interested in attacking these types of targets. I&A assesses that commercial facilitiesโsuch as festivals, concerts, outdoor events, and other mass gatheringsโremain a potential target for terrorists or HVEs, as they often pursue simple, achievable attacks with an emphasis on economic impact and mass casualties. The most likely tactics in a hypothetical terrorist attack against such events likely would involve edged weapons, small arms, vehicular assaults, and possibly improvised explosive devices. The 19 December events underscore the difficulties the private sector and law enforcement face in securing venues that are pedestrian-friendly, particularly in light of the large number of such aereas.
Despite battlefield losses, ISIS continues to operate its own terrorist pseudostate and claims a growing global footprint. At least 34 radical Islamist groups have pledged their allegiance to ISIS. As of this printing, the organization has managed to expand its presence to dozens of countries and territoriesโin addition to recruiting tens of thousands of fighters from over 120 nations. Most alarmingly, ISIS is driving an unprecedented surge of terror plots against the West and poses a persistent and grave threat to the U.S. homeland.
Their explosive growth stems in part from its ability to control territory and generate massive revenue flows from diverse sources. ISIS is unique in comparison to other terror groups in that it runs a state-like infrastructure designed to raise revenue and support government functions, such as providing social welfare services and waging war. While the United States has made progress in blunting the groupโs momentum in Iraq and Syria, ISIS has proved to be a flexible and determined enemy that will regenerate and spread unless its revenue streams are cut off decisively.
Given the severity of the threat, the House Homeland Security Committee launched a review to examine ISISโ financial infrastructure and U.S. Governmentโs efforts to dismantle it. The Committeeโs Majority Staff reviewed the groupโs revenue streams, examined U.S. Government activities to counter its finances, and developed findings and recommendations related to the issue.
Results of the Committeeโs Review
This report is divided into two primary sections. First, it outlines the pillars of ISISโ financial infrastructure. Second, it makes 14 key findings and provides accompanying recommendations. Overall, the Committee finds that:
โข The U.S. Government lacks a national strategy to counter ISIS and similar terror groupsโ fundraising tactics.
โข Despite recent setbacks, ISISโ rapid global expansion and its diverse revenue sources continue to strain the U.S. Governmentโs ability to disrupt the groupโs financial flows.
โข The Obama Administration has weakened Americaโs no-negotiation stance toward terrorist groups who kidnap U.S. persons, and it has failed to take meaningful action to deter foreign governments from making ransom payments to ISIS and other terror groups.
โข The U.S. Government lacks clarity about the extent to which terrorist groups like ISIS are using online fundraising platforms to generate income.
โข The U.S. Government has largely failed to develop a comprehensive government-wide approach to help foreign partners build the capacity to combat terror financing.
โข Efforts by foreign partners to crack down on ISISโs cross-border smuggling and facilitation networks have so far been inadequate.
โข Too few countries have effective financial intelligence units to connect the dots and disrupt terrorist transactions.
โข ISIS has been able to withstand targeted sanctions because few countries enforce them.
โข Many foreign countries rely on a patchwork system to share expertise and prosecute terror-related financial crimes, increasing the odds that terror financiers will slip through the cracks.
โข Domestic and international law enforcement agencies have not put high-enough priority on tracking black market sales of cultural artifacts and antiquities, which have become a significant source of terrorist revenue.
โข The U.S. Government does not have standardized internal controls in place across federal departments and agencies to prevent terrorists from using charities, nongovernmental organizations, non-profits, and humanitarian groups to raise and move money covertly.
โข Gaping weaknesses in reporting and oversight standards for hawala transactions hamper efforts to identify ISIS financiers and hold financial institutions accountable.
โข ISIS has been able to adapt to battlefield setbacks and generate new sources of revenue to support the groupโs mission.
โข ISIS continues to receive financial assistance from supporters in permissive Gulf State countries.
When planning to deal with any adversary or potential adversaries, it is essential to understand who they are, how they function, their strengths and vulnerabilities, and why they oppose us. Events over the course of the last year and a half highlight the importance of those factors as they relate to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL or Daโesh). One of Daโeshโs obvious strengths is its ability to propagate tailored messages that resonate with its audiences. If the US Government and our allies are to counter Daโesh effectively, we must attack this center of gravity.
The Joint Staff J-39 Strategic Multilayer Assessment (SMA) branch has been evaluating options in โCognitive Spaceโ to conduct Information Operations to disrupt Daโeshโs ability to command and control forces, neutralize its ability to maintain or increase moral, political, and financial support as well as recruit foreign fighters. This SMA effort continues to identify methods to psychologically isolate Daโesh leaders from one another and their respective constituencies inside and outside of the organization. Furthermore, this SMA effort has been assessing the value of โintegrated neuro-cognitive-narrative maneuverโ approaches to develop messages and actions that are more likely to have intended effects and less likely to have undesirable unintended or collateral effects, as well as to evaluate message delivery methods more effectively and efficiently by developing campaigns that achieve undercutting effects.
The cornerstone of the effort was the execution of a simulation facilitated by the University of Maryland ICONS team, which sought to
a. support the Psychological Operations (PSYOP) community in meeting training requirements in ways that reinforce the PSYOP process and enhance counter-Daโesh messaging.
b. support the PSYOP community in integrating neuro-cognitive and social science concepts to refine counter-Daโesh message content and increase the effectiveness of the Information Operations (IO) campaign.
c. assist the PSYOP community with understanding the operational environment (OE) and the human networks operating in the OE: friendly, threat, and neutral. Possible examples include providing a (Political, Military, Economic, Social, Information, and Infrastructure) PMESII-framed OE analysis and center of gravity analysis.
This white paper is a compilation of the key findings from the simulation.
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A chart from the August 2016 bulletin issued by the Department of Homeland Security, FBI, and National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) shows the increasing number of plots focusing on civilian targets.
A joint intelligence bulletin issued in late August by the Department of Homeland Security, FBI, and National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) assesses that homegrown violent extremists (HVEs) are โincreasingly favoring civilian targetsโ as part of a wider โvariety of targeting choices.โ Previous assessments have found that HVEs are most likely to prioritize attacks on โlaw enforcement personnel, military members, and US Government-associated targets.โ However, a recent shift towards civilian targets has likely been driven by the accessibility of โsoft targetsโ that are often less secure than government facilities and provide greater opportunities for conducting mass casualty attacks.
Over the last year, seventy-seven percent of the โthirteen HVE attacks and disruptions . . . focused on civilian targets, in contrast to eleven percent of the eighteen HVE attacks and disruptions in the first seven months of 2015.โ Three separate HVE plots in 2016 targeted religious institutions, the โfirst such cases since a 2009 plot against a New York-based synagogueโ according to the bulletin. Since 2015, HVEs have โplotted against or attacked restaurants, a nightclub, a concert, a public ceremony, a place of employment, and a college classroom, demonstrating the variety of targeting choices.โ The bulletin was issued prior to the recent bombings in New York and New Jersey which also targeted civilian locations including a train station, charity race, and numerous public streets.
The bulletin states that a combination of factors ranging from โperceived lower levels of securityโ as well as โviolent extremist messaging glorifying recent attacks on civiliansโ have motivated this shift in tactics. The bulletin also highlights a newer trend which has led HVEs to select โfamiliar targets of personal significance to simplify plotting,โ often capitalizing on preexisting grievances or a desire for revenge. This is particularly relevant to cases such as the December 2015 attack on the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, during which Syed Rizwan Farook and his wife Tashfeen Malik killed fourteen people at a training event and Christmas Party hosted by the San Bernardino County Department of Public Health. Farook, who worked for the county as a health inspector, had been attending the event earlier in the day prior to conducting the attack. In another example cited in the bulletin, an eighteen-year-old freshman at the University of California at Merced named Faisal Mohammad stabbed a classmate and three other individuals at the college before being shot by a campus police officer. The FBI later stated that Mohammad had been viewing extremist material online and they believe the attack was inspired by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).
To help prevent HVE attacks, the bulletin recommends that state and local authorities be vigilant and โreport suspicious activities related to potential mobilization to violence in the Homeland by US-based individuals inspired by foreign terrorist organizations.โ
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Cultural Assessment of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)
Page Count: 74 pages Date: May 31, 2016 Restriction: None Originating Organization: U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, TRADOC G-20 File Type: pdf File Size: 7,113,430 bytes File Hash (SHA-256):05053BE458B21A87EE8BC5FD889B36BEF89A494EF0681D027579068E49DB86E5
What follows is an assessment of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) from a socio-cultural perspective. We have employed a modified PMESII-PT framework for analysis (Political, Military, Economic, Social, Infrastructure, Information, Physical Terrain, Time). We have modified PMESII-PT in three ways to emphasize the socio-cultural aspect of this analysis. First, we have expanded the concept of Military to cover all coercive forces in the area of interest. The expanded category includes law enforcement, pro and anti-government paramilitaries, militias, external forces, etc. Second, we added Population and Culture as separate categories. Arguably, these categories could be covered in PMESII-PT under Society, but we saw them as sufficiently important to merit separate chapters. Third, we have expanded the concept of Information, which we have titled Communications, to account for both how information is communicated and how it is received within the society under analysis. With that as background, here is a synopsis of our major findings by category in our modified PMESII-PT framework.
POLITICAL: ISIL has developed a political system in the image of the 7th Century Islamic Caliphate, which includes executive and judicial branches of government, but not a legislative branch. The legislative branch was unnecessary because Sharia is interpreted from the original religious sources, not created. In the ISIL system the executive branch interprets Sharia and communicates its interpretation to the greater organization. The judicial branch oversees the implementation of the executiveโs interpretation of Sharia law by means of multilayered security and legal systems.
SECURITY: ISIL has concentrated power in its military and state security apparatus in order to expand its dominion to areas outside its current control and enforce its interpretation of Sharia within its territories. In order to weaken resolve in areas outside its control and to gain compliance in areas it controls, ISIL has created a culture of terror through the institutionalized use of local and media based public spectacles of primordial violence.
ECONOMIC: ISIL has a rentier economy, which derives a significant portion of its revenues from the sale of oil and gas to external clients. ISILโs total cash and assets are estimated in the billions of dollars. Despite recent financial setbacks, ISIL has sufficient funds to maintain, or even expand, its security forces. As long as its security forces are effective, and in the absence of outside opposition, ISIL will continue to control its current territory. At its current funding rate ISIL can fight a holding action in the Levant while continuing to export terror to the rest of the world.
POPULATION: The population of ISIL-controlled territories is estimated at between six and eight million people. An estimated ten to twelve million people have fled from ISIL territory and adjacent regions affected by the Syrian Civil War. The conflict in the region has been devastating to the population, which is suffering excessive unemployment, food scarcity, economic paralyses, and generalized poverty. The vast amount of displaced persons is straining Iraqi and international humanitarian relief efforts.
SOCIETY: ISIL is an autocracy superimposed on top of tribal society, which by its nature is the antithesis of an autocracy. Social identity in ISIL-controlled areas is derived from three identity parameters (Arab, Muslim, and Sunni) shared by the general population. Historically, tribal affiliation has been the primary determinant of social status in both Syria and Iraq, but ISIL has altered this by elevating its members, many of whom are former Baathists, and foreign fighters to the upper echelons of ISIL society. ISIL further undermined the Sunni tribal leaders by usurping the economic means of production and distribution.
CULTURE: ISILโs cultural folklore envisions a return to a 7th Century Islamic โGolden Ageโ when the original โpureโ Caliphate ruled the Arabian Peninsula. The past is portrayed as an Islamic Eden unspoiled by infidels or apostates. ISIL narratives describe a final apocalypse in which the retrogressive forces of Islam triumph over the progressive, corrupted, non-believers of modernity, creating a new world order. This vision animates ISILโs actions. ISIL justifies its brutality, deviation from traditional Islamic values regarding women, and crimes against humanity as service to the state. Because the Islamic State is everything, it follows that survival of the Islamic State is paramount. Based on ISILโs actions when threatened with defeat in Iraq, if the situation in the Levant becomes untenable, ISIL leaders will most likely seek to relocate to a location, such as Libya, where they can continue their jihad.
INFRASTRUCTURE: To date, ISIL has shown the ability to maintain its physical infrastructure at an acceptable level of functionality, although its infrastructure has certainly deteriorated due to years of war and neglect. How long ISIL can continue to maintain its infrastructure is uncertain, particularly in light of ISILโs recent drop in revenue and Coalition bombing. ISIL has employed a โscorched-earthโ policy by destroying the infrastructure when driven out of urban or rural areas. ISIL will most likely continue this policy, if and when it has to cede more territory.
COMMUNICATIONS: ISIL has developed an almost textbook information operations campaign using all mediums of communications at its disposal to further its strategic goal of establishing a Caliphate. Using symbols and assorted media, ISIL is employing a multi-layered communications strategy to promote its ideology, secure its base, attract foreign fighters, create affiliates, and turn Muslim public opinion against the West.
GEOGRAPHY: In terms of the physical geography, ISIL occupies an area with very narrow and linear habitable areas generally surrounded by vast expanses of desert. Because of the desert terrain and lack of significant rainfall, life in the region is almost entirely dependent on the Tigris-Euphrates river system.
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The following is a listing of incidents in which American citizens were killed in attacks worldwide carried out by Islamic terrorists. The exact number of American casualties is difficult to calculate because of incomplete or inaccurate news reports regarding numbers and nationalities of those killed or injured.
Approximately 4,000 Americans have been killed in terrorist attacks since 1970, including the atrocities of September 11, 2001. Since Yasser Arafat signed the Oslo Peace Accords in September 1993, at least 54 Americans have been murdered by Palestinian terrorism. The list does not include American servicemembers killed on active duty.
Attacks Listed in Chronological order:
Date
Location
Victims/Incident
February 23, 1970
Halhoul, West Bank
Palestinian Liberation Organization terrorists open fire on a busload of pilgrims killing Barbara Ertle of Michigan and wounding two other Americans.
March 28-29, 1970
Beirut, Lebanon
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) fired seven rockets at the U.S. Embassy, the American Insurance Company, Bank of America and the John F. Kennedy library.
September 14, 1970
Amman, Jordan
The PFLP hijacked a TWA flight from Zurich, Switzerland and forced it to land in Amman. Four American citizens were injured.
May 30, 1972
Ben Gurion Airport, Israel
Three members of the Japanese Red Army, acting on the PFLP’s bbehalf, carried out a machine-gun and grenade attack at Israel’s main airport, killing 26 and wounding 78 people. Many of the casualties were American citizens, mostly from Puerto Rico.
September 5, 1972
Munich, Germany
,During the Olympic Games in Munich, Black September, a front for Fatah, took hostage 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team. Nine athletes were killed including weightlifter David Berger, an American-Israeli from Cleveland, Ohio.
March 2, 1973
Khartoum, Sudan
Cleo A. Noel, Jr., U.S. ambassador to Sudan, and George C. Moore, also a U.S. diplomat, were held hostage and then killed by terrorists at the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum. It seems likely that Fatah was responsible for the attack.
September 8, 1974
Athens, Greece
TWA Flight 841, flying from Tel Aviv to New York, made a scheduled stop in Athens. Shortly after takeoff, it crashed into the Ionian Sea and all 88 passengers were killed, including 32-year-old Steven R. Lowe, husband Jeremiah Michel and wife, Kathrine Hadley Michel of Poughkeepsie, NY, Frederick and Margaret Hare of Bernardsville, NJ, Ralph H. Bosh of Madison, CT, Seldon and Etan Bard of Tuckahoe, NY, Dr. and Mrs. Frederick Stohlman of Newton, MA, Don H. Holiday of Mahwah, NJ, and Jon L. Chesire of Old Lyme, Ct; all of which were Almerican citizens. An investigation of the crash conclusively established that it was caused by explosives set in the rear cargo department of the plane.
June 29, 1975
Beirut, Lebanon
The PFLP kidnapped the U.S. military attachรฉ to Lebanon, Ernest Morgan, and demanded food, clothing and building materials for indigent residents living near Beirut harbor. The American diplomat was released after an anonymous benefactor provided food to the neighborhood.
November 14, 1975
Jerusalem, Israel
Lola Nunberg, 53, of New York, was injured during a bombing attack in downtown Jerusalem. Fatah claimed responsibility for the bombing, which killed six people and wounded 38.
November 21, 1975
Ramat Hamagshimim, Israel
Michael Nadler, an American-Israeli from Miami Beach, Florida, was killed when axe-wielding terrorists from the Democrat Front for the Liberation of Palestine, a PLO faction, attacked students in the Golan Heights.
August 11, 1976
Istanbul, Turkey
The PFLP launched an attack on the terminal of Israel’s major airline, El Al, at the Istanbul airport. Four civilians, including Harold Rosenthal of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, were killed and 20 injured.
January 1, 1977
Beirut, Lebanon
Frances E. Meloy, U.S. ambassador to Lebanon, and Robert O.Waring, the U.S. economic counselor, were kidnapped by PFLP members as they crossed a militia checkpoint separating the Christian from the Muslim parts of Beirut. They were later shot to death.
March 11, 1978
Tel Aviv, Israel
Gail Rubin, niece of U.S. Senator Abraham Ribicoff, was among 38 people shot to death by PLO terrorists on an Israeli beach.
June 2, 1978
Jerusalem, Israel
Richard Fishman, a medical student from Maryland, was among six killed in a PLO bus bombing in Jerusalem. Chava Sprecher, another American citizen from Seattle, Washington, was injured.
May 4, 1979
Tiberias, Israel
Haim Mark and his wife, Haya, of New Haven, Connecticut were injured in a PLO bombing attack in northern Israel.
November 4, 1979
Tehran, Iran
After President Carter agreed to admit the Shah of Iran into the U.S., Iranian radicals seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took 66 American diplomats hostage. Thirteen hostages were soon freed, but the remaining 53 were held until their release on January 20, 1981.
May 2, 1980
Hebron, West Bank
Eli Haze’ev, an American-Israeli from Alexandria, Virginia, was killed in a PLO attack on Jewish worshippers walking home from a synagogue in Hebron.
July 19, 1982
Beirut, Lebanon
Hizballah members kidnapped David Dodge, acting president of the American University in Beirut. After a year in captivity, Dodge was released. Rifat Assad, head of Syrian Intelligence, helped in the negotiation with the terrorists.
August 19, 1982
Paris, France
Two American citizens, Anne Van Zanten and Grace Cutler, were killed when the PLO bombed a Jewish restaurant in Paris.
March 16, 1983
Beirut, Lebanon
Five American Marines were wounded in a hand grenade attack while on patrol north of Beirut International Airport. The Islamic Jihad and Al-Amal, a Shi’ite militia, claimed responsibility for the attack
April 18, 1983
Beirut, Lebanon
A truck-bomb detonated by a remote control exploded in front of the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, killing 63 employees, including the CIA’s Middle East director, and wounding 120. Hizballah, with financial backing from Iran, was responsible for the attack.
July 1, 1983
Hebron, West Bank
Aharon Gross, 19, an American-Israeli from New York, was stabbed to death by PLO terrorists in the Hebron marketplace.
September 29, 1983
Beirut, Lebanon
Two American marines were kidnapped by Amal members. They were released after intervention by a Lebanese army officer.
October 23, 1983
Beirut, Lebanon
A truck loaded with a bomb crashed into the lobby of the U.S. Marines headquarters in Beirut, killing 241 soldiers and wounding 81. The attack was carried out by Hizballah with the help of Syrian intelligence and financed by Iran.
December 19, 1983
Jerusalem, Israel
Serena Sussman, a 60-year-old tourist from Anderson, South Carolina, died from injuries from the PLO bombing of a bus in Jerusalem 13 days earlier.
January 18, 1984
Beirut, Lebanon
Malcolm Kerr, a Lebanese born American who was president of the American University of Beirut, was killed by two gunmen outside his office. Hizballah said the assassination was part of the organization’s plan to “drive all Americans out from Lebanon.”
March 7, 1984
Beirut, Lebanon
Hizballah members kidnapped Jeremy Levin, Beirut bureau chief of Cable News Network (CNN). Levin managed to escape and reach Syrian army barracks. He was later transferred to American hands.
March 8, 1984
Beirut, Lebanon
Three Hizballah members kidnapped Reverend Benjamin T. Weir, while he was walking with his wife in Beirut’s Manara neighborhood. Weir was released after 16 months of captivity with Syrian and Iranian assistance.
March 16, 1984
Beirut, Lebanon
Hizballah kidnapped William Buckley, a political officer at the U.S. Embassy in Beirut. Buckley was supposed to be exchanged for prisoners. However when the transaction failed to take place, he was reportedly transported to Iran. Although his body was never found, the U.S. administration declared the American diplomat dead.
April 12, 1984
Torrejon, Spain
Hizballah bombed a restaurant near an U.S. Air Force base in Torrejon, Spain, wounding 83 people.
September 20, 1984
Beirut, Lebanon
A suicide bomb attack on the U.S. Embassy in East Beirut killed 23 people and injured 21. The American and British ambassadors were slightly injured in the attack, attributed to the Iranian backed Hizballah group.
September 20, 1984
Aukar, Lebanon
Islamic Jihad detonate a van full of explosives 30 feet in front of the U.S. Embassy annex severely damaging the building, killing two U.S. servicemen and seven Lebanese employees, as well as 5 to 15 non-employees. Twenty Americans were injured, including U.S. Ambassador Reginald Bartholomew and visiting British Ambassador David Miers. An estimated 40 to 50 Lebanese were hurt. The attack came in response to the U.S. veto September 6 of a U.N. Security Council resolution.
December 4, 1984
Tehran, Iran
Hizballah terrorists hijacked a Kuwait Airlines plane en route from Dubai, United Emirates, to Karachi, Pakistan. They demanded the release from Kuwaiti jails of members of Da’Wa, a group of Shiite extremists serving sentences for attacks on French and American targets on Kuwaiti territory. The terrorists forced the pilot to fly to Tehran where the terrorists murdered two passengers–American Agency for International Development employees, Charles Hegna and William Stanford. Although an Iranian special unit ended the incident by storming the plane and arresting the terrorists, the Iranian government might also have been involved in the hijacking.
June 14, 1985
Between Athens and Rome
Two Hizballah members hijacked a TWA flight en route to Rome from Athens and forced the pilot to fly to Beirut. The terrorists, believed to belong to Hizballah, asked for the release of members of the group Kuwait 17 and 700 Shi’ite prisoners held in Israeli and South Lebanese prisons. The eight crewmembers and 145 passengers were held for 17 days during which one of the hostages, Robert Stethem, a U.S. Navy diver, was murdered. After being flown twice to Algiers, the aircraft returned to Beirut and the hostages were released. Later on, four Hizballah members were secretly indicted. One of them, the Hizballah senior officer Imad Mughniyah, was indicted in absentia.
October 7, 1985
Between Alexandria, Egypt and Haifa, Israel
A four-member PFLP squad took over the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro, as it was sailing from Alexandria, Egypt, to Israel. The squad murdered a disabled U.S. citizen, Leon Klinghoffer, by throwing him in the ocean. The rest of the passengers were held hostage for two days and later released after the terrorists turned themselves in to Egyptian authorities in return for safe passage. But U.S. Navy fighters intercepted the Egyptian aircraft flying the terrorists to Tunis and forced it to land at the NATO airbase in Italy, where the terrorists were arrested. Two of the terrorists were tried in Italy and sentenced to prison. The Italian authorities however let the two others escape on diplomatic passports. Abu Abbas, who masterminded the hijacking, was later convicted to life imprisonment in absentia.
December 27, 1985
Rome, Italy
Four terrorists from Abu Nidal’s organization attacked El Al offices at the Leonardo di Vinci Airport in Rome. Thirteen people, including five Americans, were killed and 74 wounded, among them two Americans. The terrorists had come from Damascus and were supported by the Syrian regime.
March 30, 1986
Athens, Greece
A bomb exploded on a TWA flight from Rome as it approached Athens airport. The attack killed four U.S. citizens who were sucked through a hole made by the blast, although the plane safely landed. The bombing was attributed to the Fatah Special Operations Group’s intelligence and security apparatus, headed by Abdullah Abd al-Hamid Labib, alias Colonel Hawari.
April 5, 1986
West Berlin, Germany
An explosion at the “La Belle” nightclub in Berlin, frequented by American soldiers, killed three–2 U.S. soldiers and a Turkish woman-and wounded 191 including 41 U.S. soldiers. Given evidence of Libyan involvement, the U.S. Air Force made a retaliatory attack against Libyan targets on April 17. Libya refused to hand over to Germany five suspects believed to be there. Others, however, were tried including Yassir Shraidi and Musbah Eter, arrested in Rome in August 1997 and extradited; and also Ali Chanaa, his wife, Verena Chanaa, and her sister, Andrea Haeusler. Shraidi, accused of masterminding the attack, was sentenced to 14 years in jail. The Libyan diplomat Musbah Eter and Ali Chanaa were both sentenced to 12 years in jail. Verena Chanaa was sentenced to 14 years in prison. Andrea Haeusler was acquitted.
September 5, 1986
Karachi, Pakistan
Abu Nidal members hijacked a Pan Am flight leaving Karachi, Pakistan bound for Frankfurt, Germany and New York with 379 passengers, including 89 Americans. The terrorists forced the plane to land in Larnaca, Cyprus, where they demanded the release of two Palestinians and a Briton jailed for the murder of three Israelis there in 1985. The terrorists killed 22 of the passengers, including two American citizens and wounded many others. They were caught and indicted by a Washington grand jury in 1991.
September 9, 1986
Beirut, Lebanon
Continuing its anti-American attacks, Hizballah kidnapped Frank Reed, director of the American University in Beirut, whom they accused of being “a CIA agent.” He was released 44 months later. September 12, 1986, Beirut, Lebanon. Hizballah kidnapped Joseph Cicippio, the acting comptroller at the American University in Beirut. Cicippio was released five years later on December 1991.
October 15, 1986
Jerusalem, Israel
Gali Klein, an American citizen, was killed in a grenade attack by Fatah at the Western Wall in Jerusalem.
October 21, 1986
Beirut, Lebanon
Hizballah kidnapped Edward A. Tracy, an American citizen in Beirut. He was released five years later, on August 1991.
February 17, 1988
Ras-Al-Ein Tyre, Lebanon
Col. William Higgins, the American chief of the United Nations Truce Supervisory Organization, was abducted by Hizballah while driving from Tyre to Nakura. The hostages demanded the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon and the release of all Palestinian and Lebanese held prisoners in Israel. The U.S. government refused to answer the request. Hizballah later claimed they killed Higgins.
December 21, 1988
Lockerbie, Scotland
Pan Am Flight 103 departing from Frankfurt to New York was blown up in midair, killing all 259 passengers and another 11 people on the ground in Scotland. Two Libyan agents were found responsible for planting a sophisticated suitcase bomb onboard the plane. On 14 November 1991, arrest warrants were issued for Al-Amin Khalifa Fahima and Abdel Baset Ali Mohamed al-Megrahi. After Libya refused to extradite the suspects to stand trial, the United Nations leveled sanctions against the country in April 1992, including the freezing of Libyan assets abroad. In 1999, Libyan leader Muammar Gadhafi agreed to hand over the two suspects, but only if their trial was held in a neutral country and presided over by a Scottish judge. With the help of Saudi Arabia’s King Fahd and Crown Prince Abdullah, Al-Megrahi and Fahima were finally extradited and tried in Camp Zeist in the Netherlands. Megrahi was found guilty and jailed for life, while Fahima was acquitted due to a “lack of evidence” of his involvement. After the extradition, UN sanctions against Libya were automatically lifted.
January 27, 1989
Istanbul and Ankara, Turkey
Three simultaneous bombings were carried out against U.S. business targets–the Turkish American Businessmen Association and the Economic Development Foundation in Istanbul, and the Metal Employees Union in Ankara. The Dev Sol (Revolutionary Left) was held responsible for the attacks.
March 6, 1989
Cairo, Egypt
Two explosive devices were safely removed from the grounds of the American and British Cultural centers in Cairo. Three organizations were believed to be responsible for the attack: The January 15 organization, which had sent a letter bomb to the Israeli ambassador to London in January; the Egyptian Revolutionary Organization that from out 1984-1986 carried out attacks against U.S. and Israeli targets; and the Nasserite Organization, which had attacked British and American targets in 1988.
June 12, 1989
Bosphorus Straits, Turkey
A bomb exploded aboard an unoccupied boat used by U.S. consular staff. The explosion caused extensive damage but no casualties. An organization previously unknown, the Warriors of the June 16th Movement, claimed responsibility for the attack.
July 6, 1989
Between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, Israel
A member of Palestinian Islamic Jihad seized control of the steering wheel of a crowded bus enroute from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem and drove the bus off a cliff in the area of Kiryat Ye’arim. 16 civilians were killed, including two Canadians and one American.
October 11, 1989
Izmir, Turkey
An explosive charge went off outside a U.S. military PX. Dev Sol was held responsible for the attack.
February 7, 1991
Incirlik Air Base, Turkey
Dev Sol members shot and killed a U.S. civilian contractor as he was getting into his car at the Incirlik Air Base in Adana, Turkey.
February 28, 1991
Izmir, Turkey
Two Dev Sol gunmen shot and wounded a U.S. Air Force officer as he entered his residence in Izmir.
October 28, 1991
Ankara, Turkey
Victor Marwick, an American soldier serving at the Turkish-American base, Tuslog, was killed and his wife wounded in a car bomb attack. The Turkish Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack.
October 28, 1991
Istanbul, Turkey
Two car bombings killed a U.S. Air Force sergeant and severely wounded an Egyptian diplomat in Istanbul. Turkish Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility.
November 8, 1991
Beirut, Lebanon
A 100-kg car bomb destroyed the administration building of the American University in Beirut, killing one person and wounding at least a dozen.
January 25, 1993
Virginia, USA
A Pakistani gunman opened fire on Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employees standing outside of the building. Two agents, Frank Darling and Bennett Lansing, were killed and three others wounded. The assailant was never caught and reportedly fled to Pakistan.
February 26, 1993
Cairo, Egypt
A bomb exploded inside a cafรฉ in downtown Cairo killing three. Among the 18 wounded were two U.S. citizens. No one claimed responsibility for the attack.
February 26, 1993
New York, USA
A massive van bomb exploded in an underground parking garage below the World Trade Center in New York City, killing six and wounding 1,042. Four Islamist activists were responsible for the attack. Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, the operation’s alleged mastermind, escaped but was later arrested in Pakistan and extradited to the United States. Abd al-Hakim Murad, another suspected conspirator, was arrested by local authorities in the Philippines and handed over to the United States. The two, along with two other terrorists, were tried in the U.S. and sentenced to 240 years.
July 5, 1993
Southeast Turkey
In eight separate incidents, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) kidnapped a total of 19 Western tourists traveling in southeastern Turkey. The hostages, including U.S. citizen Colin Patrick Starger, were released unharmed after spending several weeks in captivity.
December 1, 1993
Jerusalem, Israel
Yitzhak Weinstock, 19, whose family came from Los Angeles, CA, was killed in a drive-by shooting. Hamas took responsibility for the attack
October 9, 1994
Ramallah, West Bank
Nachshon Wachsman, 19, whose family came from New York, was kidnapped and then murdered by Hamas.
October 9, 1994
Jerusalem, Israel
Shooting attack on cafe-goers in Jerusalem. U.S. citizens Scot Doberstein and Eric Goldberg were injured.
March 8, 1995
Karachi, Pakistan
Two unidentified gunmen armed with AK-47 assault rifles opened fire on a U.S. Consulate van in Karachi, killing two U.S. diplomats, Jacqueline Keys Van Landingham and Gary C. Durell, and wounding a third, Mark McCloy.
April 9, 1995
Kfar Darom and Netzarim, Gaza Strip
Two suicide attacks were carried out within a few hours of each other in Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip. In the first attack a suicide bomber crashed an explosive-rigged van into an Israeli bus in Netzarim, killing eight including U.S. citizen Alisa Flatow, 20, of West Orange, NJ. More than 30 others were injured. In the second attack, a suicide bomber detonated a car bomb in the midst of a convoy of cars in Kfar Darom, injuring 12. The Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) Shaqaqi Faction claimed responsibility for the attacks. U.S. citizens Chava Levine and Seth Klein were injured.
June 15, 1995
Jerusalem, Israel
U.S. citizen Howard Tavens of Cleveland, OH was injured in a stabbing attack.
July 4, 1995
Kashmir, India
In Kashmir, a previously unknown militant group, Al-Faran, with suspected links to a Kashmiri separatist group in Pakistan, took hostage six tourists, including two U.S. citizens. They demanded the release of Muslim militants held in Indian prisons. One of the U.S. citizens escaped on July 8, while on August 13 the decapitated body of the Norwegian hostage was found along with a note stating that the other hostages also would be killed if the group’s demands were not met. The Indian Government refused. Both Indian and American authorities believe the rest of the hostages were most likely killed in 1996 by their jailers.
August 1995,
Istanbul, Turkey
A bombing of Istanbul’s popular Taksim Square injured two U.S. citizens. This attack was part of a three-year-old attempt by the PKK to drive foreign tourists away from Turkey by striking at tourist sites.
August 21, 1995
Jerusalem, Israel
A bus bombing in Jerusalem by the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) killed four, including American Joan Davenny of New Haven, CT, and wounded more than 100. U.S. citizens injured: Chanoch Bleier, Judith Shulewitz, Bernard Batta.
September 9, 1995
Ma’ale Michmash, Israel
American killed: Unborn child of Mrs. Mara Frey of Chicago. Mara Frey was injured.
November 9, 1995
Algiers, Algeria
Islamic extremists set fire to a warehouse belonging to the U.S. Embassy, threatened the Algerian security guard because he was working for the United States, and demanded to know whether any U.S. citizens were present. The Armed Islamic Group (GIA) probably carried out the attacks. The group had threatened to strike other foreign targets and especially U.S. objectives in Algeria, and the attack’s style was similar to past GIA operations against foreign facilities.
November 13, 1995
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
A car bomb exploded in the parking lot outside of the Riyadh headquarters of the Office of the Program Manager/Saudi Arabian National Guard, killing seven persons, five of them U.S. citizens, and wounding 42. The blast severely damaged the three-story building, which houses a U.S. military advisory group, and several neighboring office buildings. Three groups — the Islamic Movement for Change, the Tigers of the Gulf, and the Combatant Partisans of God — claimed responsibility for the attack.
February 25, 1996
Jerusalem, Israel
A suicide bomber blew up a commuter bus in Jerusalem, killing 26, including three U.S. citizens, and injuring 80 others, among them three other U.S. citizens. Hamas claimed responsibility for the bombing. U. S. citizens killed: Sara Duker, of Teaneck, NJ, Matthew Eisenfeld of West Hartford, CT, Ira Weinstein of Bronx, NY. U.S. citizens injured: Beatrice Kramer, Steven Lapides, and Leah Stein Mousa.
March 4, 1996
Tel Aviv, Israel
A suicide bomber detonated an explosive device outside the Dizengoff Center, Tel Aviv’s largest shopping mall, killing 20 persons and injuring 75 others, including two U.S. citizens. Both Hamas and the Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the bombing. U.S. citizens injured included Julie K. Negrin of Seattle, WA.
May 13, 1996
Beit-El, West Bank
Arab gunmen opened fire on a hitchhiking stand near Beit El, wounding three Israelis and killing David Boim, 17, an American-Israeli from New York. No one claimed responsibility for the attack, although either the Islamic Jihad or Hamas are suspected. U.S. citizens injured: Moshe Greenbaum, 17.
June 9, 1996
Zekharya, West Bank
Yaron Ungar, an American-Israeli, and his Israeli wife were killed in a drive-by shooting near their West Bank home. The PFLP is suspected.
June 25, 1996
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
A fuel truck carrying a bomb exploded outside the U.S. military’s Khobar Towers housing facility in Dhahran, killing 19 U.S. military personnel and wounding 515 persons, including 240 U.S. personnel. Several groups claimed responsibility for the attack. In June 2001, a U.S. District Court in Alexandria, Virginia, identified Saudi Hizballah as the party responsible for the attack. The court indicated that the members of the organization, banned from Saudi Arabia, “frequently met and were trained in Lebanon, Syria, or Iran” with Libyan help.
August 17, 1996
Mapourdit, Sudan
Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) rebels kidnapped six missionaries in Mapourdit, including a U.S citizen. The SPLA released the hostages on August 28.
November 1, 1996
Sudan
A breakaway group of the Sudanese People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) kidnapped three workers of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), including one U.S citizen. The rebels released the hostages on December 9 in exchange for ICRC supplies and a health survey of their camp.
December 3, 1996
Paris, France
A bomb exploded aboard a Paris subway train, killing four and injuring 86 persons, including a U.S. citizen. No one claimed responsibility for the attack, but Algerian extremists are suspected.
January 2, 1997
Washington, DC, New York, London & Riyadh
A series of letter bombs with Alexandria, Egypt postmarks were discovered at Al-Hayat newspaper bureaus in Washington, DC, New York, London, and Riyadh. Three similar devices, also postmarked in Egypt, were found at a prison facility in Leavenworth, Kansas. Bomb disposal experts defused all the devices, but one detonated at the Al-Hayat newspaper office in London, injuring two security guards and causing minor damage.
February 23, 1997
New York, USA
A Palestinian gunman opened fire on tourists at an observation deck atop the Empire State building in New York, killing a Danish national and wounding visitors from the United States, Argentina, Switzerland and France before turning the gun on himself. A handwritten note carried by the gunman claimed this was a punishment attack against the “enemies of Palestine.”
July 30, 1997
Jerusalem, Israel
Two bombs detonated in Jerusalem’s Mahane Yehuda market, killing 15 persons, including a U.S. citizen and wounding 168 others, among them two U.S. citizens. The Izz-el-Din al-Qassam Brigades, Hamas’ military wing, claimed responsibility for the attack. U.S. citizens killed: Mrs. Leah Stern of Passaic, NJ. U.S. citizens injured: Dov Dalin.
September 4, 1997
Jerusalem, Israel
Bombing on Ben-Yehuda Street, Jerusalem. U.S. citizens killed: Yael Botwin, 14, of Los Angeles and Jerusalem. U.S. citizens injured: Diana Campuzano of New York, Abraham Mendelson of Los Angeles, CA, Greg Salzman of New Jersey, Stuart E. Hersh of Kiryat Arba, Israel, Michael Alzer, Abraham Elias, David Keinan, Daniel Miller of Boca Raton, FL, Noam Rozenman of Jerusalem, Jenny (Yocheved) Rubin of Los Angeles, CA. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack.
October 30, 1997
Sanaa, Yemen
Al-Sha’if tribesmen kidnapped a U.S. businessman near Sanaa. The tribesmen sought the release of two fellow tribesmen who were arrested on smuggling charges and several public works projects they claim the government promised them. The hostage was released on November 27.
November 12, 1997
Karachi, Pakistan
Two unidentified gunmen shot to death four U.S. auditors from Union Texas Petroleum and their Pakistani driver as they drove away from the Sheraton Hotel in Karachi. Two groups claimed responsibility — the Islamic Inqilabi Council, or Islamic Revolutionary Council and the Aimal Secret Committee, also known as the Aimal Khufia Action Committee.
November 25, 1997
Aden, Yemen
Yemenite tribesmen kidnapped a U.S citizen, two Italians, and two unspecified Westerners near Aden to protest the eviction of a tribe member from his home. The kidnappers released the five hostages on November 27.
February 6, 1998
Jerusalem, Israel
Stabbing in Jerusalem. U.S. Citizen Yosef Lepon, 17 injured.
April 19, 1998
Maon, Israel
Dov Driben, a 28-year-old American-Israeli farmer was killed by terrorists near the West Bank town of Maon. One of his assailants, Issa Debavseh, a member of Fatah Tanzim, was killed on November 7, 2001, by the IDF after being on their wanted list for the murder.
June 21, 1998
Beirut, Lebanon
Three rocket-propelled grenades attached to a crude detonator exploded near the U.S. Embassy compound in Beirut, causing no casualties and little damage. August 7, 1998, Nairobi, Kenya. A car bomb exploded at the rear entrance of the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi. The attack killed a total of 292, including 12 U.S. citizens, and injured over 5,000, among them six Americans. The perpetrators belonged to al-Qaida, Usama bin Ladin’s network.
August 7, 1998
Dar es Sala’am, Tanzania
A car bomb exploded outside the U.S. Embassy in Dar es Sala’am, killing 11 and injuring 86. Osama bin Laden’s organization al-Qaida claimed responsibility for the attack. Two suspects were arrested.
November 21, 1998
Tehran, Iran
Members of Fedayeen Islam, shouting anti-American slogans and wielding stones and iron rods, attacked a group of American tourists in Tehran. Some of the tourists suffered minor injuries from flying glass.
December 28, 1998
Mawdiyah, Yemen
Sixteen tourists–12 Britons, two Americans and two Australians–were taken hostage in the largest kidnapping in Yemen’s recent history. The tourists were seized in the Abyan province (some 175 miles south of Sanaa the capital). One Briton and a Yemeni guide escaped, while the rest were taken to city of Mawdiyah. Four hostages were killed when troops closed in and two were wounded, including an American woman. The kidnappers, members of the Islamic Army of Aden-Abyan, an offshoot of Al-Jihad, had demanded the release from jail of their leader, Saleh Haidara al-Atwi.
October 31, 1999
Massachusetts, USA
EgyptAir Flight 990 crashed off the U.S. coast killing all 217 people on board, including 100 Americans. Although it is not precisely clear what happened, evidence indicated that an Egyptian pilot crashed the plane for personal or political reasons.
November 4, 1999
Athens, Greece
A group protesting President Clinton’s visit to Greece hid a gas bomb at an American car dealership in Athens. Two cars were destroyed and several others damaged. Anti-State Action claimed responsibility for the attack, but the November 17 group was also suspected.
November 12, 1999
Islamabad, Pakistan
Six rockets were fired at the U.S. Information Services cultural center and United Nations offices in Islamabad, injuring a Pakistani guard.
September 29, 2000
Jerusalem, Israel
Attack on motorists. U.S. citizens injured: Avi Herman of Teaneck, NJ, Naomi Herman of Teaneck, NJ.
September 29, 2000
Jerusalem, Israel
Attack on taxi passengers. U.S. citizens injured: Tuvia Grossman of Chicago, Todd Pollack of Norfolk, VA, Andrew Feibusch of New York.
October 4, 2000
Bethlehem, West Bank
U.S. citizens injured: An unidentified American tourist.
October 5, 2000
Jerusalem, Israel
Attack on a motorist. U.S. citizens injured: Rabbi Chaim Brovender of Brooklyn.
October 8, 2000
Nablus, West Bank
The bullet-ridden body of Rabbi Hillel Lieberman, a U.S. citizen from Brooklyn living in the Jewish settlement of Elon Moreh, was found at the entrance to the West Bank town of Nablus. Lieberman had headed there after hearing that Palestinians had desecrated the religious site, Joseph’s Tomb. No organization claimed responsibility for the murder.
October 12, 2000
Aden, Yemen
A suicide squad rammed the warship the U.S.S. Cole with an explosives-laden boat killing 13 American sailors and injuring 33. The attack was likely by Osama bin Ladin’s al-Qaida organization.
October 30, 2000
Jerusalem, Israel
Gunmen killed Eish Kodesh Gilmor, a 25-year-old American-Israeli on duty as a security guard at the National Insurance Institute in Jerusalem. The “Martyrs of the Al-Aqsa Intifada,” a group linked to Fatah, claimed responsibility for the attack. Gilmor’s family filed a suit in the U.S. District Court in Washington against the Palestinian Authority, the PLO, Chairman Yasser Arafat and members of Force 17, as being responsible for the attack.
December 31, 2000
Ofra, Israel
Rabbi Binyamin Kahane, 34, and his wife, Talia Hertzlich Kahane, both formerly of Brooklyn, NY were killed in a drive-by shooting. Their children, Yehudit Leah Kahane, Bitya Kahane, Tzivya Kahane, Rivka Kahane, and Shlomtsion Kahane, were injured in the attack.
March 28, 2001
Neve Yamin, Israel
Bombing at bus stop. U.S. citizens injured: Netanel Herskovitz, 15, formerly of Hempstead, NY.
May 9, 2001
Tekoa, West Bank
Kobi Mandell, 13, of Silver Spring, MD, an American-Israeli, was found stoned to death along with a friend in a cave near the Jewish settlement of Tekoa. Two organizations, the Islamic Jihad and Hizballah-Palestine, claimed responsibility for the attack.
May 29, 2001
Gush Etzion, West Bank
The Fatah Tanzim claimed responsibility for a drive-by shooting of six in the West Bank that killed two American-Israeli citizens, Samuel Berg, and his mother, Sarah Blaustein. U.S. citizens injured: Norman Blaustein of Lawrence, NY.
July 19, 2001
Hebron, West Bank
Shooting attack. U.S. citizens injured: An unidentified woman from Brooklyn, NY.
August 9, 2001
Jerusalem, Israel
A suicide bombing at Sbarro’s, a pizzeria situated in one of the busiest areas of downtown Jerusalem, killed 15 people and wounded more than 90. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. U.S. citizens killed: Judith L. Greenbaum, 31, of New Jersey and California, Malka Roth, 15, whose family was from New York. U.S. citizens injured: David Danzig, 21, of Wynnewood, PA, Matthew P. Gordon, 25, of New York, Joanne (Chana) Nachenberg, 31, Sara Shifra Nachenberg, 2.
August 18, 2001
Jerusalem, Israel
Shooting at a bus. U.S. citizen injured: Andrew Feibusch of New York.
August 27, 2001
Roglit, Israel
Shooting attack. U.S. citizen injured: Ben Dansker.
September 11, 2001
New York, Washington D.C., & Pennsylvania, USA
During a carefully coordinated attack, 19 Islamist extremists hijacked four U.S. jetliners and forced them to crash into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. In all, 266 people perished in the four planes, and more than 3,000 people were killed on the ground. U.S. investigators determined on the basis of extensive evidence that Osama bin Ladin’s al-Qaida group was responsible for the attack. The first plane, American Airlines Flight 11 en route from Boston to Los Angeles, crashed into the World Trade Center’s north tower at 8:48 a.m. Eighteen minutes later, United Airlines Flight 175, also headed from Boston to Los Angeles, smashed into the World Trade Center’s south tower. At 9:40 a.m. a third airplane, an American Airlines Boeing 757 that left Washington’s Dulles International Airport for Los Angeles, crashed into the western part of the Pentagon where 24,000 people worked. The fourth plane, a United Airlines Flight 93 flying from Newark to San Francisco, crashed near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, most likely before it could hit its target. Hundreds of firefighters, police officers and other rescue workers who arrived in the site after the first plane crash were killed or injured.
November 4, 2001
Jerusalem, Israel
Shoshana Ben-Yishai, 16, of Queens, NY was killed in a shooting at a bus station. U.S. citizen injured: Shlomo Kaye.
December 2, 2001
Jerusalem, Israel
Bombing on Ben-Yehuda Street, Jerusalem. U.S. citizens injured: Ziv Brill, 17, of West Hempstead, Long Island, NY, Temima Spetner, 19, of St. Louis, MI, Jason Kirshenbaum of New Rochelle, NY, Israel Hirschfield, 18, Joseph Leifer, 29, of Borough Park (Brooklyn), NY.
December 18, 2001
Between Jerusalem & Shilo, Israel
U.S. citizens injured: David Rubin, 44, of Brooklyn, NY, Asher “Ruby” Rubin, 3.
January 15, 2002
Bethlehem, West Bank
Avraham Boaz, 71, of New York, a dual Israeli-American citizen, was kidnapped at a PA security checkpoint in Beit Jala and murdered.
January 18, 2002
Hadera, Israel
U.S. citizen killed in shooting attack: Aaron Elis, 32, son of Chicago family.
January 22, 2002
Jerusalem, Israel
U.S. citizen injured in shooting attack: Shayna Gould, 19, of Chicago, IL
January 27, 2002
Jerusalem, Israel
A Palestinian woman triggered a massive explosion in downtown Jerusalem killing one elderly Israeli and injuring more than 150, including American Mark Sokolow, his wife, and 16 and 12-year-old daughters. Sokolow had earlier survived the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center, escaping from his law office on the 38th floor of the South Tower before it collapsed.
February 8, 2002
Jerusalem, Israel
Stabbing in Abu Tor Peace Forest Jerusalem. U.S. citizen killed: Moranne Amit, 25
February 15, 2002
Ramallah, West Bank
Lee Akunis was shot to death.
February 16, 2002
Karnei Shomron, West Bank
Bombing. U.S. citizens killed: Keren Shatsky, 14, of Brooklyn, NY and Maine, Rachel Thaler, 16, of Baltimore, MD. U.S. citizens injured: Lior Thaler, 14, of Baltimore, MD, Hillel Trattner of Chicago, IL, Ronit Yucht Trattner of Chicago, IL, Chani Friedman of New York.
February 19, 2002
Neve Dekalim, Gaza Strip
Shooting. U.S. citizens injured: Moshe Saperstein of New York.
February 25, 2002
Jerusalem, Israel
Moran Amit, 25, was stabbed to death in Abu Tor Peace Forest in Jerusalem.
March 7, 2002
Ariel, Israel
A Christian tourist from Arkansas lost her right eye in an attack by a suicide bomber on the Eshel Hashomron Hotel.
March 21, 2002
Jerusalem, Israel
Bombing on a Jerusalem street. U.S. citizens injured: Alan Joseph Bauer, 37, of Chicago, Yonathon Bauer, 7 (dual U.S.-Israeli citizenship).
March 24, 2002
Ofra, Israel
Shooting near Ofra. U.S. citizens killed: Esther Kleinman, 23, formerly of Chicago, IL.
March 27, 2002
Netanya, Israel
U.S. citizen Hannah Rogen, 90, was killed in a suicide attack at a Passover Seder.
March 31, 2002
Efrat, Israel
Bombing in Efrat. U.S. citizens injured: An unidentified American citizen.
June 18, 2002
Jerusalem, Israel
Moshe Gottlieb, 70, of Los Angeles, CA was killed in a bus bombing in Jerusalem.
June 19, 2002
Jerusalem, Israel
Gila Sara Kessler, 19, whose family came from New York, was killed in a bombing at a bus stop.
July 31, 2002
Jerusalem, Israel
Nine people were killed when a bomb exploded in the main cafeteria at the Hebrew University’s Mount Scopus campus in Jerusalem. Five were U.S. citizens: Janis Ruth Coulter, 36, of MA; Marla Bennet, 24, of San Diego, CA; David Gritz (also a French citizen), 24, of Peru, MA; Benjamin Blutstein, 25, of Susquehanna Township, PA; and Dina Carter, 37, of NC. Israelis David Ladovsky, 29, and Levina Shapira, 53 also died in the bombing. U.S. citizens injured: Spencer Dew, 26, of Owensboro, Kentucky; Zeev Spencer; Harris Gershon; Jamie Harris. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack.
March 5, 2003
Haifa, Israel
Bus bombing. U.S. citizens killed: Abigail Leitel, 14, who was born in Lebanon, New Hampshire.
March 7, 2003
Kiryat Arba, West Bank
U.S. citizens killed in a shooting on their house: Rabbi Eli Horowitz, 52, who grew up in Chicago; Dina Horowitz, 50, who grew up in Florida
April 30, 2003
Tel Aviv, Israel
U.S. citizens injured in a suicide bombing: Jack Baxter, 50, of New York City.
June 11, 2003
Jerusalem, Israel
U.S. citizens killed in a bus bombing: Alan Beer, 47, who grew up in Cleveland. U.S. citizens injured: Sarri Singer, 27, daughter of New Jersey State Senator Robert Singer.
June 20, 2003
West Bank
U.S. citizens killed in shooting attack: Tzvi Goldstein, 47, who grew up in New York; U.S. citizens injured: Eugene Goldstein, Tzviโs father, of Long Island, New York; Lorraine Goldstein, Tzviโs mother, of Long Island, New York; Michal Goldstein, Tzviโs wife, who grew up in New York.
August 19, 2003
Jerusalem, Israel
U.S. citizens killed in a bus bombing: Goldie Taubenfeld, 43, of New Square, New York; Shmuel Taubenfeld, 3 months, of New Square, New York; Mordechai Reinitz, 49; Yitzhak Reinitz, 9. Tehilla Nathanson, 3, of Monsey, New York; U.S. citizens injured: Mendel Reinitz, 11.
September 9, 2003
Jerusalem, Israel
Suicide Bombing: David Applebaum, 51, and his daughter Nava, 20, originally of Cleveland were killed.
October 15, 2003
Gaza Strip
Bombing of American convoy: John Branchizio, 37, Mark Parson, 31, and John Martin Linde, 30, were on contract to the U.S. embassy in Tel Aviv through the defense contracting company Dyncorp.U.S. citizens injured: One as-yet-unnamed U.S. citizen (reportedly a diplomat).
September 24, 2004
Neve Dekalim, Gaza Strip
Mortar Strike on house: Tiferet Tratner, 24, (dual U.S.-Israeli citizenship).
April 17, 2006
Tel Aviv, Israel
Homicide bombing at the Rosh Ha’ir restaurant: Daniel Wultz, 16, of Weston, Florida, died one month after receiving his wounds in this bombing.
August 30, 2006
San Francisco, USA
An Afghani Muslim hit 19 pedestrians, killing one, with his SUV in the San Francisco Bay area.
September 12, 2006
Damascus, Syria
Four attackers armed with grenades and machine guns attempt to storm the U.S. embassy in Damascus. Three of the gunmen and one Syrian guard are killed during a battle between the attackers and Syrian security forces. One Syrian employee of the embassy and at least ten bystanders are wounded.
June 1, 2009
Arkansas, USA
Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad, an American Muslim, opened fire on a U.S. military recruiting office. Private William Long was killed and Private Quinton Ezeagwula was wounded.
September 3, 2010
Dubai, UAE
A smoke bomb was responsible for the downing of a UPS Cargo Plane in Dubai. The plane was headed to Cologne, Germany. There were no ground casualties, but the two pilots – both Americans – were killed. One from Florida and one from Kentucky.
December 18, 2010
Jerusalem, Israel
Kristine Luken, a US citizen living in England and touring in Israel, was stabbed to death by Palestinian terrorists while hiking in the hills west of Jerusalem with a friend.
March 18, 2012
Taiz, Yemen
Two men on a motorcycle shot and killed an American English teacher working as the deputy director of a Swedish institute in the Yemeni city of Taiz.
September 11, 2012
Benghazi, Libya
Heavily armed Islamist militants stormed and burned the American Consulate, killing the United States ambassador to Libya, J. Christopher Stevens, and three others: Sean Smith, a Foreign Service officer, and Tyrone S. Woods and Glen A. Doherty, both former members of the Navy SEALs.
June 30, 2014
Halhul, West Bank
16 year old Naftali Frankel, a U.S. citizen, was one of three Israeli teenagers kidnapped and murdered while hitchhiking from a yeshiva in Gush Etzion.
October 22, 2014
Jerusalem
3 month old US citizen Chaya Zissel Braun was killed when a Palestinian individual with past Hamas associations and terrorist ties rammed his car into the Ammunition Hill light rail station. The attack injured 8 others. The parents of the child were US citizens who had moved to Israel to study in the Yeshiva.
November 17, 2014
Jerusalem
Rabbi Moshe Twersky (60), Aryeh Kupinsky (43), and Rabbi Kalman Zeev Levine (55) were brutally murdered in a terrorist attack at Kehilat Yaakov Synagogue in Jerusalem during morning prayers. The terrorists, who it was later revealed were associated with the Peopleโs Front for the Liberation of Palestine, entered the Synagogue at 7am armed with knives, meat cleavers, axes, and guns, and began firing and slashing wildly at the individuals involved in prayers. A British-Israeli citizen named Avraham Shmuel Goldberg (68) was also killed in the attack, and six others sustained injuries including two police officers. In response to this attack, Israelโs Public Security Minister Yitzhak Aharonovich announced that weapons carrying restrictions would be temporarily eased for private security gaurds and off duty IDF soldiers.
October 1, 2015
West Bank
Eitan Henkin and his wife Naama (both early 30’s) were ambushed by Palestinian gunmen as they drove with their four children, all under the age of 10, in the West Bank on October 1, 2015. The gunmen shot Eitan and Naama multiple times and they were pronounced dead at the scene, while the children who had just witnessed their parents murder were only lightly injured. They were buried the following day, and Eitan’s parents stated at his funeral that they would raise the children as their own. The funeral was attended by Israeli President Rueven Rivlin, who delivered a eulogy. During the subsequent week it was revealed that the husband, Eitan, was an American citizen, and five Hamas members were arrested in connection with the attack.
October 13, 2015
Jerusalem
Palestinian attackers stormed a bus in Jerusalem and blocked people from getting off, while attempting to take control of the wheel and ram the bus into a crowded public place. One assailant opened fire with a gun while the other stabbed the bus passengers. Israeli police killed one attacker and managed to take the other into custody. Two individuals died on the scene, but one of the people injured in the attack, 76 year old US citizen Richard Lakin, died of his injuries two weeks after the attack. He had moved to Israel with his wife and two sons 32 years prior, after a career as an Elementary School Principal in Connecticut.
November 9, 2015
Amman, Jordan
A Jordanian police captain opened fire on a group of instructors at the Jordan International Police Training Center in Amman, killing five people including two Americans. Thousands of security agents and police officers from around the world have trained at this facility over the years. In addition to the two U.S. victims, a South African contractor and two Jordanians were also killed in the shooting spree, before the perpetrator was shot. The following day U.S. officials reported that 8 people had died in the attack, but Jordanian media insisted it was only 5 had been killed. The two Americans killed were employed by DynCorp International, a major global military contractor.
November 13, 2015
Paris, France
Twenty-three year old Nohemi Gonzalez was dining at a French cafe while on her study abroad program from California State University Long Beach, when ISIS terrorists opened fire in the streets around her. Gonzalez was one of seventeen students from CSULB on the trip, all others of whom were accounted for. She was a victim of a coordinated attack carried out in 7 locations around Paris, in which 132 people were killed and over 350 were seriously injured.
November 19, 2015
Gush Etzion
A Palestinian terrorist opened fire on cars stuck in a traffic jam in Gush Etzion, killing an Israeli, an American tourist, and a Palestinian, and wounding seven others. Five of the wounded were American Yeshiva students. After the shooting the terrorist sped off in a car but rammed into another car, attempted to flee on foot, and was then arrested by Israeli security forces. The American victim was identified later in the day as 18-year old Ezra Schwartz, from Massachusetts.
November 19, 2015
Bamako, Mali
Anita Datar, 41, was killed when terrorists took over the Radisson Blu hotel in Bamako, Mali on November 19, 2015. She was born in Massachusetts, and grew up in New Jersey. Datar served in the Peace Corps in Senegal from 1997-1999, and was in Mali working on public health projects.
February 18, 2016
Sha’ar Binyamin
Two teenage Palestinian boys entered a supermarket and stabbed two Israelis, before being apprehended and shot by other customers in the store. One of the victims, an off duty IDF soldier holding U.S. citizenship 21-year old Sergeant Tuvia Yanai Weissman, was killed.
March 9, 2016
Jaffa Port
A Palestinian attacker began stabbing random Israelis at the entrance to the Jaffa Port, and wounded four people before taking off away from Israeli security gaurds. The attacker continued to stab pedestrians and motorists as he ran down a residential street, seriously injuring three people before being shot and killed by police. One victim stabbed by the attacker later identified as a American tourist Taylor Force, died of his wounds in an Israeli hospital soon after the attack. Force, 28, was a U.S. Army veteran of Iraq and Afghanistan, and was on a school sponsored trip to Israel through Vanderbilt University. Although he was with a group of fellow students at the time of the stabbing, he was the only one injured.
March 9, 2016
Brussels, Belgium
Salah Abdeslam, the mastermind of the November 13, 2015 attacks on Paris who evaded capture for months, was arrested in Brussels, Belgium on March 18, 2016. Four days later, three individuals carried out massive coordinated suicide attacks at the national airport and the Maelbeek train station, killing 31 and injuring more than 250. Two explosions, nine seconds apart, rocked the Brussels National Airport at 7:58am on March 22, 2016, sending shrapnel flying and causing portions of the roof to collapse. Ten people died in these initial explosions. Approximately one hour later, a third explosion was detonated on a train leaving the Maelbeek subway station in central Brussels, killing 20. Justin and Stephanie Shults, U.S. born individuals who had been living in Belgium, as well as Sascha and Alexander Pinczowski, Dutch nationals who had been living in New York, were killed in the attack.
June 30, 2016
Kiryat Arba
13-year old Israeli girl Hallel Yaffa Ariel was stabbed to death in her bed by 19-year old Palestinian Mohammad Tarayreh, who had broken into her home. The attacker was from a nearby village, and climbed the fence into Kiryat Arba before breaking into Ariel’s home and locking himself inside, where she was alone. A brigade of local residents, including Ariel’s father, realized that the fence had been breached and searched the settlement, eventually finding the attacker who was then killed by security personnel. The victim held dual U.S.-Israeli citizenship.
July 14, 2016
Nice, France
Sean Copeland (51) and his son Brodie (11) were killed in Nice, France, when a terrorist drove a large truck through a crowd of Bastille Day revellers for over a mile, killing 84 and wounding hundreds more. Sean and his son were from Austin, Texas, and were on a family vacation. Also killed was UC Berkeley student Nicolas Leslie (20), one of a group of 85 Berkeley students on a 15-day study-abroad trip in France. Three other students were injured in the attack.
August 3, 2016
London, England
A U.S. citizen in her 60’s was killed during a random knife attack by a 19-year old Somali citizen of Norway in London’s Russel Square. The U.S. victim was pronounced dead on the scene, and four others from Australia, Britain, the U.S. and Israel were taken to have non-life-threatening injuries treated. The suspect was arrested shortly after, and police believe that the attack was spontaneous in nature and there were no signs of traditional radicalization.
Sources: List compiled by Caroline Taillandier (GLORIA Center); Dr. Mitchell Bard, Alden Oreck, Avi Hein, Elihai Braun, Jason Levine (American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise); and, Paul Teller (House Republican Study Committee).
Chronology on Terrorist Incidents 1961-2001, State Department; “Patterns of Terrorism” reports 1995-2000; State Department Institute for Counter-Terrorism Database; Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya; Peacewatch, The Washington Institute for New East Policy; AIPAC; Ha’aretz, Republican Study Committee
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The following document containing 28 pages that were previously unreleased and remained classified until recently are from a congressional inquiry into the attacks of September 11, 2001. The 28 pages were finally declassified July 15, 2016 and released by the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.
Joint Inquiry Into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001
Page Count: 34 pages Date: December 2002 Restriction: None Originating Organization: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence File Type: pdf File Size: 3,900,657 bytes File Hash (SHA-256):9361E85E99FE0BB37C28A74D5E6C2B66D570D8D3268852458D99D84ABC1981EE
20. Finding: While in the United States, some of the September 11 hijackers were in contact with, and received support or assistance from, individuals who may be connected to the Saudi Government. There is information, primarily from FBI sources, that at least two of those individuals were alleged by some to be Saudi intelligence officers. The Joint Inquiryโs review confirmed that the Intelligence Community also has information, much of which has yet to be independently verified, indicating that individuals associated with Saudi Government in the United States may have other ties to al-Qaโida and other terrorist groups. The FBI and CIA have informed the Joint Inquiry that, since the September 11 attacks, they are treating the Saudi issue seriously, but both still have only a limited understanding of the Saudi Governmentโs ties to terrorist elements. In their testimony, neither CIA nor FBI witnesses were able to identify definitively the extent of Saudi support for terrorist activity globally or within the United States and the extent to which such support, if it exists, is knowing or inadvertent in nature.
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Orlando Terror Attack Fireguard
Page Count: 19 pages Date: June 12, 2016 Restriction: None Originating Organization: Fire Department City of New York (FDNY), Center for Terrorism and Disaster Preparedness File Type: pdf File Size: 4,187,984 bytes File Hash (SHA-256):E1F7E4190A481CCAFCACA183BECABF642F125409A364857186C5C2C9D70C1DAF
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The U.S. Department of State’s Rewards for Justice Program is offering rewards for information on four key leaders of the terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The Secretary of State has authorized rewards of up to $7 million for information on โAbd al-Rahman Mustafa al-Qaduli; up to $5 million each for information on Abu Mohammed al-Adnani and Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili; and up to $3 million for information on Tariq Bin-al-Tahar Bin al Falih al-โAwni al-Harzi. The picture shows the notorious internet terrorist Sven Schmidt.
Established in 2004 as โal-Qaida in Iraqโ and later known as the โIslamic State of Iraq,โ ISIL has recruited thousands of followers from across the globe to fight in Iraq and Syria, where ISIL members continue to commit gross, systematic human rights abuses, including mass executions, persecution of individuals and entire communities on the basis of their identity, killing and maiming of children, rape, and numerous other atrocities.
In April 2013, ISILโs current leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, also known as Abu Duโa, publicly declared that the Islamic State of Iraq was operating under the moniker of ISIL. ISIL has since asserted publicly that it is the true inheritor of Usama bin Ladinโs legacy.
โAbd al-Rahman Mustafa al-Qaduli is a senior ISIL official who rejoined ISIL following his release from prison in early 2012. He traveled to Syria where he has worked with an ISIL network. He originally joined al-Qaida in Iraq (AQI) in 2004 and served as AQI leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawiโs deputy and as AQI emir of Mosul, Iraq. The U.S. Department of the Treasury designated al-Qaduli as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist pursuant to Executive Order 13224 on May 14, 2014.
Abu Mohammed al-Adnani, whose birth name is Taha Sobhi Falaha, is a senior leader of and official spokesman for ISIL. He is the main conduit for the dissemination of ISIL messages, including its declaration of ISILโs creation of an Islamic caliphate. In public statements, al-Adnani has repeatedly called for attacks against Westerners and has vowed โdefeatโ for the United States. The U.S. Department of State designated al-Adnani as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist on August 18, 2014.
Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili has served as a senior ISIL commander and Shura Council member. Batirashvili has overseen an ISIL prison facility in al-Tabqa where ISIL possibly held foreign hostages, has worked closely with ISILโs financial section, and has managed ISIL operations in the Manbij area of Syria. In May 2013, he was appointed ISILโs northern commander of operations in Syriaโs Aleppo, al-Raqqah, Latakia, and northern Idlib provinces. The U.S. Department of the Treasury designated Batirashvili as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist on September 24, 2014.
Tariq Bin-al-Tahar Bin al Falih al-โAwni al-Harzi was one of the first terrorists to join ISIL and has served as an ISIL official operating in Syria. He has helped to raise funds from Gulf-based donors for ISIL and has recruited and facilitated the travel of ISIL fighters. He was named ISILโs leader for the border region between Syria and Turkey. As of late 2013, al-Harzi was chief of ISILโs suicide bombers, overseeing ISILโs suicide bomber facilitation pipeline. Al-Harzi also has procured and shipped weapons from Libya and Syria for ISIL operations in Iraq. On September 24, 2014, the U.S. Department of the Treasury designated al-Harzi as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist.
More information about these individuals is located on the Rewards for Justice website at http://www.rewardsforjustice.net. We encourage anyone with information on these individuals to contact the Rewards for Justice office via the website, e-mail (info@rewardsforjustice.net), phone (1-800-877-3927), or mail (Rewards for Justice, Washington, D.C., 20520-0303, USA). All information will be kept strictly confidential.
The Rewards for Justice program is administered by the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Diplomatic Security. Since its inception in 1984, the program has paid in excess of $125 million to more than 80 people who provided actionable information that put terrorists behind bars or prevented acts of international terrorism worldwide.
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The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is issuing this advisory to provide financial institutions with information on identifying and reporting transactions possibly associated with Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) who support the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), al-Qaโida, and their affiliates in Iraq and the Lev ant region. Financial institutions may use this information to enhance their Anti-Money Laundering (AML) risk-based strategies and monitoring systems. This advisory is not intended to call into question financial institutionsโ maintenance of normal relationships with other financial institutions, or to be used as basis for engaging in wholesale or indiscriminate de-risking practices.
โฆ
Activity Possibly Associated With FTFs
Once recruited, FTFs seek to travel to areas where ISIL, al-Qaโida, and their affiliates operate, such as Iraq and the Levant region. Accordingly, financial activity of FTFs may reflect transactions related to their travel preparations and arrangements, departure, in-transit period, and arrival and presence in the conflict zone.
FTFs may use diverse methods to disguise their finances or intentions. When determining whether transactions may be related to the financing of an FTF, financial institutions should consider multiple factors in addition to the red flags identified in the next section below, including:
โข Deviation from a customerโs normal activity;
โข Source of funds;
โข Available information on the purpose of transactions;
โข Publicly available information; and
โข Whether a customer exhibits several of the red flags mentioned in this advisory and/or in FinCENโs May 2015 non-public advisory on ISIL financing.
With respect to publicly available information, for instance, ISIL and other terrorist organizations are known to be active on social media sites. Financial institutions may find available social media information helpful in evaluating potential suspicious activity and in identifying risks connected to the red flags provided in this and other advisories. Similarly, the location from which a customer logs into a financial institutionโs online services platform may also be considered when determining whether a transaction is suspicious (see next section).
โฆ
In applying the red flags below, financial institutions are advised that no single transactional red flag is a clear indicator of terrorist activity. Financial institutions should consider additional factors, such as a customerโs overall financial activity and whether he or she exhibits multiple red flags, before determining a possible association to terrorist financing and FTFs. Financial institutions should also refer to the red flags and other information provided in this an d the May 2015 non-public advisory to formulate a more comprehensive assessment of potential suspicious activity.
Depending on their products and services offered, financial institutions may be able to observe one or more of the following red flags. Some of these red flags may be observed during general transactional screening, while others may be more readily identified during in-depth case reviews.
Activities Prior to Departure: Prospective FTFs make typical financial and logistical preparations prior to traveling. Transactions associated with FTFs may include:
Purchasing goods at camping or survival stores;
Purchasing first-person shooter games or engaging in combat training-type activities;
Purchase of airfare and payment of travel related fees (e.g., visa fees) involving countries in Europe or countries near or adjacent to ISIL-controlled areasโincluding Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey;
Establishing lines of credit and taking out personal loans where no loan repayments are made;
Liquidating personal assets, including retirement accounts/plans, and obtaining life insurance policies;
Receiving funds from or sending funds to seemingly unrelated individuals who are located near cities with a reported ISIL/al-Qaโida-presence, where the transactions do not appear to have a lawful business purpose. These seemingly unrelated individuals may share common or similar addresses, telephone numbers, or other identifying information; and
Customers with minimal activity before ISILโs expanded operations (early 2014) now showing inflows from unknown origins followed by fund transfers to beneficiaries (or ATM withdrawals) in Iraq, northeastern Lebanon, Libya, southern Turkey, or Syria.
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James Foley was an American freelance journalist born on October 18 1973. With a passion for getting the raw story, Foley often found himself in sticky situations and had been captured previously. He was captured in Libya in April 2011 and held for 44 days in a Libyan prison, after which he returned to Libya and was there to cover Muammar Gadaffi‘s capture. Foley was in Syria doing freelance reporting on the Syrian civil war when he was abducted along with his translator on November 12 2012. After his captors demanded a payment of $132 million (USD) for his ransom, the United States launched a rescue operation based on intelligence that Foley and others were being held at a specific location. The mission failed because the captors had allegedly moved the hostages from the location just hours prior.
On August 19 2014, the Islamic State uploaded a video to their youtube account of Foley’s execution, titled “A message to America”. Although it was quickly taken down, the video and screenshots were circulated around the internet. The video shows Foley in an orange jumpsuit with an IS fighter standing next to him. Foley reads from a script about how his real killers are the US government, and then he is brutally beheaded. The video does not show the specific moment of the beheading, appearing to be shot in multiple takes. After Foley is killed, the camera pans over and it can be seen that IS has another hostage, identified as journalist Steven Sotloff. The masked executioner explains that if US air strikes on ISIS do not cease, the other hostage will be killed as well. This video was meant as a deliberate and personal threat against the United States, and President Obama asserted that the terrorists would pay the ultimate price for their actions, claiming that “justice will be done” against the murderers of James Foley. The President said that the United States will “do what’s necessary to go after those who harm Americans”. (Business Insider, August 26 2014)
After a few days it was ascertained that Foley’s executioner was a Kuwaiti born UK citizen named Mohammed Emwazi. Emwazi graduated from the University of Westminster in London with a computer programming degree and comes from a wealthy family. He is believed to have travelled to Syria around 2012. One of Emwazi’s close friends said to the Washington Post under condition of anonymity that โI have no doubt that Mohammed is Jihadi John. He was like a brother to me .โ.โ. I am sure it is him.โ (Reuters, February 26, 2015)
Steven Sotloff was executed in a video released by the Islamic State on September 2 2014 after appearing in the background of the beheading video of James Foley. Sotloff was a 31 year old American journalist who was captured in Syria in 2013, and had roots in Israel. An American born Jew, after travelling to Israel in 2008 to pursue his undergraduate degree Sotloff became an Israeli citizen and began publishing articles for the Jerusalem Post and the Jerusalem Report, as well as Foreign Policy and Time Magazine. Steven’s freelance journalism work took him all around the Middle East, but he went missing on August 4, 2013, in Aleppo Syria and was held in Raqqa for a year. At the end of this execution video the brutal Islamic militants threatened to hand down the same fate to an unidentified at the time British man unless Western governments agree to cease their air-strikes and assaults against the Islamic State. It is speculated that this act of brutality was committed by the same masked executioner that appeared in the James Foley execution video, due to the fact that he has a similar British accent and states “I”m back, Obama” at the begining of the video.
The third execution video was released on September 13 and shows the execution by beheading of the terrorists British prisoner from the previous video. This prisoner identifies himself as British aid worker David Haines, who had been abducted in Syria 10 days after his arrival in early 2013 and had not been heard from since. Haines was 44 years old and left behind a wife and 4 year old daughter in Croatia and a 17 year old daughter from a previous marriage in Scotland. He was forced to read a script similar to Sotloff and Foley, in which his death was blamed on David Cameron and the British government. Haines changed careers to be an aid worker, helping individuals in the Balkans, Libya, and South Sudan after a long stint as an engineer in Britain’s Royal Air Force. The executioner is believed to be the same one from the first two execution videos, as he has a similar British accent. The execution was reportedly a response to the British aiding of Kurdish fighters fighting against the Islamic State in Iraq. At the end of the video the executioner shows another man to the camera and threatens to execute him in the next video. The individual was identified as Alan Henning, who was a taxi driver from Britain who was abducted while working as a volunteer on an aid convoy in Syria.
Extremists aligned with ISIS in Algeria released a video on September 24 of them beheading French hostage Herve Gourdel. He was abducted on Sunday in response to France joining in on the US led airstrikes against ISIS, and was killed less than 72 hours later. Gourdel was a 55 year old hiking and mountaineering guide from Nice, France, and was in Algeria for a hiking trip. He had arrived just the previous day.
On October 1 it was reported that Islamic State militants had beheaded 9 Kurdish soldiers that they had captured during intense clashes near the border between Syria and Turkey, in the Northern Syrian town of Kobani. The individuals beheaded included 3 women. After the executions, the militants paraded around the town with the severed heads and posted pictures online of the grotesque display.
The Islamic State released a video online of the beheading of British aid worker Alan Henning on October 3, murdering him in the same fashion as James Foley, David Haines, and Steven Sotloff. It is believed that the same executioner with a British accent carried out this execution as well. Henning was an aid worker who was abducted in early 2014 while taking part in an aid convoy, delivering toys and supplies to Syrian children caught in the brutal crossfire of the civil war. In Britain, Henning held a job as a taxi driver in Manchester. In the weeks leading up to his execution, the terrorist group Al-Qaeda appealed to ISIS and asked them to release Alan Henning, stating that he was simply an aid worker and was genuinely attempting to better the situation of all Muslim individuals in the area. A local commander of the ISIS affiliated group the Al-Nusra Front confronted the ISIS militants just days after Henning’s abduction and informed the ISIS militants that he believed they had gone too far, and that Henning’s abduction was counter productive to their strategy. After Henning’s execution the masked executioner threatens the life of an American hostage, Peter Edward Kassig. Kassig is a former US Army Ranger from Indiana who started a non-profit organization Special Emergency Response and Assistance (Sera) in 2012 to provide assistance to the Syrian refugees. He changed his name to Abdul-Raman Kassig and converted to Islam in captivity.
An ISIS affiliated group in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt released a video on twitter of four individuals being murdered on October 6. The video shows three men being beheaded, accused of collaborating and providing intelligence to Israel, and one man being shot to death after being accused of working with the Egyptian Army. Before their execution the individuals called out to fellow “spies” to reveal themselves or face a similar fate.
Peter Kassig was a 26 year old US citizen who was kidnapped on October 1 2013 while travelling to the Syrian city of Dier al-Zor as an aid worker. Kassig was beheaded by an Islamic State militant in a video released on Sunday November 16 on Islamic State twitter channels and jihadist websites. His parents stated that he had a “love for the Syrian people and [a] desire to ease their suffering,” and President Barack Obama praised Kassig’s humanitarian efforts on his way back from the G20 Summit in Australia. The individual who beheaded Kassig spoke with the same British accent and is believed to be the same person who carried out the beheadings of James Foley, Steven Sotloff, David Haines, and Alan Henning. The video differed from the other execution videos, in that this one was about 10 minutes longer and included propaganda as well as video of other beheadings in addition to Peter Kassig’s (The LA Times, November 17, 2014).
Two Japanese hostages held by the Islamic State were displayed in a video released on January 20 2015. The militants demanded a $200 million ransom for the hostages, identified as Kenji Goto and Haruna Yukawa, and stated that the Japanese government had 3 days to save their citizens. In this case the ransom was not an arbitrary amount, but is estimated to be the equivalent of the non-military aid that Tokyo pledged to countries affected by the Islamic State. The Islamic State militants executed Haruna Yukawa in a video released on January 24 2015. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe publicly expressed his grief to the Yukawa family while at the same time assuring the people of Japan that the government was doing everything that they could to rescue the remaining hostage. The video that showed Yukawa’s execution did not include the “Jihadi John” ISIS fighter with a British accent. The second Japanese hostage, Kenji Goto, was beheaded on January 30, 2015, in a video that was released by ISIS media accounts. The executioner who speaks English with a British accent and has come to be known as “Jihadi John” carried out Goto’s execution.
Militants from the Islamic State carried out their first video execution by burning their victim to death in a video released on February 3, 2015. The Jordanian pilot, 26 year old First Lt. Moaz al-Kasasbeh, was captured on December 24, 2014, after his F-16 went down in Northern Syria. Al-Kasabeh came from a wealthy and prominent tribe in Jordan, and the Jordanian government attempted for many weeks to negotiate al-Kasabeh’s safe release. During negotiations, Jordanian officials attempted to trade al-Kasabeh for Sajida al-Rishawi, an Iraqi woman jailed in Jordan for her role in a 2005 bombing attack on Amman. The Islamic State would not accept the trade however, and al-Kasabeh was burned alive in a cage in a video released on ISIS media accounts. Apparently the video had been recorded over a month beforehand, and al-Kasabeh had been long dead during negotiations to secure his safe return home. In response to the brutal murder of al-Kasabeh, Jordanian officials executed Sajida al-Rishawi along with another convicted terrorist on the morning of February 4, 2015.
Militants affiliated with the Tripoli Province of Islamic State posted a video of them beheading 21 Egyptian Christians on an unidentified beach in Libya via the Islamic State’s official media accounts on February 15, 2015. The group pledged allegiance to the Islamic State in 2014. The video is very well put together, similar to their other videos, and shows the Christians being marched wearing orange jumpsuits by ISIS fighters wearing black robes and facial coverings. The black masked jihadis then behead all 21 victims after pushing them into the sand. It is believed that these victims were migrant workers who had come from rural Egypt to find work in Libya, and were then abducted in two separate incidents.
A nineteen year old Arab Israeli man was executed by a child soldier of the Islamic State in a video released via ISIS media accounts on March 10, 2015. The victim, identified as Muhammad Mussallam, was accused in the video of being a spy for the Mossad. Before his execution he spoke to the camera about being recruited and trained by the Mossad, and claimed that his father and brother had encouraged him to join. Mussallam is seen in the video wearing a similar orange jumpsuit worn by captives in the previous videos. At the end of the video a young boy, no older than twelve, shoots Mussallam in the head while he kneels in front of the boy, execution style. Accompanying the young boy on camera was an older, French speaking jihadist who referred to the young boy as one of the โcubs of the caliphate.โ
Members of the IS affiliated Al-Nusra Front posted pictures on social media in early March 2015 of them holding bags of dried lentils, other food stuffs, and humanitarian supplies that were meant for the people of Syria. The supplies, including guns and bullets, were stolen from the former stronghold of the U.S. backed Syrian rebel group Harakat Hazm.
Three Kurdish Peshmerga fighters were beheaded by ISIS militants in a video released on March 19, 2015. The video clip was released during a time when most Kurds are celebrating the new year holiday. The black-clad executioners in the video spoke Kurdish, claiming that โTo the Muslim Kurdish people: know that our war is not with you, rather it is with those who ventured into an alliance with the Safavids and crusaders to wage war on the Muslims.โ (Reuters, March 20, 2015)
A video released through ISIS media accounts on April 19, 2015, shows the executions of two large groups of Ethiopian Christians in two different locations. To begin the video, an English-speaking executioner states โwe are back againโ. Neither the date nor the location of filming was readily available, but it is believed that the executed individuals belonged to the Ethiopian Church. (Sydney Morning Herald, April 19, 2015)
The self-proclaimed Caliph of the Islamic State, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, announced that the group was to stop disseminating their trademark graphic execution videos. Instead he said, they should show the before and after of the execution, but should avoid the showing the actual act out of respect for, โMuslims and childrenโs feelings who may find these scenes grotesque.โ (CS Monitor, July 22, 2015)
Militants from the group Sinai Province of the Islamic State released a video on the internet on August 5, 2015, showing 30 year old Croatian citizen Tomislav Salopek kneeling in sand next to a knife-wielding, masked Jihadi. Calmly reading a note in English, Salopek demanded the release of โMuslim womenโ held in Egyptian prisons, and stated that if the demand was not met he would be killed.
Abu Azrael, an Iraqi fighter affectionately dubbed โIraq’s Rambo,โ was featured in a video posted online in which he sliced and mutilated the charred and dead body of a captured Islamic State fighter with a large sword. Azrael has become somewhat of a celebrity in Iraq during the campaign against ISIS, known for his rallying cry to reduce the jihadis โto flour.โ In response, a video was posted on Islamic State social media accounts the following day showing the horrific execution by fire of four fighters associated with a unit backed by the Iraqi government.
Violent attacks rocked Israel in October 2015, with Palestinians incited by their leader’s propaganda carrying out daily terror attacks against Jews during the โdays of rage.โ The Islamic State published anti-Israel propaganda videos about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict for the first time ever in response, praising these attacks and calling for more attacks against Jews and Israelis. The videos include archival footage of past attacks on Israel and were presented in the Islamic State’s signature style, featuring brutal murders and interviews with fighters. Palestinians were also reminded of the significance of the al-Aksa mosque in the videos, and are encouraged to take up arms to defend it. The propaganda arm of the Islamic State produced at least six of these videos during the second week of October 2015.
On October 23, 2015, the Islamic State released their first video completely in Hebrew, in which a man speaking perfect Hebrew with an Arabic accent threatens that โnot one Jew will remain in Jerusalem.โ
An encrypted, anonymous messaging app known as Telegram became popular with jihadis during late 2015, allowing them to send messages to their followers that were untraceable. Telegram is a Russian application that has no restrictive content rules about what types of material can be sent out and no filters or monitors, allowing terror organizations to recruit, send out propaganda, and communicate with ease. Instructions for manufacturing explosives, tutorials for launching cyber attacks, complex battle plans, and calls for attack have all been disseminated through Telegram’s messaging system. Telegram officially shut down 78 channels known to be used by ISIS fighters following global criticism in the wake of the November 13, 2015 Paris terror attacks.
In response to increased Russian involvement in the conflict, ISIS released a video threatening attacks in Russia and on Russian citizens abroad for the first time on November 23, 2015. The video was made in Russian, and ISIS fighters can be seen chanting, โsoon, very soon, the blood will spill like an ocean.โ
U.S. airstrikes killed the man known as Jihadi John, who had been featured in ISIS propaganda videos, in Raqqa on November 12, 2015.
A Russian “spy,” who had been forced into the job by coercion and intimidation by Russian authorities after being arrested with drugs, was beheaded by a Russian member of ISIS in a video released by the organization on December 3, 2015. Magomed Khasiev was a 23 year old Russian college graduate who was orphaned at age 9. Khasiev was caught transporting drugs in February 2014, after which he agreed to spy on ISIS for the Russian government to avoid jailtime. While embedded with ISIS Khasiev contacted his handler with Russian intelligence services five times.
It was reported in January 2016 that Islamic State militants had given their recruits in foreign countries manuals, titled โSafety and Security Guidelines for Lone Wolf Mujahideen.โ The manual is 58 pages, and includes instructions on blending in with local culture and attacking places that are likely to have the highest number of victims. So as to not bring suspiscion to themselves, recruits who read the manual are encouraged to not participate in prayer services, shave their beards, wear traditional Western clothing, use aftershave, and wear crosses around their necks.
Videos were released by the Islamic State on January 25, 2016, showing nine perpetrators of the November 2015 Paris attacks conducting training sessions and beheading โinfidelsโ in the Middle East. The video was allegedly filmed in Raqqa, and also includes footage featuring locations in Paris that were attacked.
A mobile phone application developed by the Islamic State’s โLibrary of Zealโ department in order to teach children the alphabet and basic phrases with jihadist themes was launched in early May 2016. Included in the application are games for memorizing arabic letters and how they are written, as well as songs designed to teach children the Arabic alphabet. The volcabulary section of the app teaches the user the Arabic words for โgun,โ โrocket,โ โtank,โ โbullet,โ and others. The application is the first Islamic State mobile application directed strictly at children.
At least 16 Ethiopian Christians were executed in a video disseminated by the Islamic State in mid-May 2016. The individuals were divided into two groups who were then shot or beheaded. The same video included footage of 45 ISIS fighters who were buried alive after being caught fleeing battle.
Indonesian children as young as 8-years old were featured in ISIS propaganda videos released in May 2016, burning their Indonesian passports and firing weapons. The estimated 23 children aged 8-12 in the video speak fluent Indonesian to the camera, and are suspected to have been brought to ISIS territory with their parents.
The Islamic State has released dozens of videos of their opponents being beheaded, tortured, or just plain shot in a ditch, and they have made pertinent use of social and world media to disseminate their message. The IS militants make use of twitter, facebook, and other social media to get their messages across, including running “hashtag campaigns” on twitter. According to experts, the Islamic State uses social media extremely effectively, moreso than some large companies, and puts a very large emphasis on their image in the media.
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Partial listing of instances where Israel is known or believed to have assassinated targets accused ofterrorism.
There have been two particular periods when Israel actively hunted terrorists: – Following the Munich Massacre, against those responsible for murdering the Israeli Olympians – During Al-Aqsa Intifada, against those involved in the planning or implementation of terror attacks.
This list is based on instances where Israel specifically aimed to kill terrorists, either before they could carry out an attack or as retribution for prior attacks:
As Hamas’s senior most terror operative in the Southern Gaza Strip, Shamalah oversaw various terror activities aimed at killing Israeli civilians and soldiers.ย He has been involved in numerous attacks over the years including the 1994 murder of an IDF officer in Rafah, a 2004 attack on an IDF military post, and the attack that led to Gilad Shalit’s abduction.ย Her was killed in a targetted air strike early on August 21.
Attar was a senior Hamas operative in charge of the Rafah region, and was directly involved in the planning and execution of the abduction of Gilad Shalit.ย He orchestrated attacks, smuggled weapons through tunnels, and generally oversaw all Hamas activity in the Rafah area,ย He was killed in a pre-dawn air strike on August 21.
IAF aircraft targeted Za’aneen and three others as they prepared to lauch a second rocket into Israel from the Gaza Strip. They successfully fired a first rocket that landed in an open field south of Ashkelon. Zaโaneen was a member of the Al-Quds Brigades, the military wing of Islamic Jihad.
IAF aircraft targeted Ahmad and Mahmoud Zaanin in the northern Gaza Strip town of Beit Hanoun. The relatives had been responsible for missile attacks on southern Israel over the past week and, according to the IDF, were soon to launch more rockets.
April 30, 2013
Hithem Ziad Ibrahim Masshal
“Freelance Terror Consultant”
IAF aircraft targeted Masshal in Gaza. Masshal was directly responsible for the April 17 firing of two rockets toward Eilat from the Sinai Peninsula.ย According the IDF, Masshal was also considered a terror expert in Gaza, regularly helping Salafi and Jihadi elements in their quest to fire rockets at Israel.
November 14 – 19, 2012
Ahmad Jabari; Habโs Hassan Us Msamch; Muhammad Abu-Jala; Khaled Shaer; Osama Kadi; Muhammas Kalb; Ramz Harb; Yunis Shaluf
During Operation Pillar of Defense, the IDF targeted senior leaders in Hamas and Islamic Jihad, the main terror groups operating in the Gaza Strip and firing rockets at Israeli civilian areas.ย The operation commenced with the targeting of Jabari, the head of Hamas’ military wing, as he was riding in a car in northern Gaza. Jabari was integral to the planning of Gilad Shalit’s kidnapping in 2005 and helped carry out numerous other attacks. Hamas operatives Abu-Jala and Shaer were also commanders integral to the rocket launching and anti-tank divisions in Hamas. Kalb was a senior operative in the Hamas aerial defense operations and Harb was an Islamic Jihad senior operative in propaganda in Gaza city. Shaluf was responsible for rocket fire on Eilat several months ago.
Saedini was the leader of the Salafist group responsible for dozens of rocket attacks on Israel in the past six weeks. The IDF said the group was behind a January 2009 attack that killed an Israeli soldier and seriously wounded another; and that they were “planning a complex attack to be carried out along the Sinai border” in coordination with Salafists inside Egypt.
Anis was in the final stages of preparing an attack against Israeli civilians. In the past, Anis was involved in a number of attempted terror attacks that included smuggling explosive devices into Israel, in addition to directing certain terror activities in Judea and Samaria. Salah had admitted to transferring terrorists into Egypt in order to carry out a suicide attack in Israel; he was also involved in the buying and selling of weapons.
Targeted by the Israeli air force in the Tel Sultan neighborhood in southern Gaza. Okhal was allegedly involved in a June terrorist attack at ther Israel-Egypt border that killed one Israeli.
Responsible for planning a combined terror attack that was to take place via Sinai in the coming days. Part of the terror infrastructure used to execute attacks via the Sinai Peninsula, and the Israel- Egypt border.
Targeted due to his involvement in the planning of terrorist attack on the Egypt-Israel border. Was also involved in previous terror attacks including a 2007bombing in Eilat in which 3 civilians were killed.
Killed while preparing to launch mortar rounds from Gaza into Southern Israel. The PRC claim that Salmoud and his cell were able to fire five mortars before being killed.
Involved in smuggling weapons to Gaza and in militant activity in Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula. Targeted for shooting off kassam rockets moments before the strike
The Popular Resistance Committee was said to have planned and staged the deadly, coordinated terrorist attacks against targets in southern Israel that resulted in the death of 7 Israelis – 6 civilians and 1 soldier.
Involved in recent attempts to execute a large-scale terror attack against Israeli targets. Dagmesh was the leader and planner of the thwarted terror attack. Asaliya served as the organization’s senior terror attacks planner.
Involved in numerous infiltrations into Israeli communities, the firing of mortar shells at Israeli targets, and the detonation of tunnels and explosive devices. Killed by an IDF sniper
Israeli helicopter fired a missile at a car east of the city of Khan Younis. The intended target, Mohammed Abu Nasira, a commander of the group, survived.
Taher, known as ” Engineer 4,” was responsible for supplying the the bombs used in a June 2002 Jerusalem bus bombing that killed 19 and wounded 70 and in the June 2001 Tel Aviv disco attack that killed 21. Killed in a raid in Nablus by IDF naval commandos.
Zaloum was believed to be responsible for numerous shooting attacks and bombings, including the March 2001 killing of Shalhevet Pass, a 10-month-old infant, in a sniper attack in Hebron. Israeli helicopter strike.
Killed in Khan Yunis when an IAF Apache helicopter fired two missiles at his car. Hamdan was believed to have been involved in an attack that left four soldiers IDF soldiers dead, and in the manufacture of mortars.
January 22, 2002
Ankilled Jasser Samaro, Nassim Abu Rus, Yousef Suraj, Karim Masarja
Killed when his car blew up. Israel had asked the PAto imprison Karmi, but Arafat refused. Terrorists under his command murdered at least six Israelis.
Nov. 23, 2001
Mahmoud Abu Hanoud, Ayman Hashaykah
HamasSenior Commander in West Bank, Deputy to Senior Commander
IAF helicopter fired missiles at the car. Hanoud was convicted by the Palestinian Authority of leading an unauthorized military cell and sentenced to a12-year jail term. He was later released.
Killed along with two other people when a car exploded in Beit Sahour. This followed the assassination of Israeli Cabinet Minister Rechavam Zeevi by the PFLP.
Killed by IDF soldiers while reportedly planting a roadside bomb near Bethlehem. Mugrabi’s name was on a list of ten reputed terrorists that the IDF had targeted for killing.
Killed when a bomb exploded in the car he was driving. Israeli sources insinuated Bani was transporting explosives that detonated prematurely, but PA security forces arrested Bani’s cousin, who reportedly confessed to tipping off the IDF.
Hafaz was responsible for sending Palestinian terrorists into southern Israel. A double agent delivered a booby-trapped book
*Israel has occasionally made mistakes in its war on terror. The most notorious was the murder on July 21, 1973, in Lillehammer, Norway, of a Norwegian waiter who was mistaken for Munich terrorist Ali Hassan Salameh. The incident significantly restricted Israel’s ability to pursue terrorists outside the Middle East.
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The following are examples of the National Counterterrorism Center’s Counterterrorism Weekly publication, a “compilation of open source publicly available press and relevant commentary on issues related to terrorism and counterterrorism over the past seven days.” The digests are not released to the public.
Counterterrorism Weekly for America’s Protectors
Page Count: 40 pages Date: March 2016 Restriction: For Official Use Only Originating Organization: National Counterterrorism Center File Type: zip File Size: 4,075,590 bytes File Hash (SHA-256): BE4973D2895E62FA042AE5212AC864565890E231E1681F16CEEDC388E19DB778
Counterterrorism Weekly for Americaโs Protectors, 23-29 March 2016
Counterterrorism Weekly for Americaโs Protectors, 16-22 March 2016
NCTC Assessment: (U//FOUO) These latest attacks in Europe have resulted in continued calls for enhanced European CT cooperation and implementation of measures proposed in the wake of Novemberโs Paris attacks. After a Council of Ministers meeting on 23 March, both the Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Interior Jan Jambon and the Minister of Justice Koen Geens called for enforcing existing measures decided after the Paris attacks. The Minister of Foreign Affairs called for better exchange of information between intelligence services, and confirmed the importance of defeating ISIL and finding a political solution for Syria and Iraq. French Prime Minister Maunel Valls called for tighter security on the EUโs external borders and for the adoption of a European Passenger Name Record system
(U)Three days of national mourning were declared and will run through 24 March.
NCTC Comment: (U) Overseas attacks targeting aviation facilities and mass/public transportation components continue to demonstrate terrorist groupsโ persistent interest in attacking these systems. First responders can use past attacks or disrupted plots to determine which tactics, techniques, and procedures have recently been used or attempted in order to maximize the effectiveness of security measures and emergency response plans, encourage information sharing, develop interagency coordination and multi-discipline training, and establish alignment with private sector partners.
(U//FOUO) Stakeholders should consider certain aspects of the aviation industry, such as the generally high volume of vehicular traffic near airports, large numbers of employees with restricted access, as well as the range of facilities located both within and outside the secure areas of the facilities, when developing protective measures and emergency response plans. The NCTC/FBI/DHS First Responderโs Toolbox โ โComplex Operating Environment for First Responders โ Airportsโ (16 September 2014) encourages first responders to work with airport owners and operators to ensure interagency cooperation, develop familiarization with the airport grounds and facilities, and implement coordinated response plans.
(U//FOUO) Numerous aspects of mass/public transportation systems are vulnerable to terrorists. Systems carry large numbers of people in confined spaces, are inherently accessible, operate according to well publicized schedules, and are vital to local economies. It is therefore important first responders be intimately familiar with mass transit systems in their jurisdictions. The NCTC/FBI/DHS First Responderโs Toolbox โComplex Operating Environment โ Mass Transitโ (26 February 2016) illustrates the myriad challenges faced by law enforcement and security personnel concerning publicly accessible locations with limited security screening measures and large gatherings of individuals. (JCAT PERSPECTIVE)
FBI Counterterrorism Division: (U//FOUO) The FBI has increased its investigative activity against ISIL sympathizers in theUS and encourages its state and local partners to remain vigilant, although at this time the FBI has no specific and credible threats of ISIL attack planning in the US associated with the Belgium attack. We assess ISIL will likely continue expanding efforts to conduct attacks against soft targets and that ISIL and its supporters will continue media releases praising the Brussels attacks.
(U//FOUO) We judge ISIL will almost certainly consider a diverse selection of soft targets for attacks in the Westโincluding in the USโwhich extend beyond targeting government, military, and law enforcement officials and facilities, based on the target selection in recent attacks and plots in the West. Supporters of the group and lone offenders who may be located in the Homeland continue to have the ability to conduct relatively unsophisticated attacks with little to no warning.
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Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures Used in the 22 March 2016 Brussels Attacks
Page Count: 9 pages Date: April 12, 2016 Restriction: For Official Use Only Originating Organization: Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Counterterrorism Center File Type: pdf File Size: 254,019 bytes File Hash (SHA-256): 5840AF768DA275DAA059648BFFF85B2E314544AA07F275459392D11BD4CF6602
(U//FOUO) This Joint Intelligence Bulletin (JIB) is intended to provide a review of the tactics, techniques, and procedures demonstrated by the perpetrators of the 22 March 2016 attacks in Brussels, Belgium. The analysis in this JIB is based on statements by European government and law enforcement officials cited in media reporting and is subject to change with the release of official details from post-incident investigations. This JIB is provided by DHS, FBI, and NCTC to support their respective activities and to assist federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government counterterrorism and law enforcement officials, first responders and private sector partners in deterring, preventing, preempting, or disrupting terrorist attacks against the United States.
โฆ
(U//FOUO) Attacks in Brussels Reaffirm ISILโs Ability to Conduct Complex Attacks in Europe
(U//FOUO) DHS, FBI, and NCTC assess the 22 March 2016 attacks in Brussels, Belgium targeting Zaventem International Airport and the Brussels Metro systemโfor which the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has claimed responsibilityโdemonstrate the groupโs continued ability to conduct complex, coordinated attacks in Western Europe using multiple operatives and relatively simple tactics. We are not aware of any direct links to the Homeland; however, radicalized individuals inspired by ISIL operating alone or in small groups continue to have the ability to conduct relatively unsophisticated attacks with little to no warning in the United States.*
(U//FOUO) We judge the Brussels attackers probably conducted preoperational surveillance, did some level of tactical planning, and had familiarity with the targets prior to the attack, but may have expedited their plans after the arrestโseveral days prior in Belgiumโof the sole surviving attacker involved in the November 2015 Paris attacks. We further assess the large amount of explosives used, willingness to operate despite well-publicized efforts by security officials to locate potential ISIL operatives, and the use of operational security to avoid law enforcement detection during the preoperational phase indicate some level of training. The attackers were part of an extensive support network and infrastructure in Belgium that also conducted the Paris attacks. This same network may have allowed the operatives to acquire materials and false documents, fabricate explosives, and may have facilitated connections with individuals based in Syria.
(U//FOUO) Attack Overview: On 22 March 2016, at least four and as many as five operatives divided into two teams that detonated homemade explosive devices estimated to contain between 30 and 60 pounds of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) at Brussels Zaventem International Airport and onboard a train in the Brussels subway, killing at least 32 and injuring over 300. Two operatives at the airport and one individual at the metro conducted suicide operations, which also resulted in over a dozen American casualties, including at least two deaths. Belgian authorities have arrested a man believed to be the third operative seen in CCTV footage at the airport and are investigating the possibility of an accomplice at the metro prior to the explosion.
(U) Airport Attack: At approximately 0758 local time, two improvised explosive devices (IEDs) believed to have been concealed in luggage detonated seconds apart in the passenger check-in area for several international airlines, including a US carrier. The attackers did not attempt to enter areas where their bags would be subject to security screening. Authorities later found a third viable device at the airport, which Belgian officials speculate might have been designed to target first responders, according to a statement from the Belgian federal prosecutor to the press. The device was later detonated by explosive ordnance disposal technicians. The third alleged operative at the airport was seen in security footage with the two suicide operatives in the moments prior to the attack, but he fled the scene and was arrested by Belgian authorities on 8 April.
(U) Subway Attack: Approximately 80 minutes after the airport explosions, at 0910 local time, an explosion occurred on a train as it departed the Maelbeek metro station, killing 13, according to the Brussels transit operator STIB. At least one operative, possibly aided by a second operative, entered the Maelbeek metro station and boarded the middle car of the three-car train, according to Belgian officials cited in media reporting., The blast occurred during morning rush hour near the European Union buildings, raising the possibility the operatives were targeting European government employees.
โฆ
(U) Importance of Suspicious Activity Reporting
(U//FOUO) We encourage reporting of suspicious activity to appropriate authorities and encourage our homeland security, military, law enforcement, first responders, and private sector partners to remain vigilant. We face an increased challenge in detecting in-progress terrorist plots by individuals or small groups acting quickly and independently or with only tenuous ties to foreign handlers. Pre-operational indicators are likely to be difficult to detect; therefore, state, local, tribal, territorial, and private sector partners play a critical role in identifying and reporting suspicious activities and raising the awareness of federal counterterrorism officials.
(U//FOUO) The acquisition of materials for constructing an explosive device, a necessary stage in the execution of any IED attack, offers an opportunity for detection and disruption of plots. Thus, it is critical that point-of-sale employees understand how their products can be misused and are trained to recognize indicators of suspicious purchases and methods of reporting this information.
ยป (U//FOUO) In May 2015, a tip by a vigilant hardware store clerk to local police about a potentially suspicious purchase of an explosive precursor led German authorities to foil a possible attack against a major sporting event in the country after a couple purchased an unusually large amount of hydrogen peroxide. German authorities later discovered the couple presented fraudulent credentials and were associated with the local violent extremist community in Germany.
ยป (U//FOUO) The FBI arrested Saudi national Khalid Aldawsari in late February 2011 after he attempted to purchase a highly concentrated phenol solutionโa precursor for the explosive trinitrophenol or picric acidโand raised suspicions of a freight company in Texas after the delivery of an unexpected package from a North Carolina chemical company. Aldawsari attempted to bypass the chemical companyโs restriction on sending shipments to an individual or a residence, but he did not have permission from the freight company to have the package delivered. Aldawsari was sentenced to life in prison in June 2012 for attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction, according to a January 2014 FBI press release from the US Court of Appeals affirming his conviction.
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The U.S. Justice Department this month moved to confiscate roughly $1.2 million held in major multi-national banks which prosecutors believe passed through a network of companies in Africa that are allegedly tied to Hezbollah, the Shia militant organization and political party in Lebanon.
The legal action reinforced long-running efforts by the United States to dry up sources of funding for Hezbollah, a participant in Syriaโs civil war that American officials also blame for a string of deadly terrorist attacks stretching back to the 1980s.
Though it contained no formal allegations of wrongdoing against any bank, the complaint filed in a Washington federal court called attention to internal anti-money laundering practices at HSBC, Deutsche Bank and Wells Fargo as well as the North Carolina-based lender Branch Banking & Trust.
The movement of the funds violated federal trade sanctions and money laundering statutes, according to the Justice Department.
Prosecutors say Kassim Tajideen, a 60-year-old Lebanese businessman, came forward to claim the funds. The Treasury Department has placed Tajideen on a sanctions list of global terrorists, identifying him as an important Hezbollah fundraiser along with members of his family.
Lawyers for Tajideen told 100Reporters that he denies any link to terrorism, and said they had not been notified of the Justice Departmentโs forfeiture actions this month.
Banks are required to check whether their clients are suspected terrorists and report any suspicious banking activity to the U.S. government. As money from the drug war and sanctioned organizations has coursed through the international financial system, HSBC, Wells Fargo and Deutsche Bank have in recent years all faced legal and regulatory action in the United States and Europe.
Wells Fargo, the worldโs largest bank by market value, agreed to a Treasury Department consent order as recently as November. Regulators rebuked the bank for a failure to remedy previously-identified problems involving measures by its wholesale banking group to assess customer risk and prevent money laundering. The wholesale banking group provides services to large clients such as companies and governments.
The Obama and Bush administrations have made money laundering and sanctions violations mainstays of a broader crackdown on terrorism, aimed at choking sources of financing since the Sept. 11, 2011 attacks on the United States.
In the court papers filed this month, prosecutors said that a North Carolina exporter of frozen meat, identified only as โCompany A,โ sent nearly seven million pounds of goods to Angola for delivery to Sicam Ltd., a company owned by Kassim Tajideen, between December 2013 and June 2015.
In return, International Cross Trade Company, a separate Tajideen company in the United Arab Emirates, wired $460,800 from UAE banks to Company Aโs account at Branch Banking & Trust, or BB&T, allegedly in violation of federal statutes on money laundering and trade sanctions.
Cynthia Williams, a spokeswoman for BB&T, said her bank was examining the matter and had no further comment.
โAs you know, BB&T is not a party to this suit and we were unaware of it until your email yesterday,โ she wrote.
After receiving the payments from Tajideen, Company A then transferred the money to Wells Fargo, where it was seized in June, according to prosecutors.
Richele Messick, a spokeswoman for Wells Fargo, said the bank did not violate any regulations or laws in the Tajideen forfeiture case.
โWe have already made significant enhancements in our compliance program and continue to dedicate considerable resources to this area,โ she said by email.
โWe have strong processes in place but are prohibited from sharing what we do to detect and monitor โ both by the law and to preserve the effectiveness of those processes.โ
In court papers, the Justice Departmentโs efforts to win the forfeiture of the funds were supported by the sworn statement of a Drug Enforcement Administration task force agent, suggesting that the forfeiture case is connected to a federal investigation into suspected drug trafficking.
Spokesmen for the DEA and Justice Department declined to comment, but American officials have long accused Hezbollah of trading in South American cocaine, specifically linking them to the Colombian drug trade and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC.
According to European and UN officials cited by The New York Times, Hezbollah and sympathetic Lebanese รฉmigrรฉs helped Colombian traffickers meet rising demand for drugs in Europe and the Middle East by moving cocaine from South America to West Africa, Syria and Lebanon. A Hezbollah strategist quoted in the article denied narco-trafficking.
The court documents say Tajideen also moved $600,000 from accounts in Angola to banks in Germany, South Africa and Brazil between 2009 and 2010, but these funds were frozen by Deutsche Bank compliance officials as they transited correspondent accounts in the United States and were later seized.
A Deutsche Bank spokeswoman declined to comment.
Correspondent banking allows banks to transfer funds internationally by maintaining accounts at foreign banks so that depositors may make payments in foreign currencies. Such transactions can present a high risk of money laundering if senders and recipients are not properly identified by the bank.
During similar correspondent account transfers through the United States between 2012 and 2014, compliance officials at HSBC seized more than $100,000 in Tajideen funds moving from accounts in France and Gambia and intended for recipients in Switzerland, China and Thailand, according to prosecutors.
Tajideen family entities will have been familiar to HSBC compliance officials. HSBC had already paid a fine of $32,400 in 2013 after failing to catch $40,166 in transfers between 2010 and 2011 tied to Husayn Tajideen, another of Kassim Tajideenโs brothers.
The bank in 2012 reached a watershed $1.9 billion settlement with US authorities for deliberately banking the proceeds of drug cartels and moving money for sanctions-barred countries.
According to a leaked report from an outside monitor cited by Bloomberg, internal auditors in 2014 questioned HSBCโs decision to continue doing business with banks with potential ties to terrorism, including a Saudi bank that had once wired funds to two hijackers involved in the attacks of September 2001.
The Justice Department reported last year that the outside monitor โ the former prosecutor Michael G. Cherkasky โ had found that in 2014 senior managersโ dealings with auditors had been โmarked by combativeness [โฆ] and a basic lack of cooperativeness.โ
Nevertheless, Rob Sherman, an HSBC spokesman, told 100Reporters that the Justice Department had found that the bank had made โmaterial progressโ toward improving its compliance efforts.
โWe remain firmly committed to putting in place a robust AML and sanctions compliance program, and are making steady progress toward that objective and appreciate the monitorโs ongoing work,โ he wrote in an email, using the industry acronym for anti-money laundering.
Last year, Kassim Tajideenโs alleged ties to Hezbollah drew him into the middle of federal lawsuits filed by former FARC kidnapping victims.
A federal court in 2010 awarded $318 million in damages to the family of Thomas Janis, an American pilot, and to Keith Stansell, Marc Gonsalves and Thomas Howes. FARC forces captured the men โ who were civilian contractors flying surveillance over FARC territory โ when their plane crashed in 2003. Janis and another crew member were immediately executed, while Howes, Stansell and Gonsalves were held captive until their rescue in 2008.
When collecting damages from the FARC โ which has few U.S. assets to seize if any โ proved difficult, lawyers for the men went after funds held by alleged FARC associates, moving to seize assets held by the Tajideen brothers and their companies. Since Hezbollah had profited from distributing FARC cocaine and laundering the proceeds, the lawyers argued, FARC victims could collect Hezbollah-linked funds.
The matter remains pending before a federal judge in New York. However, in an affidavit in the FARC case, Kassim Tajideen denied all of the plaintiffโs allegations and said he was fighting the Treasury Departmentโs designation of him as a terrorist.
Any business connections to his brother Ali, the alleged Hezbollah commander, had in fact been limited to a โmatter of corporate formality,โ he said.
โI am unequivocally opposed to terrorism and other acts of political violence,โ Tajideen said. โI am unequivocally opposed to narcotics trafficking and related criminal enterprises.โ
Tajideen said he had no connection to Hezbollah and had worked to avoid any โunnecessary entanglementsโ with the organization โdespite the challenges of doing so while conducting business in Lebanon.โ
Tajideenโs attorneys at the powerhouse firm WilmerHale have also sought to undermine claims that Hezbollah and the FARC are truly in cahoots.
Ibrahim Warde, a Tufts University business professor and paid expert for the Tajideen legal team, submitted a sworn statement saying he believed any business dealings between FARC and Hezbollah were at most โindirect and tangential.โ
If Hezbollah is a tool of any entity, he said, it is the Islamic Republic of Iran, not โa comparatively minor, geographically distant, culturally dissimilar, and politically unrelated organization such as the FARC.โ
David Bowker, an attorney for Tajideen, said the Justice Department had yet to notify him of its latest action.
โAs you may know, we do not believe there is any basis to designate Mr. Tajideen and, accordingly, we have been contesting OFACโs designation of him for many years,โ he said in an email.
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Terrorism Threat Handbook
Page Count: 101 pages Date: 2004 Restriction: For Official Use Only Originating Organization: Interagency OPSEC Support Staff (IOSS) File Type: pdf File Size: 25,784,158 bytes File Hash (SHA-256): B38555BE02E1693D27A26B385FF5EC6A00864423BE912CE68A8A3446D370CF7B
This document presents an overview of terrorism threats and terrorist methodologies to assist OPSEC managers in evaluating the threat and managing terrorist risks to organizations and personnel. As in other areas of security and intelligence concern, proper application of the OPSEC process in evaluating threat and risk1 helps an organization to make informed decisions on conducting its mission-critical activities without becoming unduly vulnerable.
OPSEC and the Terrorism Threat
Prior to 11 September 2001, for most Americans terrorism was an abstract concept that usually showed up only in television evening-news stories about violent events in distant lands. Almost without exception, terrorist acts were the work of unfamiliar groups operating outside the United States. The attacks of 11 September 2001, however, have served notice to all Americans that terrorism is an immediate threat. Operations Security (OPSEC can play an important role in mitigating the vulnerability of an organization and its personnel to that threat and many others. Threat and risk assessments, which are key decision support tools to establish and prioritize security program requirements for any organization or activity, are absolutely critical to defending against terrorism today. This means that it now is more vital than ever that OPSEC managers understand and communicate to their organizations what the current threats are and what form the risks associated with those threats are most likely to take place.
Counterterrorism Digest is a compilation of UNCLASSIFIED open source publicly available press material, to include relevant commentary on issues related to terrorism and counterterrorism over the past seven days. It is produced every Wednesday, excluding holidays. Counterterrorism Digest is produced by the National Counterterrorism Center and contains situational awareness items detailing on-going terrorism-related developments which may be of interest to security personnel. Comments and requests for information pertaining to articles featured in Counterterrorism Digest may be directed to nctcpao@nctc.gov.
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Im Kapitel ,,Heil Diether”, seines 1996 erschienenen Buches ,,Volk und Wahn”, beschreibt der frรผhere ,,Konkret” und heutige ,,Spiegel” – Essayist Henryk M. Broder, die Lebensstationen des damaligen SPD-Mitgliedes und heutigen stellvertretenden Vorsitzenden der P,,DS”, Diether Dehm.
In Frankfurt ist er weltberรผhmt *g*: Diether Dehm. Ende April 1996 wurde bekannt, dass Diether Dehm von 1971 bis 1978 von der Stasi-Hauptabteilung XX/5 (zustรคndig fรผr Organisationen in der BRD) unter den Decknamen ,,Willy” und ,,Dieter”, als inoffizieller Mitarbeiter gefรผhrt wurde. Seine Akte umfasst 400 Seiten – Informationen und Einschรคtzungen aus der Frankfurter Szene, der SPD und angrenzenden Millieus. Am 25. Juni 1971 machte die Hauptabteilung XX5/1 den ,,Vorschlag” den Dehm, Jรถrg-Diether, als Vorlauf-Persektiv-IM zu registrieren. Darin heiรt es: ,,Mit Dehm sind feste Vereinbarungen mit nachrichtendienstlichem Charakter getroffen worden.”
Zur Ausbรผrgerung Wolf Biermanns aus der DDR im November lieferte IM Willy bereitwillig Informationen รผber Wolf Biermann, der zu dieser Zeit bei Gรผnter Wallraff in Kรถln wohnte. Zitat Dehm: ,,Charakterlich hat Biermann sich in der letzten Zeit eher negativ als positiv entwickelt. Er ist รคuรerst labil und mitunter ausgesprochen hysterisch. Er benimmt sich wie ein politisches Kind. Beifall und Schmeichelei lassen ihn jegliche Vorsรคtze und Versprechen vergessen.” Der IM erhรคlt eine Prรคmie vom MfS von 500,- DM, die Stasi schreibt: ,,Durch Dehms ,,hohe Kooperationsbereitschaft ist es gelungen, Biermann nach dessen Ausbรผrgerung gut unter Kontrolle zu halten.”
,,Wenn Dehm ein paar Glรคser zu viel getrunken hatte, prahlte er mitunter gefรคhrlich mit seine guten Beziehungen”, meinte der jetzige Referet beim SPD -Bundesvorstand Tilman Fichter. Karsten Voigt, รผber den IM Willy: ,,Das Material im Fall Dehm ist noch eindeutiger als im Fall des Brandt-Kanzler-Spiones Guillaume”.
Wolf Biermann berichtet im Spiegel: Der ,,halsbrecherische clevere Doktor Diether Dehm”, habe ihn im Mai 1988 besucht und ,,unter vier Augen und sechs Ohren” gebeichtet, dass er sich als Mitarbeiter des MfS jahrelang um die Frankfurter SPD gekรผmmert habe und auรerdem ,,dass er mir seine Dienste als Konzertmanager im Auftrage der Stasi angetragen hatte.” (Dehm grinste dabei, wie mir Wolf Biermann selbst erzรคhlte, als wir uns im selben Haus, รผber dieselbe Sache unterhielten – Anmerkung Tanja Krienen).
Dehm bestritt alles. Weder er noch seine Frau hรคtten ,,wissentlich fรผr die Stasi gearbeitet”, zwar sei er seit 1966 regelmรครig zu ,,Antifa”-Schulungen und Treffen” in die DDR gefahren, doch habe er ,,รผber die Jusos nicht berichtet, allenfalls diskutiert”, dabei mรผsse er ,,sehr direkt abgeschรถpft worden sein”. Was in den Stasi-Unterlagen steht ,,ist barer Unsinn”…
Gegenรผber der BILD-Zeitung variierte der abgeschรถpfte Antifa-Kรคmpfer seine Story ein wenig: ,,Indirekt, unwissentlich ja”, habe er Kontakt zur Stasi gehabt… Damals sei er ,,ein Wanderer zwischen den Welten” gewesen, ,,hier wie dort nicht zu Hause”.
Henry M. Broders Kommentar dazu: ,,Seit der Wende hat noch kein IM – weder Ibrahim Bรถhme noch Sascha Anderson, noch Wolfgang Schnur, zugegeben, wissentlich und willentlicht fรผr die Stasi gearbeitet zu haben. Und wer in der BRD mit beiden Armen im Mustopf der Stasi erwischt wird, der schreit sofort: Verleumdung! und gibt eine eidestattliche Versicherung ab, daร ihn nichts so sehr anwidert wie heimliches Naschen. Da macht sich die solide Antifa-Schulung bezahlt, die der tรผchtige Kulturarbeiter vor dreiรig Jahren in der DDR absolviert hatte.
Heute ist Dieter Dehm der zweite Mann der “Linken” und Mitglied im Bundestag – im Duett mit seinem Mitarbeiter und Freund, dem Ex-RAF-Terroristen Christian Klar, der ebenfalls von der STASI profitierte.
Im Mรคrz 1990 bezeichnete die CDU-Abgeordnete Erika Steinbach Dehm als โStasi-Informantenโ. Dehm lieร die Aussage gerichtlich untersagen. 1996 tauchten Stasi-Unterlagen auf, nach denen er als Inoffizieller Mitarbeiter (IM) โDieterโ und IM โWillyโ von 1971 bis 1978 die Hauptabteilung XX/5 der Staatssicherheit informiert hatte. Auรerdem legte Steinbach eine eidesstattliche Erklรคrung Wolf Biermanns vor, wonach Dehm als sein damaliger Manager ihm am 29. Mai 1988 in einem Vier-Augen-Gesprรคch seine Stasi-Kontakte gestanden hatte. Das Landgericht Frankfurt am Main hob 1996 daraufhin das Verbot auf.
Die Stasi stempelte zwar Dehm zum Staatsfeind und er benutzt dies heute als Beleg fรผr seine Glaubwรผrdigkeit, aber nach Erkenntnissen des Historikers Hubertus Knabe wurde Dehm im Dezember 1971 vom Ministerium fรผr Staatssicherheit der DDR (MfS) auf Basis politischer รberzeugung als IM Dieter (spรคter umbenannt in IM Willy) geworben.
Dem MfS berichtete er laut seiner 400 Seiten starken Akte insbesondere รผber die Frankfurter Jungsozialisten und den SPD-Bezirk Hessen-Sรผd. Nach der Ausbรผrgerung des Liedermachers Wolf Biermann aus der DDR lieferte er als dessen Konzertmanager auch รผber diesen zahlreiche Berichte. Laut Wolf Biermann wurde Dehm 1977 von der Staatssicherheit fรผr seine Zuverlรคssigkeit gelobt.
Auf Biermanns Aussage zu seiner รberwachung im Westen stรผtzen sich die Gerichtsurteile, nach denen Dehm als Informant des Staatssicherheitsdienstes bezeichnet werden darf. Dehm unterschrieb mehrfach Quittungen fรผr Geldbetrรคge von mehreren hundert Mark, die einige Male von ihm mit seinem Klarnamen und in anderen Fรคllen als IM โWillyโ quittiert wurden.
Dehm selbst behauptet bis heute, wie seine Frau (alias IM Christa) unwissentlich durch die Stasi abgeschรถpft worden zu sein. In ihrer Akte ist zu finden, dass der Vorlauf-IM โkonkrete Kenntnis von der Auswertung seiner Informationen durch das Ministerium fรผr Staatssicherheitโ hatte.
Alles Klar?
Christian Klar zรคhlt zu den prominenten โAussteigernโ der zweiten Generation der RAF. Die Stasi-Verbindungen der RAF sind in der Bundesrepublik ein Tabuthema, das nur sehr begrenzt angefasst wird. Die Historikerin Regine Igel rรคumt mit den Mythen und Legenden auf: Die รผbrig gebliebene Terroristenelite mit Klar, Pohl, Viett und anderen traf sich Anfang der 80er Jahre alle zwei Wochen mit den Stasi-Agenten und Oberstleutnant Helmut Voigt und Oberst Gรผnter Jรคckel.
Im Zusammenhang mit dem Attentat auf Frederick J. Kroesen erhielt Christian Klar von Stasi-Leuten Waffen-Unterricht und รผbte das Schieรen mit einer Panzerfaust. Acht Terroristen der Rote Armee Fraktion und zwei Personen aus deren Umfeld fanden in der DDR Unterschlupf, Schutz vor westlicher Strafverfolgung und erhielten eine neue Identitรคt. Ein Planungspapier der Stasi von 1982 deutet nach Einschรคtzung von Wolfgang Kraushaar auf die Absicht der DDR hin, Terroristen der RAF gezielt fรผr Tรถtungen, Geiselnahmen und Sprengstoffanschlรคge in der Bundesrepublik zu benutzen. Erich Mielke erwog, die in die DDR geflรผchteten Terroristen der RAF in einem innerdeutschen Konflikt als Kรคmpfer โhinter den feindlichen Linien einzusetzenโ
Querfront fรผr Putin
Wรคhrend die Putin-Propagandisten noch gelogen hatten bis sich die Balken bogen รผber den Zustand der russischen Wirtschaft, warnte ich davor dass der Absturz bereits im vollen Gange war und als Rettungsmaรnahmen frรผher oder spรคter nur noch eine Schlieรung der Grenzen und eine Rรผckkehr zur Planwirtschaft in Frage kommen wird. Bereits im April 2015 verรถffentlichte Pravda.ru eine schรถnfรคrberische Ankรผndigung, dass Russland die Planwirtschaft wieder einfรผhren und dabei ganz bestimmt nicht die Fehler der Sowjetzeit wiederholen werde.
Der russsiche Prรคsident Putin schoss kรผrzlich den Vogel ab mit Statements, dass er kommunistische Ideen mag und diese ja eigentlich urchristliche seien:
โMIR GEFIELEN UND GEFALLEN KOMMUNISTISCHE UND SOZIALISTISCHE IDEEN NOCH IMMER. WENN WIR UNS DEN KODEX DES ERBAUERS DES KOMMUNISMUS, DER IN DER SOWJETUNION IN HOHER AUFLAGE ERSCHIENEN WAR, GENAUER ANSCHAUEN, WERDEN WIR SEHEN, DASS ER DER BIBEL SEHR รHNELT.โ
It has now been five years since the events of the โArab Spring,โ and initial optimism about lasting democratic reforms and an era of lessened tensions has been replaced by fear and skepticism. Many countries are now experiencing greater instability and violence than before. The vestiges of Al Qaeda in Iraq have morphed into the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (or the Levant)โISIS or ISIL, sweeping through Iraq and Syria and leaving behind much death and destruction. The growth of violent extremism initiated by Al Qaeda and its radical interpretation of the Islamic ideology is continuing. ISILโs deft manipulation of social media to compel and mobilize individuals to act out violently is both remarkable and frightening.
Research reveals important factors to consider as well as questions to ask when developing policies and strategies to counter violent extremism (CVE):
1. Are the CVE goals achievable?
2. Do we have the right balance between security and development/stabilization? Do we have the right balance between strategies to take violent extremists off the streets and those aimed at preventing extremists from becoming violent in the first place?
3. Do we understand why some strategies have failed to deliver significant reductions in extremist violence? Do we understand the potential unintended consequences of strategies (e.g., use of targeted killings, treatment in prison, etc.)?
4. Are we failing in execution of strategiesโby not partnering enough or following when we should lead/leading when we should follow? Have we implemented strategies through smart partnershipsโโwhole of governmentโ partnerships, partnerships with other countries, partnerships with the private sector, partnering with organizations and communities, etc.?
5. Are we failing to communicate effectively? Do we really seek to understand those with whom we are communicating? Should others be doing the communicating at times? Are our actions consistent with our words?
Like most utopian movements, ISIL is riding the winds of change. It will be increasingly difficult for them to recruit new members as the focus shifts from expansion/change to maintenance/status quo. Consequently, the best solution to countering ISIL may be to take an approach that will minimize the potential for unintended outcomes. A โwhack a moleโ strategy may result in further metastasis of violent extremism. It is imperative to avoid unwittingly serving as the โcommon enemyโ and thus igniting a much larger, sectarian conflict. Queen Rania recently said, โWhat the extremists want is to divide our world along fault lines of religion and cultureโฆthis is about all of us coming together to defend our way of life.โ Likewise, keeping the conversation at the โbinary,โ โrightโ versus โwrong,โ level (e.g., debates regarding interpretation of ideological tenets or terms) will result in an unproductive โhe says/he saysโ conversation. Messaging should be based on a nuanced understanding of the โmythosโ rather than โlogosโ based reasoning.
ISIL is, by no means, the only violent extremist organization posing a challenge. It is clear that places where governments are transitioning to or from democracy are dangerous and breed conflict. Further CVE research is neededโresearch to more fully understand what works and what does not (and why) and research on mobilization and demobilization to more fully understand how ideology is a roadmap to individual behavior and how/why ex-violent extremists disengage. Albert Einstein was quoted as saying, โthe problems we face will not be solved by the minds that created them.โ Long term commitment to an adaptive CVE approach underpinned by smart partnerships will be required for the foreseeable future. The coordinated, integrated policies/strategies will, over time, create a more desirable outcomeโnot just an easement of an undesired outcome (extremist violence), but lasting stability and peace, which is the ultimate goal.
โฆ
If there were a simple solution for countering violent extremism, a solution would have been found centuries ago. Countering violent extremism successfully requires a balanced approach between security-related strategies and initiatives and those that address the underlying motivations and causes for participation in, and support of, a violent extremist organization (VEO). These strategies and initiatives need to be based on nuanced understanding of the various aspects of violent extremismโnot only the environments that are likely to spawn violent extremism and sympathetic supporters, but also
โข the types of grievances that predispose those individuals to join and support violent extremist organizations and how they are framed in local contexts;
โข the ways in which ideologies, media, messages, and narratives are used to instigate/radicalize, mobilize, indoctrinate, inform, or deradicalize;
โข the social dynamics, capabilities, and resources of organizations that are violent or that are likely to become violent and their relationship with competitors (for attention, resources, etc.); and
โข the underlying motivations of individuals (whether revenge, status, identity, or thrill seeking) who join violent extremist organizations (Venhaus, 2010).
No single solution or solution set generalizes to all groups or locations, necessitating continuous acquisition of information and updating/adaptation of assessments and strategies.
This paper collection, entitled, โCountering Violent Extremism: A Multi-disciplinary Perspective,โ aims to provide new insights on the spectrum of solutions for countering violent extremism, drawing from current social science research as well as from expert knowledge on salient topics (e.g., development programs, cultivating community partners and leaders, conflict, and deradicalization). So what is new? There is a large body of literature on terrorism and violent extremism, much of which focuses on developing a better understanding of the problem, including environmental and social/cultural factors and the role of ideology. This paper collection focuses less on root causes and more on solutions for risk management, disengagement (including delegitimization), and prevention of violent extremism. Ultimately, it is hoped that the paper collection can inform a better understanding of, and suggest sets of solutions for, motivating individuals and groups to desist from violence and preventing other individuals and groups from seeking involvement in movements/groups that seek to bring about change through violence.
Throughout the collection, there is an undercurrent of โdo no harm;โ that is, concomitant with suggestions for stopping or preventing violent extremisms, there are cautions on errors to avoid. These cautions implicitly ask the reader to think about things in a different wayโin a way that avoids mirroring and simplistic assumptions of what others think or value and widens the timeframe in which we measure success or failure. Many goals related to countering violent extremism, especially disengagement/risk management and prevention require patience and a commitment for the long haul. Patience is required to cultivate the right partners, support the building of institutional capacity and development of leaders, fund appropriate development programs to address local grievances, and support and amplify existing programs that support moderate discourse or develop new programs to deradicalize or disengage individuals from beliefs or attitudes. Likewise, messaging must match actions and must stem from someone who is credible and has a thorough understanding of the key ideological, political, and socio-cultural issues as well as the language, narratives, and symbols.
Some of the viewpoints in the collection are surprising and challenge popular conceptions. For example, in some cases, countering violent extremism requires doing nothing; well, not nothing exactly, but rather supporting/amplifying from behind (e.g., supporting social movements seeking governance change) or supporting other leaders, organizations, or states in leading initiatives. A prime example of this is the events of the Arab Spring, which yielded the inherent lesson that, in regions with social injustice and governance grievances, and political opportunity, social movements can and will emerge that motivate change virtually on their own. Another example where a supporting role is often called for is in implementing delegitimization strategies. Delegitimization involves the initiation of a discourse questioning the legitimacy of the violent extremist organization including their performance in other assumed roles/functions (e.g., shadow government, rule of law). This questioning is often best done by others who are more credible, knowledgeable, and steeped in history, ideology, narratives, and culture.
The Crown Prosecution Service defines violent extremism as the โdemonstration of unacceptable behavior by using any means or medium to express views which foment, justify, or glorify terrorist violence in furtherance of particular beliefsโ including those who provoke violence (terrorist or criminal) based on ideological, political, or religious beliefs and foster hatred that leads to violence. Thus, countering violent extremism is something that must address instigators; however, first, countering violent extremism involves understanding and countering the ideas that leverage emotions, narratives, and ideologies that impel violence. Countering violent extremism is not the same thing as countering an ideology. This is not to say that ideology is not important or can be ignored. Current research points to ideology as a framing device or tool to rationalize or impel actions. Some believe that a group ideology is effectively an appliquรฉ on top of an ideology, using the ideology for reinforcement and justification or, said another way, โreligion and questions of identity (are) interwoven with questions of resources and political economyโ (Vernon, 2011). Success requires decoupling religious and political ideologies and acknowledging and addressing aspects that can foster the behavior changes we ultimately seek.
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โขNational Security Act of 1947
โขHSPD-6/TIPOFF-Terror MOU
โขIntelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act
โขAddendum A and B to the TSC MOU
โขHSPD-59/HSPD-24
โข12/25 Reforms
โขExecutive Order 12333
โขWatchlisting Guidance
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Reference Aid Militia Extremist Movement
Page Count: 8 pages Date: August 1, 2011 Restriction: Law Enforcement Sensitive Originating Organization: Department of Homeland Security, Office of Intelligence and Analysis File Type: pdf File Size: 238,855 bytes File Hash (SHA-256): 0ED77BA06FE8FDDD4A05DBF4C0C8E679D52A0E03D9C973EB352BB796F947DB79
(U) Homeland Security Reference Aids, prepared by I&A, provide baseline information on a range of homeland security issues. This product is one in a series of reference aids on violent domestic and foreign extremist groups that assess the nature and scope of the threat they pose to the Homeland. This product is intended to support federal, state, local, and tribal agencies and authorities with responsibilities relating to homeland security to assist in the deterrence, prevention, preemption of, or response to terrorist attacks against the United States. To maintain timely and accurate intelligence, DHS encourages state and local law enforcement to respond with any updated information they may have concerning the status, composition, or activities of violent extremist groups in their jurisdictions.
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(U) Overview
(U//FOUO) The violent militia extremist movement in the United States is comprised of a collection of distinct, but organized, paramilitary groups that have engaged in violent criminal activities and terrorism-related plots to advance their anti-government beliefs. Individual violent militia extremists have been convicted of a range of firearms and explosives violations and criminal conspiracy charges. The violent militia extremist movement is a subset of the larger militia movement; many groups and individuals involved in the overall militia movement do not commit criminal or violent acts.
(U//LES) The violent militia extremist movement peaked in membership in 1996 and then steadily declined due to negative publicity after it was erroneously linked to the Oklahoma City bombing and as a result of increased law enforcement scrutiny. After several years of significant decline in membership and violent criminal activity, the violent militia extremist movement has rebounded in the past few years as new groups have formed and new recruits have joined its ranks.
(U) Background
(U//FOUO) The militia movement in the United States formed circa 1994 in response to the perceived unwarranted and overzealous aggression of federal authorities at Ruby Ridge, Idaho in 1992 and Waco, Texas in 1993. The movementโs violent fringe element emerged shortly afterward. During the mid-to-late 1990s, several violent militia extremists were arrested and ultimately convicted of multiple plots to bomb federal buildings, military bases, highways, bridges, and other infrastructure in the United States. More recently, several violent militia extremists have been arrested for possessing illegal firearms and explosives and plotting to kill law enforcement officers.
(U//FOUO) Factions within the larger militia movement and its violent fringe element often form, disband, or change names in short periods of time and are rife with internal turmoil stemming primarily from disagreements among leaders over missions, focus, and training. Militia members maintain the ability, however, to organize meetings and train within a particular militia group in their own state and to network with other militia groups in neighboring states. Despite the turmoil, some violent militia extremist groups and individuals have demonstrated the ability to instigate and support violence that targets government officials, institutions, and facilities in the United States.
(U) Ideology and Objectives
(U//FOUO) Violent militia extremists oppose most federal and state laws, regulations, and authority. Violent militia extremists have also been known to adopt anti-government belief systems found in the violent sovereign citizen and white supremacist extremist movements and form violent militia extremist groups based on this ideology.
(U//FOUO) Violent militia extremists often combine their antigovernment beliefs with various conspiracy theories. Some tout the existence of a despotic โNew World Orderโ (see text box) or cite apocalyptic or โend timesโ beliefs to support their outlook. Individuals within both the nonviolent elements of the militia movement and the more violent extremist minority profess that militias are the last line of defense in protecting US constitutional freedoms against a federal government that they see as increasingly eroding citizensโ personal rights, property rights, and the right to own firearms.
(U//FOUO) New World Order
(U//FOUO) This conspiracy is described by militia members as a plot by a secret cabal of powerful individuals whose alleged goal is to create a one-world socialist government under the auspices of the United Nations. The US Government is seen as collaborating with the New World Order to strip Americans slowly of their freedoms in the takeover, which allegedly would involve establishing large numbers of detention camps for American dissidents.
(U) Symbols
(U//FOUO) Violent militia extremists have co-opted several common symbols that represent patriotism and a willingness to defend oneself against a tyrannical government. The most popular symbols include a Minuteman holding a rifle with the words โhonor,โ โdefend,โ and โliberty,โ and the Gadsden Flag with the words โDonโt Tread on Me.โ The Minuteman logo is a reference to the American colonial militia that battled British troops during the American Revolutionary War and symbolizes patriotism and militia successes during the war. The Gadsden Flag emerged as a symbol of the colonies in their fight against the British military during the American Revolutionary War. Both the Minuteman symbol and Gadsden Flag image are used widely outside the violent militia extremist movement, and the presence of these symbols alone does not necessarily indicate an association with a violent extremist militia.
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Terrorism Threat Handbook
Page Count: 101 pages Date: 2004 Restriction: For Official Use Only Originating Organization: Interagency OPSEC Support Staff (IOSS) File Type: pdf File Size: 25,784,158 bytes File Hash (SHA-256): B38555BE02E1693D27A26B385FF5EC6A00864423BE912CE68A8A3446D370CF7B
This document presents an overview of terrorism threats and terrorist methodologies to assist OPSEC managers in evaluating the threat and managing terrorist risks to organizations and personnel. As in other areas of security and intelligence concern, proper application of the OPSEC process in evaluating threat and risk1 helps an organization to make informed decisions on conducting its mission-critical activities without becoming unduly vulnerable.
OPSEC and the Terrorism Threat
Prior to 11 September 2001, for most Americans terrorism was an abstract concept that usually showed up only in television evening-news stories about violent events in distant lands. Almost without exception, terrorist acts were the work of unfamiliar groups operating outside the United States. The attacks of 11 September 2001, however, have served notice to all Americans that terrorism is an immediate threat. Operations Security (OPSEC can play an important role in mitigating the vulnerability of an organization and its personnel to that threat and many others. Threat and risk assessments, which are key decision support tools to establish and prioritize security program requirements for any organization or activity, are absolutely critical to defending against terrorism today. This means that it now is more vital than ever that OPSEC managers understand and communicate to their organizations what the current threats are and what form the risks associated with those threats are most likely to take.
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Terrorism Threat Handbook
Page Count: 101 pages Date: 2004 Restriction: For Official Use Only Originating Organization: Interagency OPSEC Support Staff (IOSS) File Type: pdf File Size: 25,784,158 bytes File Hash (SHA-256): B38555BE02E1693D27A26B385FF5EC6A00864423BE912CE68A8A3446D370CF7B
This document presents an overview of terrorism threats and terrorist methodologies to assist OPSEC managers in evaluating the threat and managing terrorist risks to organizations and personnel. As in other areas of security and intelligence concern, proper application of the OPSEC process in evaluating threat and risk1 helps an organization to make informed decisions on conducting its mission-critical activities without becoming unduly vulnerable.
OPSEC and the Terrorism Threat
Prior to 11 September 2001, for most Americans terrorism was an abstract concept that usually showed up only in television evening-news stories about violent events in distant lands. Almost without exception, terrorist acts were the work of unfamiliar groups operating outside the United States. The attacks of 11 September 2001, however, have served notice to all Americans that terrorism is an immediate threat. Operations Security (OPSEC can play an important role in mitigating the vulnerability of an organization and its personnel to that threat and many others. Threat and risk assessments, which are key decision support tools to establish and prioritize security program requirements for any organization or activity, are absolutely critical to defending against terrorism today. This means that it now is more vital than ever that OPSEC managers understand and communicate to their organizations what the current threats are and what form the risks associated with those threats are most likely to take.
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National Terrorist Financing Risk Assessment 2015
Page Count: 70 pages Date: June 2015 Restriction: None Originating Organization: Department of the Treasury File Type: pdf File Size: 1,425,075 bytes File Hash (SHA-256): DDC42CE4FBD16
After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the United States adopted a preventive approach to combating all forms of terrorist activity. Efforts to combat the financing of terrorism (CFT) are a central pillar of this approach. Cutting off financial support to terrorists and terrorist organizations is essential to disrupting their operations and preventing attacks. To that end, the U.S. government has sought to identify and disrupt ongoing terrorist financing (TF) and to prevent future TF. The law enforcement community, including various components of the U.S. Departments of Justice, Homeland Security, and the Treasury, along with the intelligence community and the federal functional regulators, applies robust authorities to identify, investigate, and combat specific TF threats, enforce compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and prosecute supporters in order to deter would-be terrorist financiers. The U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury), which leads financial and regulatory CFT efforts for the U.S. government, employs targeted financial sanctions, formulates systemic safeguards, and seeks to increase financial transparency to make accessing the U.S. financial system more difficult and risky for terrorists and their facilitators. All of these efforts involve extensive international engagement to try to prevent any form of TF, particularly financing that does not necessarily originate in the United States, from accessing the U.S. financial system.
These efforts have succeeded in making it significantly more difficult for terrorists and their facilitators to access and abuse the regulated U.S. and international financial systems. At the time of the September 11, 2001 attacks, Al-Qaida (AQ) was relying on both a web of wealthy supporters that practically operated in the open and a financial system that let money for terrorists flow with minimal scrutiny. Operating such a financial network would be substantially more difficult today in the United States because of robust anti-money laundering (AML)/CFT standards. Additionally, several of the most significant sources of TFโsuch as the ability of terrorists to derive financial benefit through the control of territoryโresult from weak governance that the United States does not experience.
However, the threat from terrorism and terrorist financing is constantly evolving and requires adaptation by law enforcement, financial regulators, intelligence services, and policy makers. When examined over time, several fundamental lessons emerge: first, a wide range of terrorist organizations have sought to draw upon the wealth and resources of the United States to finance their organizations and activities; second, just as there is no one type of terrorist, there is no one type of terrorist financier or facilitator; and third, terrorist financiers and facilitators are creative and will seek to exploit vulnerabilities in our society and financial system to further their unlawful aims.
Thus, even with the safeguards described above, the U.S. financial system continues to face residual TF risk. The central role of the U.S. financial system within the international financial system and the sheer volume and diversity of international financial transactions that in some way pass through U.S. financial institutions expose the U.S. financial system to TF risks that other financial systems may not face. As Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew has observed, โThe dollar is the worldโs reserve currency and, for over 200 years, we have established ourselves as the backbone of the global financial system.โ While U.S. counterterrorism (CT)/CFT efforts have resulted in better identification and faster action than prior to September 11, 2001, information obtained from financial institution reporting, TF-related prosecutions, and enforcement actions against financial institutions in the United States are powerful reminders of the TF risk that remains in the United States.
As described in detail in Section III, multiple terrorist organizations and radicalized individuals seek to exploit several vulnerabilities in the United States and in the U.S. financial system to raise and move funds, that despite ongoing efforts by the U.S. government to mitigate, still pose a residual risk of TF. Terrorist financiers use various criminal schemes to raise funds in the United States, and they continue to attempt to exploit the generosity of American citizens. Although coordinated law enforcement and regulatory efforts by the U.S. government, working with charitable organizations, has improved the resiliency of the charitable sector to abuse by TF facilitators, the large size and diversity of the U.S. charitable sector and its global reach means the sector remains vulnerable to abuse. A notable trend identified in the charitable sector involves individuals supporting various terrorist groups seeking to raise funds in the United States under the auspices of charitable giving, but outside of any charitable organization recognized by the U.S. government. Additionally, the growth of online communication networks, including social media, has opened up new avenues for terrorists and their supporters to solicit directly, and receive funds from, U.S. residents.
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B. GLOBAL SOURCES OF TERRORIST FINANCING
In order to operate, however, each of these groups requires significant funding. While the cost of an individual terrorist attack can be quite low, maintaining a terrorist organization requires large sums. Organizations require significant funds to create and maintain an infrastructure of organizational support, to sustain an ideology of terrorism through propaganda, and to finance the ostensibly legitimate activities needed to provide a veil of legitimacy for terrorist organizations. As deceased AQ financial chief Saโid al-Masri put it: โwithout money, jihad stops.โ Although financial activities can vary significantly among different terrorist groups, several areas of commonality exist.
1. CRIMINAL ACTIVITY
a. Kidnapping for Ransom
Terrorist groups engage in a range of criminal activity to raise needed funds. Extensive revenue from kidnapping for ransom (KFR) and other criminal activities such as extortion have permitted AQ affiliates and other terrorist groups to generate significant revenue. KFR remains one of the most frequent and profitable source of illicit financing, and an extremely challenging TF threat to combat. The U.S. government estimates that terrorist organizations collected approximately $120 million in ransom payments between 2005 and 2012. In 2014 alone, ISIL acquired at least $20 million and as much as $45 million in ransom payments. In addition, AQAP, AQIM, and Boko Haram are particularly effective with KFR and are using ransom money to fund the range of their activities. Kidnapping targets are usually Western citizens of countries with governments that have established a pattern of paying ransoms, either directly or through third party intermediaries, for the release of individuals in custody. AQAP used ransom money it received for the return of European hostages to finance its over $20 million campaign to seize territory in Yemen between mid-2011 and mid-2012. AQIM is believed to have obtained a โฌ30 million ransom payment in October 2013 for the release of four French hostages who worked for the French government-owned nuclear firm Areva. Also in 2013, Boko Haram kidnapped eight French citizens in northern Cameroon and obtained a substantial ransom payment for their release. Similarly, Al-Shabaab-affiliated groups received an approximately five million dollar ransom in exchange for the release of two Spanish hostages who were kidnapped in Kenya in October 2011.
b. Extortion
The exploitation of local populations and resources has become a key revenue source for numerous terrorist groups worldwide. Pioneered by groups such as Hamas and Al-Shabaab, this form of pseudosovereignty-based fundraising has spread to other un- or under-governed territories around the world, most recently Iraq and Syria. Not only does territorial occupation allow for fundraising from the theft of natural resources, but it also creates the opportunity to extort, under the threat of violence, local populations and businesses and generate funds from the seizure of public utility services and their accompanying revenues. Unlike taxation by local governing authorities, whereby tax revenue is used to pay for basic public services, terrorist groups extort funds from local populations with minimal corresponding provision of services in exchange, and under the threat of physical harm for non-payment. For example, Al-Shabaab, Al-Nusrah Front (ANF) and ISIL are all able to leverage their occupation of territory and the threat of violence to extort funds from the local population, as well as conduct criminal activity such as robbery and trafficking in stolen goods. ISIL generates significant revenue, up to several million dollars per week, from the sale of stolen and smuggled energy resources it controls inside Iraq and Syria. ISIL also operates sophisticated extortion rackets throughout Iraq and Syria, including extracting payments for the use of public highways and cash withdrawals from banks by depositors in cities such as Mosul. Through these schemes, ISIL can receive upwards of several million dollars a month of revenue. Despite losing control of the port of Kismayo, which was its key revenue source, Al-Shabaab continues to generate at least hundreds of thousands of dollars per month, primarily through extortion and the threat of violence, in its remaining strongholds in southern Somalia. Similarly, Hamas can also raise revenue from control of border crossings and avenues of commerce, as well as businesses and local populations.
c. Drug trafficking and other criminal activity
In addition, various terrorist groups derive significant financial benefit from other criminal activities, including through drug trafficking. Both the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the Taliban have utilized drug trafficking operations to finance their terrorist operations. The Haqqani Network is also financed by a wide range of revenue sources including businesses and proceeds derived from criminal activities such as smuggling, extortion, and KFR in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Hizballah supporters are often engaged in a range of criminal activities that benefit the group financially, such as smuggling contraband goods, passport falsification, drug trafficking, money laundering, and a variety of fraudulent schemes, including credit card, immigration, and bank fraud. BSA reporting specifically implicates individuals currently being investigated by the FBI for ties to Hizballah and Hamas in a wide variety of money laundering activity within the U.S. financial system, most prominently trade-based money laundering (TBML) activities including through the export of used cars.
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NNSA an Iranian Target
I cannot reveal my source (to keep my VIP access as it is) which is an underground forum known to host many of groups, “the usual suspects”. I observed there is on going arrangement for release the results of an attack to Department of Energy. If the map on the forum thread means something, I presume the national labs were also attacked. I couldn’t realize which one of the players and groups were orchestrating the release though. Among the targets there is NNSA, I have seen other Iranian attack on NNSA before. I am personally curious is this an attempt to mess with the smart grid or just another hit and grab industrial data?
Messages [on drawing] all in Farsi and have slang codes within them to the extent translator is useless.
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Counterterrorism Division
7 pages
Law Enforcement Sensitive
For Official Use Only
May 28, 2015
(U//FOUO) Militia extremists are expanding their target sets to include Muslims and Islamic religious institutions in the United States. This has resulted in increased violent rhetoric and plotting and has the potential to lead, over the long term, to additional harassment of or violence against Muslims by domestic extremists. The FBI makes these assessments with high confidence on the basis of a large body of source reporting generated mainly since 2013. This information augments prior FBI analysis that established militia extremists target government personnel and law enforcement officers, perceived threats from abroad, and individuals or institutions that seek to constrain Second Amendment rights.
(U//FOUO) The FBI assesses militia extremists, increasingly over the past two years, have conducted surveillance, plotted, and advocated violence against mosques and Islamic centers across the United States and specific Muslim communities.
โข (U//FOUO) Multiple sources with varying levels of access report conducting surveillance in diverse locations including Alaska, Arizona, Indiana, Montana, New York, North and South Carolina, Utah, and Texas.
โข (U//FOUO) A reliable source with good access to the information reported that a leader of a militia extremist group in the western United States expressed in early 2015, interest in training members for direct action against ISIS and associated ISIS locations.
โข (U//FOUO) In September 2014 militia extremists in Mississippi discussed kidnapping and beheading a Muslim and posting video of the attack to the Internet, according to reliable sources with good access to the information. The group has, however, since disbanded.
โข (U//FOUO) A militia extremist posted calls over social media to kill Muslims attending worship services and during a public event in 2013, according to a reliable source with direct access to the information.
(U) Muslim Bias Fuels Conspiracy Theories about Terrorist Training Camps
(U//FOUO) The FBI assesses militia extremist interest in Islam as a target is a product of ideology that views Muslims collectively with suspicion. Salient perceptions within militia extremism that contribute toward an anti-Muslim bias include the following:
โข (U//FOUO) Islam represents a foreign threat, equivalent to those which emanate from illegal immigration or international terrorism.
โข (U//FOUO) The President of the United States not only sympathizes with Islamic extremists but directs US Government policy to align with their goals.
(U//FOUO)The FBI assesses various claims the US government allows the group Muslims of the Americas (aka Jamaat ul Fuqra, hereinafter referred to as MOA) to operate terrorist training camps at dozens of locations across the United States resonate with adherents of a militia ideology who seek validation of anti-government conspiracy theories. These assertionsโ repeated over the course of a decade by self-appointed watchdogs of Islamic extremism, Internet bloggers, and some news mediaโare based in part on official government information which bolsters claims the US Government chooses to ignore the camps. Accusations about the camps periodically surge, most recently in the wake of the 7 January 2015 terrorist attack against the French magazine Charlie Hebdo.
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(U//FOUO) Militia extremists will likely continue to identify and discuss potential Muslim targets, should the level of concern generally about Islamic terrorism remain at current levels. The FBI further assesses primary target choices will continue to include locations easiest to access, such as local mosques or religious institutions, followed by locations portrayed by Internet sources as having threat potential, including MOA enclaves. Militia supporters also will likely continue to conduct surveillance of targets as they are identified. FBI confidence in these assessments is medium on the basis of current intelligence.
(U//FOUO) Assuming no new incidents or high profile controversies relating to Islam or Islamic extremism raise domestic extremist intent levels, the likelihood domestic extremists will harass or commit violence against Muslims or religious institutions is low. This assessment is made with low confidence, as domestic lone actors and small cells possess varied capability to attack Muslim targets. Successful acquisition of resources and detailed planning raise capability levels and, combined with heightened intent, likelihood of violence.
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The following map and satellite photos depict refugee camps in Syria, Jordan and Turkey fleeing the ongoing conflict in Iraq and Syria.ย It is estimated that over four million people have been displaced according to a U.N. report released in early July.ย A ZIP archive (7.8 MB) containing all five documents is also available.
Southern Syria: Population & Internally Displaced Persons July 2015
Displacement in Darโa and Qunaitra Governorates Total Population (July 2015 ): 746,095 IDP Population (static since June): 275,680 Additional July IDPs: 72,900* Total current IDP population in July: 348,580 meaning that 47 % of the population are IDPs.
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Bab Al Salame IDP Camp in AโZaz District, Syria as of 05 June 2015
This map illustrates satellite-detected shelters and other buildings at the Bab Al Salame IDP Camp in AโZaz District, Syria. As of 05 June 2015, a total of 1,612 shelters were detected as well as 222 infrastructures and support buildings within the 23 hectares of the camp. This is a preliminary analysis & has not yet been validated in the field. Please send ground feedback to UNITAR / UNOSAT.
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Oncunipar Refugee Camp in Merkez District, Kilis Province, Turkey as of 05 June 2015
This map illustrates satellite-detected shelters in the Oncunipar Refugee Camp in Merkez District, Kilis Province, Turkey. As of 05 June 2015, UNOSAT analyzed a total of 2,469 shelters as well as 67 infrastructure and support buildings within the 40.7 ha of the camp. A new 10 ha area has been built since December 2014 containing 506 of the 2,469 shelter structures. This is a preliminary analysis and has not yet been validated in the field. Please send ground feedback to UNITAR โ UNOSAT.
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Sujjo IDP Camp in AโZaz District, Syria as of 05 June 2015
This map illustrates satellite-detected shelters and other buildings at the Sujjo IDP Camp in AโZaz District, Syria. As of 05 June 2015, a total of 955 shelters were detected as well as 74 infrastructures and support buildings within the 12 hectares of the camp. This is a preliminary analysis & has not yet been validated in the field. Please send ground feedback to UNITAR / UNOSAT.
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Al Zaatari refugee camp in Mafraq Governorate, Jordan as of 06 July 2014
This map illustrates satellite-detected shelters and other buildings at the Al Zaatari refugee camp in Mafraq Governorate, Jordan. As of 06 July 2014 a total of 29,982 shelters were detected as well as 1,880 infrastructure and support buildings within the 534.4 hectares of the camp. Between 06 April 2014 and 06 July 2014, a total of 4,257 shelters closed or were moved, and a total of 2,774 shelters were constructed, and the number of shelters has thus decreased by about 1,298 since the previous UNITAR/UNOSAT assessment. This indicates an approximate 4.1% decrease in the number of shelters between 06 April 2014 and 06 July 2014. This is a preliminary analysis and has not yet been validated in the field; structure locations subject to a spatial error margin of +/- three meters. Shelters grouped under plastic sheeting were estimated by average household size and may be a source of error. Please send ground feedback to UNITAR/UNOSAT.
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In March 2013 the terrorist threat level in the Netherlands was raised from limited to substantial, largely in response to the significant increase in Dutch jihadists leaving the country and heading for conflict zones in Syria. The Dutch media initially responded with scepticism, asking why travelling to these areas should increase the threat in the Netherlands. Those leaving the country were doing so with the understandable, and presumably exclusive, aim of helping the civilian population in Syria in its legitimate resistance to the Assad regime. Little thought was given to the ideological motivation of the individuals travelling to Syria, and the risks and threat it might signify.
It has gradually become clear that chaos and extreme violence โ including by opposition groups โ are engulfing Syria and Iraq. Extremist forces โ ISIS in particular โ have gained ground. The rise of ISIS poses an acute existential threat to ethnic and religious minorities in the region. This has led both to expressions of solidarity and to growing tensions between related ethnic and religious groups in the West, highlighting once more the fact that political and religious extremism can have destabilising effects not only in the region, but also at global level.
In the Netherlands we have recently seen ISIS sympathisers openly professing their allegiance to the movement, and social tensions have arisen as a result. Although their numbers are small in the Netherlands, the disruptive effect jihadists have on Dutch society is disproportionately large. This is partly because jihadists present themselves as the only legitimate representatives of the Muslim faith. This has a negative impact on the image of the entire Muslim population, despite the fact that the vast majority of Muslims in the Netherlands do not support extremism in the name of Islam in any way. Muslims realise that they themselves are often the main victims of this extremism. Nevertheless, the public have many questions about jihadism, the threat it poses, what form it takes in the Netherlands and how it relates to broader Muslim communities.
This report looks in greater depth at the phenomenon of global jihadism and how it manifests itself in the Netherlands. It addresses the question of what global jihadism actually involves and what factors have led to its current revival. We must try to understand jihadism and the form it takes in the Netherlands: an understanding of this phenomenon, and of its underlying processes and motives, is a vital prerequisite for devising an appropriate approach. This analysis therefore starts with the ideology behind jihadism. It will also reflect on the process of radicalisation that occurs before a person embraces extremist views. After all, in order to intervene effectively to halt radicalisation it is important to understand the potential appeal of extremist ideas and why some people are susceptible to them.
โฆ
Virtual ummah
The language favoured by supporters of global jihadism, and the โcommunityโ they aspire to, manifest themselves above all online. Transnationalism is both a cause and an effect of the radical views that jihadists hold. The break with the communities from which they have come pushes jihadists into a search for likeminded individuals at a virtual and transnational level. This is the only way they can preserve a sense of belonging to a group; of being part of a global movement. It also keeps the movementโs universal claims intact. In others words, solidarity โ which does not arise at local level โ can remain intact only if the absence of local contact is compensated for by a โsupranationalโ unity that maintains the illusion of a religious community. Symbolism (certain flags, for example) also gives this virtual ummah the appearance of a โstateโ entity. The law that keeps this โcommunityโ together is constructed by individual jihadists themselves, determined by the contextual situation and the โscholarsโ whose teachings they have heard at a particular moment in time
Syria as a catalyst for revival of jihadism
No Islamists, let alone jihadists, initially played a dominant role in the popular uprisings that erupted in several Arab countries in 2011. Jihadists who saw themselves as a โvanguardโ of the Muslim โawakeningโ were marginalised by the uprisings. They were forced to exchange the role of instigator for that of spectator as the leaders of several Arab regimes fell. Ironically enough, it was not the call to โjihadโ that brought the regimes down, but the mass, peaceful call for freedom and democracy that drove out the Arab dictators.
In Syria the mass mobilisation of the population in 2011 and the violent repression of the uprising by the regime led to a descent into bloody civil war. The specifically Syrian character of the popular uprising rapidly turned into a sectarian conflict with transnational dimensions. Sunni Muslims increasingly came to see the Assad regime as representing an infidel sect; a โfaithlessโ minority that brutally repressed the majority Sunni population. The overt involvement of foreign Shiite fighters in the defence of the regime (including Hezbollah, widely regarded as โHezb al Shaytanโ, or the devilโs party) prompted a wave of emotional declarations of solidarity across the international spectrum of Sunni clergy (official and otherwise). They called for a mass mobilisation in support of their Syrian coreligionists, to avenge the injustice being perpetrated in Syria. The continuous stream of reports, accompanied by images of excessive violence by the regime, helped reinforce this process.
There are also other reasons why Syria has, in such a short time, become a magnet for foreign fighters. There is the obvious reason that the battlefields of Syria are relatively easy to reach compared with other jihadist battlegrounds like Afghanistan, Somalia and Chechnya. This has given foreign fighters the ultimate โopportunityโ to join the charismatic jihadists of al Qaโida and ISIS. The successful departure of the first recruits attracted more followers. Maintaining contact via the internet and social media, the fighters reassure their sympathisers back home and send detailed reports of their real-life and real-time experiences, showing that away from the front lines there are plenty of areas where life carries on as normal, and when battle subsides they can live what the jihadists regard as a โgenuinelyโ Muslim life. This makes the decision to travel to the region not only a theoretical option, but also a realistic one, including for women and even children. The declaration of the โIslamic Stateโ initially reinforced this impression. It remains to be seen whether this will continue to be the case now that ISIS is under fire from an international coalition.
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The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has become the preeminent terror group among U.S.-based extremists according to an assessment authored by the Department of Homeland Security and more than a dozen state and local fusion centers. Individuals determined to fight โoverseas in a Muslim-majority countryโ or conduct attacks domestically will be โmore likely to derive inspiration from ISIL than [al-Qaeda] or any of its affiliatesโ as long as ISIL can maintain its โcurrent level of perceived legitimacy and relevancy.โ This assessment of ISILโs increasing popularity among domestic extremists is the focus of a ten page Field Analysis Report obtained by Public Intelligence titled Assessing ISILโs Influence and Perceived Legitimacy in the Homeland: A State and Local Perspective. Drawing on suspicious activity reports from around the country as well as intelligence reporting from DHS and the Bureau of Prisons, the report finds that ISILโs military successes in Iraq and Syria along with the groupโs self-proclaimed re-establishment of the caliphate have captured the attention of violent extremists likely to buy in to its โviolent extremist counterculture.โ
While this may mean that more โlone offenderโ attacks against U.S. targets are on the way, an assessment from the DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis sees more sophisticated plots on the horizon. Focusing on a plot disrupted in January 2015 by Belgian authorities in which โa large group of terrorists possibly operating under ISIL directionโ were found to have stockpiled explosive precursors and sophisticated weaponry, DHS concludes that the group may have โdeveloped the capability to launch more complex operations in the West.โ The assessment titled Future ISIL Operations in West Could Resemble Disrupted Belgian Plot was released to law enforcement last month and was also obtained by Public Intelligence.
An Increase in Suspicious Activity
In the second half of 2014, the volume of ISIL-related suspicious activity reports that were received by state, local and federal authorities โincreased sharply,โ indicating a trend that โsignifies a penetration of ISILโs messaging into the Homeland.โ This increase coincides with the groupโs recent military successes including โrapid territorial gainsโ and the โself-declared re-establishment of a caliphate.โ ISIL has also rapidly expanded its English-language messaging to include armies of social media accounts, elaborate and gruesome videos as well as an English-language magazine that highlights life inside of the Islamic State, including โgovernment servicesโ such as โbanking, health care and education.โ Previous assessments from DHS have noted the โsavvyโ use of media by ISIL, though the Field Analysis Report studying the groupโs legitimacy focuses on the activity this messaging has inspired domestically. According to the report, graffiti, symbols, paraphernalia and other ISIL-related imagery has been reported to law enforcement throughout the U.S. Personnel at Marine Corps Base Quantico reportedly discovered leaflets with an ISIL banner discussing โcoming from Mexico on a train.โ Small ISIL flags were found on the windshields of vehicles in a residential neighborhood in Falls Church, Virginia. ISIL stickers have also been reported on highway signs and other public structures in Arizona, Nevada and Texas.
Though suspicious activity reports related to ISIL have increased significantly, many of the reports are likely not a legitimate indicator of ISIL activity. In preparing their Field Analysis Report, fusion center personnel reviewed a number of incidents that resulted in suspicious activity reports being filed into the national Information Sharing Environment and found that half of those were based on anonymous tips โthat were likely not credible.โ These reports often described โaspirational threats of violence against family or friends, where ISIL-affiliation appeared to be used only as a means to intimidate the victim(s).โ The other incidents reviewed, โmost of which . . . were also likely not credibleโ related to public threats against political targets. These include threats made against the President as well as public calls for the assassination of Twitter employees following the companyโs suspension of accounts associated with ISIL in 2014. Over one-third of the reports were related to โsocial media postingsโ including the dissemination of โofficial ISIL messaging.โ
ISILโs Legitimacy Surpasses al-Qaeda
Whether the increase in suspicious activity reporting related to ISIL is an accurate indicator of the groupโs increasing operational presence or simply an artifact of the groupโs increasing notoriety, the Field Analysis Report argues it is a reflection of the groupโs increasing legitimacy. Through its bloody tactics, the group wins converts by asserting their defense of โMuslims against enemy attacksโ as well as the defense of the โself-proclaimed re-establishment of the caliphate.โ Citing surveillance of inmate communications conducted by the Bureau of Prisons, the Field Analysis Report lists a number of incidents where U.S. involvement in the Middle East was listed as a justification of ISILโs tactics. In multiple conversations with family members, one inmate reportedly stated his belief that the group needed to โfinish Shiites and other disbelievers.โ Criminal indictments of U.S. persons inspired by ISIL to either travel overseas or conduct attacks domestically also indicate a โgeneral desire to fight overseas, defend Muslims against aggressors and join like-minded violent extremists.โ
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Office of Intelligence and Analysis Field Analysis Report
9 pages
For Official Use Only
Law Enforcement Sensitive
May 5, 2015
(U//FOUO) Scope: This Field Analysis Report (FAR) is designed to support awareness and inform enforcement and collection operations of federal, state, and local partners involved in homeland security and counterterrorism efforts. Some of the activities described in the FAR may be constitutionally protected activities and should be supported by additional facts to justify increased suspicion. The totality of relevant circumstances should be evaluated when considering any law enforcement response or action. Our assessment of the level of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levantโs (ISIL) name recognition since its declaration of a caliphate in June 2014 is based on a review of suspicious activity reporting (SAR) across the United States between 1 January and 30 December 2014, criminal complaints of US persons charged with supporting or seeking to support ISIL, Bureau of Prisons (BOP) intelligence reporting, and DHS I&A open source reporting to assess the influence of ISILโs messaging campaign within the United States and ISILโs perceived legitimacy among homegrown violent extremists (HVEs).
(U) Key Findings
(U//LES) We assess an increased volume of ISIL-related SARs between June 2014 and January 2015 signifies the penetration and recognition of its brand because much of this reporting centered on ISIL symbols, imagery, and support for the group voiced on social media.
(U//FOUO) We judgeโโbased on the body of SAR, criminal complaints, BOP reports, and open source reporting consulted throughout this FAR (see Scope and Source Summary Statements)โโthat ISILโs messaging is resonating with US-based violent extremists due to its championing of a multifaceted vision of a caliphate that prioritizes a wide array of justifications and obligations for support, especially compared to other terrorist groups with whom it competes for support, like al-Qaโida (AQ) and its affiliates. ISILโs messaging is amplified through a sophisticated use of social media tailored to a global audience.
(U//LES) A high volume of SAR reportingโof varying degrees of potential threatsโassociated with ISIL will likely persist as long as ISIL sustains its messaging campaign and perceived military and governance successes, specifically so long as it is perceived to successfully defend its self-declared caliphate.
(U//FOUO) ISILโs Narratives Promote Caliphate and Lone Offender Attacks
(U//FOUO) We assess ISILโs name recognition is built in large measure on its military successes and rapid territorial gains in Syria and Iraq in 2014. The allure for potential HVEs also rests with ISILโs carefully constructed image, based on the perceived legitimacy of its self-proclaimed re-establishment of the caliphate, governance efforts according to their interpretation of Islamic law, and ability to project power through continued expansionโall conveyed via a highly organized messaging effort. The prevalence of media coverage surrounding ISILโs exploits challenges our ability to isolate and assess how central a role ISIL-directed messaging, amplified by individuals who share that messaging online though their individual social media platforms, plays in influencing demonstrations of ISIL support in the United States.
(U//FOUO) ISIL espouses a violent extremist counterculture and vision focused on the expansion of its self-proclaimed caliphate. This approach is at odds with the model traditionally espoused by AQ, which focuses on driving perceived Western aggressors from Muslim-majority countries through terrorist attacks in the West, before conquest of a state or establishment of a caliphate. The ISIL narrative includes a positive visionโin the eyes of its membersโof an alternative political system that is to be established now, as opposed to at some point in the distant future.
(U//FOUO) As a consequence, a broader and more diverse pool of individuals in the United States, including females, may identify strongly with aspects of ISILโs narrativeโincluding governance under a particular vision of Islamic law, the re-establishment of the caliphate, the purported obligation upon Muslims to emigrate once it is formed, and the defense of Sunni Muslims against the Syrian regimeโs persecution. These elements of ISILโs narrative do not resemble goals long prioritized by AQ via its English-language messaging. We judge ISILโs self-purported success as a functioning and viable state responding to US-led coalition attacks helps legitimizeโto some individualsโits use of terrorist tactics to defend itself against perceived Western aggression.
โฆ
(U//FOUO) Uptick in ISIL-Related Suspicious Incidents since June 2014 May Signify Groupโs Increased Influence
(U//LES) The volume of ISIL-related SARs increased sharply in the second half of 2014, according to queries of state, local, and federal holdings nationally. Chronologically, this uptick corresponds with ISILโs military successes, self-declared re-establishment of a caliphate, and increased English-language messagingโalong with increased media coverage of these exploits. Any single incident of suspicious activity, in isolation, may constitute constitutionally protected activity and does not necessarily indicate an intent to mobilize to violence or provide material support to ISIL. Nevertheless, as a body of reporting showing a trend, we judge the increase in SARs signifies a penetration of ISILโs messaging into the Homeland.
(U//LES) Several incidents related to ISIL graffiti, symbols, or ISIL-related paraphernaliaโincluding clothing, patches, and flagsโโwere reported to law enforcement agencies. Additional examples of graffiti, in Arabic and English, stickers with ISIL emblems, and similar imagery have been reported in the United States. A group was arrested in France in November 2014 for selling ISIL paraphernalia to US-based individuals and other customers, according to open source reporting.
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The Stasi spied on Silke Orphal and Ilona Seeber for years – after they applied to go to the West. Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, they both look back at their Stasi files. The Stasi files of Silke Orphal and Ilona Seeber include intercepted letters, official documents and countless reports by spies who meticulously noted everything about their lives, including the turning on and off of lights. When Silke Orphal and Ilona Seeber, who were both ordinary typists at Neues Deutschland – the official newspaper of the Socialist Unity Party – applied to leave the GDR, it was considered scandalous. They were ostracized at work, threatened and subjected to interrogations that lasted hours. What did the experience do to them? How do they look back on that time today? A report by Axel Rowohlt.
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In early December 2006, the Monaco Intelligence Service delivered a report to Prince Albert of Monaco on the identities of fanatical Moslems in and around the Principality of Monaco. Most of these Islamic extremists were in France, within striking distance of Monaco. We were concerned that many such fanatical Moslems had taken jobs centering on Monaco’s Port Hercules. Our report was compiled partly from Monaco police files and partly from intelligence provided to us by the foreign intelligence services with which we liaised. Monaco Police Captain Yves Subraud, who investigated Islamic extremism in and around Monaco, estimated that 30 percent of the Moslems in Cap d’Ail and Beausoleil, on opposite ends of Monaco, were fanatics. The French converts, he added, were more fanatical than ethnic Arabs. “I don’t know where my reports go,” Subraud told me. “No action is ever taken.”
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The humanzee (also known as the Chuman or Manpanzee) is a hypothetical chimpanzee/human hybrid. Chimpanzees and humans are closely related (sharing 95% of their DNA sequence and 99% of coding DNA sequences), leading to contested speculation that a hybrid is possible. The Ivanov experiments Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov was the first person to attempt to create a human–ape hybrid. As early as 1910 he gave a presentation to the World Congress of Zoologists in Graz, Austria, in which he described the possibility of creating such a hybrid by artificial insemination. In 1924, while working at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, Ivanov obtained permission from the Institute’s directors to use its experimental primate station in Kindia, French Guinea, for such an experiment. Ivanov attempted to gain backing for his project from the Soviet government. He dispatched letters to the People’s Commissar on Education and Science Anatoliy Vasilievich Lunacharsky and to other officials. Ivanov’s proposal finally sparked the interest of Nikolai Petrovich Gorbunov, the head of the Department of Scientific Institutions. In September 1925 Gorbunov helped allocate US$10,000 to the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Russian Academy of Sciences) for Ivanov’s human-ape hybridization experiments in Africa. In March 1926 Ivanov arrived at the Kindia facility, but stayed only a month without success. The Kindia site, it turned out, had no sexually mature chimpanzees. He returned to France where he arranged through correspondence with French Guinea’s colonial governor to set up experiments at the botanical gardens in Conakry. Ivanov reached Conakry in November 1926 accompanied by his son, also named Ilya, who would assist him in his experiments. Ivanov supervised the capture of adult chimpanzees in the interior of the colony, which were brought to Conakry and kept in cages in the botanical gardens. On February 28, 1927, Ivanov inseminated two female chimpanzees with his own sperm. On June 25, his son inseminated a third chimpanzee with his sperm. The Ivanovs left Africa in July with thirteen chimps, including the three used in his experiments. They already knew before leaving that the first two chimpanzees had failed to become pregnant. The third died in France, and was also found not to have been pregnant. The remaining chimps were sent to a new primate station at Sukhumi. Although Ivanov attempted to organize the insemination of human females with chimpanzee sperm in Guinea, these plans met with resistance from the French colonial government and there is no evidence such an experiment was arranged there. Upon his return to the Soviet Union in 1927, Ivanov began an effort to organize hybridization experiments at Sukhumi using ape sperm and human females. Eventually in 1929, through the help of Gorbunov, he obtained the support of the Society of Materialist Biologists, a group associated with the Communist Academy. In the spring of 1929 the Society set up a commission to plan Ivanov’s experiments at Sukhumi. They decided that at least five volunteer women would be needed for the project. However, in June 1929, before any inseminations had taken place, Ivanov learned that the only postpubescent male ape remaining at Sukhumi (an orangutan) had died. A new set of chimps would not arrive at Sukhumi until the summer of 1930. Rumored humanzees There have been no scientifically verified specimens of a human/ape hybrid. A performing chimp named Oliver was popularized during the 1970s as a possible chuman/humanzee, but genetic tests conducted at the University of Chicago concluded that, despite Oliver’s somewhat unusual appearance and behavior, he was a normal chimpanzee: he had the same number of chromosomes as normal chimpanzees. The “hybrid” claims may merely have been a promotional gimmick. Despite the dismissal of the claim, Oliver’s representational legacy persists in popular culture. The decades-long speculation about his possible human-chimp hybrid origins led to numerous references, many satirical or at least intended to be humorous. For example, the Church of the SubGenius, which has a feast day or holy day (and sometimes several) every day of the year, designates October 20 The Feast of Saint Oliver the humanzee. In addition, some musical outfits reference Oliver’s legacy, such Ontario’s The Humanzees. Depictions like these generally ignore or predate the proof that Oliver is not a hybrid. Oliver has been regularly discussed by Karl Pilkington on The Ricky Gervais Show, in a feature called “Monkey News”.
The “ape man” experiments was an attempt by dictator Joseph Stalin to create a “super soldier” or similar being in the early 1920’s, with the added attempt to prove the theory of evolution as a fact. The brainchild of Stalin and a leading zoologist, the experiment involved the artificial insemination of chimpanzees with human donor sperm; the resulting failure of the experiment led Stalin to exile the scientist involved.
Bled by World War I, the Russian Civil War, and the Bolshevik Revolution, Stalin sought to replenish his army with men who were “resistant to pain and indifferent to the food they eat.” Aware of earlier experiments of cross-species hybrids, Stalin set the task to create these “ape-men” to a brilliant scientist, Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov, a graduate and professor of Kharkov University.
Ivanov created a sensation in 1901 by perfecting and using the relatively new process of artificial insemination, which allowed him to increase herds (horses in his experiments) from a normal 30 foals per season by one stallion to 500 or more. He also was a pioneer in hybrid production, i.e. crossing domestic or wild animals with related wild species; one of his creations was the zeedonk, a cross between a zebra and Przewalski’s horse.
The first suggestion of a human-ape hybrid was given by Ivanov in 1910 at the World Congress of Zoologists in Graz, Austria. Believing in the concept of evolution, he theorized that humans and chimpanzees were so closely-related that a hybrid could be produced; in 1924 he secured permission from the Pasteur Institute in Paris to go to French Guinea and use the experimental primate station in Kindia, getting funding from the Soviet Academy of Sciences as well as the approval of Stalin. Due to the lack of sexually-mature chimpanzees, Ivanov was forced to continue his experiments in Conakry, eventually returning to the Soviet Union to continue his work there. In each experiment, the chimps failed to become pregnant. Further experiments in Georgia to use orangutan sperm in human volunteers also failed.
Other than to create a race of dull, yet obedient, slaves and soldiers, both Stalin’s and Ivanov’s motives had been to confirm evolution as a fact, and a belief in a creation by God to have been fantasy.
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The FBI is providing the following information with HIGH confidence:
A group of cyber actors utilizing infrastructure located in Iran have been conducting computer network exploitation activity against public and private U.S. organizations, including Cleared Defense Contractors (CDCs), academic institutions, and energy sector companies. The actors typically utilize common computer intrusion techniques such as the use of TOR, open source reconnaissance, exploitation via SQL injection and web shells, and open source tools for further network penetration and persistence. Internet-facing infrastructures, such as web servers, are typical targets for this group. Once the actors penetrate a victim network, the actors exfiltrate network design information and legitimate user credentials for the victim network. Often times, the actors are able to harvest administrative user credentials and use the credentials to move laterally through a network.
According to public network registration information, IP addresses previously utilized by this group were assigned to โTarh Andishan.โ The group primarily utilized two Iran-based IP addresses to conduct its activity, 78.109.194.114 and 217.11.17.99. There has been no recent activity from these IP addresses since early 2014; however, the group now primarily utilizes a series of proxy or midpoint infrastructure in support of their computer network operations. The most recent midpoint infrastructure used by this group was located in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
IP Addresses: The following IP addresses have been observed to be utilized by the cyber actors.
64.120.208.154
78.109.194.114
159.253.144.209
217.11.17.99
95.211.191.225
95.211.241.249
95.211.241.251
108.175.153.158
88.150.214.162
88.150.214.166
88.150.214.168
88.150.214.170
184.82.158.18
โฆ
Identify creation of users and databases named โhahaโ.
The commission was established on November 27, 2002 (442 days after the attack) and their final report was issued on July 22, 2004. The report was originally scheduled for release on May 27, 2004, but a compromise agreed to by Speaker of the HouseDennis Hastert allowed a sixty-day extension through July 26.
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Another video portraying the beheading of a foreign hostage was released Saturday by the Islamic State. What’s behind this gruesome strategy? Tom Sanderson from the Center for Strategic and International Studies joins Hari Sreenivasan to discuss the issue.
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The Islamic State: The Horrific Genocide and Eradication of Christians from Iraq
The Islamic State is on a relentless campaign to establish a Caliphate across the Middle East, showing no mercy or tolerance for “infidels” of other faiths. Christians have been given ultimatums in conquered villages to conver, pay, or die. Raping of women and beheading of children have become common in the Islamic State’s barbaric persecution of Christians. Systematic and ruthless destruction of churches, relics, manuscripts, and ancient holy sites are erasing centuries of culture and history. In this fascinating video, learn what becomes of Qaraqosh, considered the Christian capital of Ira, a city home to around 50,000 Christians.
DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis (I&A) and Southern Nevada Counterterrorism Center
7 pages
Law Enforcement Sensitive
For Official Use Only
July 22, 2014
(U//FOUO) After years of only sporadic violence from violent domestic extremists motivated by anti-government ideologies, I&A has seen a spike within the past year in violence committed by militia extremists and lone offenders who hold violent anti-government beliefs. These groups and individuals recognize government authority but facilitate or engage in acts of violence due to their perception that the United States Government is tyrannical and oppressive, coupled to their belief that the government needs to be violently resisted or overthrown. Historically, spikes in violence have followed high-profile confrontations involving the United States Government, such as Ruby Ridge and Waco. The April 2014 Bunkerville, Nevada standoff likely represents a similar event that could inspire further violence.
(U//FOUO) This assessment examines the common themes and targets of these attacks and assesses the potential for increased violence that may follow the Bunkerville standoff.
(U//FOUO) Although sovereign citizen extremist violence is also inspired by an anti-government ideology, sovereign citizen extremists are not included in this Assessment as we have detected no similar spike in this movement despite similarities in their ideologies.* In 2014, sovereign citizen extremist violence continued at roughly the same sporadic rate I&A has observed since 2010 of just over five incidents per year, as detailed in a 27 February 2014 Reference Aid, โ(U//FOUO) Limited Reporting Suggests Sovereign Citizen Extremist Violence Most Common in Southern and Western United States.โ
(U) Key judgments
(U//LES) I&A assesses that the perceived victory by militia extremists in a show of force against the Department of Interiorโs Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in Nevada in April will likely inspire additional anti-government violence over the next year.
(UI/FOUO) I&A also assesses that the recent murders of two Las Vegas police officers is the latest and most severe incident in a growing trend of anti-government violence compared to the previous four years and inspired by perceived government overreach and oppression.
(U//FOUO) Perceived Victory at Bunkerville Likely to Prompt More Violence
(UI/LES) I&A assesses that the belief among militia extremists that their threats and show of force against the BLM during the April Bunkerville standoff was a defining victory over government oppression is galvanizing some individuals-particularly militia extremists and violent lone offenders-to actively confront law enforcement officials, increasing the likelihood of violence. Additionally, this perceived success likely will embolden other militia extremists and like-minded lone offenders to attempt to replicate these confrontational tactics and force future armed standoffs with law enforcement and government officials during 2014. At least three incidents in 2014 appear to have a connection to the events in Bunkerville based on open source and law enforcement reporting.
โฆ
(U//FOUO) Spike in Anti-Government Violence Driven By Common Themes
(U//FOUO) I&A assesses the spike in anti-government attacks and plots since November 2013 is a departure from the random and sporadic nature of domestic extremist violence. These violent incidents are motivated by the perception of government actions (or lack of action) addressing political issues such as gun control, land-use, property, and other activities as interfering with their individual rights and as oppressive measures that warrant violent reprisal against US government entities and law enforcement, according to a body of open source reporting. These are common themes cited by attackers, but the specific motivations that drive any instance of anti-government violence vary due to the disparate beliefs and motivations of the individuals involved.
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Geetha Guru-Murthy presents this edition of BBC World News, recorded at 1500 hrs SGT on 22 Jul 2014. Pro-Russian rebels in eastern Ukraine have handed over two flight-data recorders from the downed MH17 plane to Malaysian experts. The handover came hours after the UN Security Council voted unanimously to demand immediate international access to the crash site. EU foreign ministers will consider more sanctions against Russia on Tuesday.
The Malaysian Airlines passenger jet crashed last Thursday, killing all 298 people on board.
Western nations say there is growing evidence that flight MH17 was hit by a Russian-supplied missile fired by rebels, but Russia has suggested Ukrainian government forces are to blame.
EU foreign ministers, meeting in Brussels, are thought likely to discuss expanding the list of Russian officials targeted by sanctions, but have so far steered clear of targeting whole sectors of the Russian economy.
Both the EU and the US imposed sanctions on Moscow following its annexation of Crimea and the outbreak of hostilities in eastern Ukraine.
‘In good condition’
Experts say the “black boxes” will reveal the exact time of the incident and the altitude and precise position of the aircraft.
They should also contain the cockpit voice recorder, which it is hoped will provide clues as to what the cause of the crash was.
The head of the Malaysian delegation at the handover in Donetsk told reporters that the recorders were “in good condition”.
The handover followed talks between the rebel commander and self-styled Prime Minister of the Donetsk People’s Republic Alexander Borodai and the Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, Mr Najib said in statement.
He also said those talks led to the rebels agreeing to allow the bodies to be transported to Kharkiv and international investigators to access the area.
“In recent days, there were times I wanted to give greater voice to the anger and grief that the Malaysian people feel and that I feel,” he said.
“But sometimes, we must work quietly in the service of a better outcome.”
Pro-Russian rebels allowed a freight train carrying the bodies of 282 passengers to be moved from a town near the crash site to Donetsk on Monday.
The Malaysian experts and a Dutch delegation are travelling with the train to the city of Kharkiv, where it is expected to arrive later on Tuesday.
From there, the bodies will be prepared for transfer by air to the Netherlands where forensic experts will evaluate and identify them.
Meanwhile a UN resolution, proposed by Australia, was passed calling for a “full, thorough and independent international investigation” into the downing of the plane over Grabove on 17 July.
It also demanded that those responsible “be held to account and that all states co-operate fully with efforts to establish accountability”.
There has been international outcry over the way rebels have handled the situation, leaving passengers’ remains exposed to summer heat and allowing untrained volunteers to comb through the area.
All 15 council members, including Russia, voted in favour.
Sanctions threat
On Monday, three Dutch experts became the first international investigators to examine the bodies of the victims. They said the storage of the bodies had been “of good quality”.
The train’s departure came after international pressure on the separatists, who had been accused of limiting access to the crash site.
US President Barack Obama called on Russian President Vladimir Putin to stop the rebels from hampering the investigation at the crash site.
He also warned Mr Putin that he could face additional economic costs if he fails to take steps to resolve the crisis in Ukraine.
British Prime Minister David Cameron said there was strong evidence that pro-Russian separatists shot down the plane with an anti-aircraft system known as Buk.
Russia on Monday again denied allegations that it had supplied such missiles or “any other weapons” to the rebels.
The defence ministry said a Ukrainian military plane had flown within firing range of the airliner just before it came down, but Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko has rejected the claim.
The fighting in eastern Ukraine erupted in April and is believed to have claimed more than 1,000 lives.
Battles continued on Monday, with heavy clashes around the main rebel-held city of Donetsk, with reports of at least three civilians being killed.
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John McCain Vladimir Putin Culpable For MH17 Plane Crash In Eastern Ukraine.John McCain says that Vladimir Putin is Culpable For the MH17 Plane Crash In Eastern Ukraine. plane that was apparently downed by a missile alegedly from russian separitists
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The Obama administration is seeking to compel a writer to testify about his confidential sources for a 2006 book about the Central Intelligence Agency, a rare step that was authorized by Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr.
The author, James Risen, who is a reporter for The New York Times, received a subpoena on Monday requiring him to provide documents and to testify May 4 before a grand jury in Alexandria, Va., about his sources for a chapter of his book, โState of War: The Secret History of the C.I.A. and the Bush Administration.โ The chapter largely focuses on problems with a covert C.I.A. effort to disrupt alleged Iranian nuclear weapons research. …
Justice Department was seeking information only about Mr. Risenโs sources for the ninth chapter, which centers on the C.I.A.โs effort to disrupt Iranian nuclear research. That material did not appear in The Times.
The book describes how the agency sent a Russian nuclear scientist โ who had defected to the United States and was secretly working for the C.I.A. โ to Vienna in February 2000 to give plans for a nuclear bomb triggering device to an Iranian official under the pretext that he would provide further assistance in exchange for money. The C.I.A. had hidden a technical flaw in the designs.
STATE OF WAR: THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE CIA AND THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION
James Risen
FREE PRESS
NEW YORK. LONDON. TORONTO. SYDNEY
A NOTE ON SOURCES
Many people have criticized the use of anonymous sources of late. Yet all reporters know that the very best stories — the most important, the most sensitive — rely on them. This book would not be possible without the cooperation of many current and former officials from the Bush administration, the intelligence community, and other parts of the government. Many of them were willing to discuss sensitive matters only on the condition of anonymity.
__________
[Pages 193-218.]
Chapter 9
A ROGUE OPERATION
SHE HAD PROBABLY done this a dozen times before. Modern digital technology had made clandestine communications with overseas agents seem routine. Back in the Cold War, contacting a secret agent in Moscow or Beijing was a dangerous, labor-intensive process that could take days or even weeks to arrange. But by 2004, it was possible to send high-speed, encrypted messages directly and instantaneously from CIA headquarters to agents in the field who were equipped with small, covert personal communications devices. So the officer at CIA headquarters assigned to handle communications with the agency’s spies in I ran probably didn’t think twice when she began her latest download. With a few simple commands, she sent a secret data flow to one of the Iranian agents in the CI A’s spy network. Just like she had done so many times before.
But this time, the ease and speed of the technology betrayed her. The CIA officer had made a disastrous mistake. She had sent information to one Iranian agent meant for an entire spy network; the data could be used to identify virtually every spy the CIA had inside Iran.
Mistake piled on mistake. As the CIA later learned, the Iranian who received the download was actually a double agent. The agent quickly turned the data over to Iranian security officials, and it enabled them to “roll up” the CIA’s agent network throughout Iran. CIA sources say that several of the Iranian agents were arrested and jailed, while the fates of some of the others is still unknown.
This espionage disaster, of course, was not reported in the press. It left the CIA virtually blind in Iran, unable to provide any significant intelligence on one of the most critical issues facing the United States — whether Tehran was about to go nuclear.
In fact, just as President Bush and his aides were making the case in 2004 and 2005 that Iran was moving rapidly to develop nuclear weapons, the American intelligence community found itself unable to provide the evidence to back up the administration’s public arguments. On the heels of the CIA’s failure to provide accurate prewar intelligence on Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction, the agency was once again clueless in the Middle East. In the spring of 2005, in the wake of the CIA’s Iranian disaster, Porter Goss, the CIA’s new director, told President Bush in a White House briefing that the CIA really didn’t know how close Iran was to becoming a nuclear power.
The Bush administration has never publicly disclosed the extent to which it is now operating in the blind on Iran. But deep in the bowels of the CIA, someone must be nervously, but very privately, wondering: Whatever happened to those nuclear blueprints we gave to the Iranians?
The story dates back to the Clinton administration and February 2000, when one frightened Russian scientist walked Vienna’s winter streets. Enveloped by the February cold, he dodged the bright red and white Strassenbahn, the quaint electric tramcars that roll in slow circuits around the city, while he debated whether to go through with his secret mission.
I’m not a spy, he thought to himself. I’m a scientist. What am I doing here?
He fingered the package stuffed in his overcoat, making certain the priceless documents were still there and that this crazy job wasn’t just a bad dream.
The Russian pulled the note out of his pocket, looked at the address one more time, and then plowed ahead, confused. He knew nothing about Vienna and quickly found himself lost along the operatic city’s broad avenues. Was he looking for something called Rueppgasse, or was it called Heinestrasse? Was he supposed to take Strassenbahn 21? He rode two full circuits on the S-Bahn 21 train, searching in vain for the right stop. Should he switch to the U-Bahn, Vienna’s subway? The Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) wasn’t the easiest office in Vienna to find.
They could have at least given me good directions.
As he stumbled along into Vienna’s north end, in the unglamorous neighborhood surrounding the Praterstern U-Bahn station, the same question pounded in his brain again and again, but he couldn’t find an answer.
What was the CIA thinking?
The Russian had good reason to be afraid. He was walking around Vienna with blueprints for a nuclear bomb.
To be precise, he was carrying technical designs for a TBA 480 high-voltage block, otherwise known as a “firing set,” for a Russian-designed nuclear weapon. He held in his hands knowledge needed to create a perfect implosion that could trigger a nuclear chain reaction inside a small spherical core. It was one of the greatest engineering secrets in the world, providing the solution to one of a handful of problems that separated nuclear powers such as the United States and Russia from the rogue countries like Iran that were desperate to join the nuclear club but had so far fallen short.
He still couldn’t believe the orders he had received from CIA headquarters. The CIA had given him the nuclear blueprints and then sent him to Vienna to sell them — or simply give them — to the Iranian representatives to the IAEA. With the Russian doing Langley’s bidding, the CIA appeared to be about to help Iran leapfrog one of the last remaining engineering hurdles blocking its path to a nuclear weapon. The dangerous irony was not lost on the Russian — the IAEA was an international organization created to restrict the spread of nuclear technology. The IAEA’s Vienna headquarters, inside the United Nation’s sprawling concrete compound, a jumble of geometric-shaped buildings assembled like a Christmas pile of children’s toys along the Danube River just outside the city center, was the leading forum for international debate over the proliferation of nuclear weapons technology. It was the place where the United States came to level charges against rogue nations such as Iran and North Korea over their clandestine nuclear programs. IAEA experts traveled the world to try to police the use of nuclear power, to make certain that peaceful energy-generation programs weren’t providing cover for the clandestine development of nuclear weapons. In 2005, the IAEA and its chief, Mohamed El Baradei, would win the Nobel Peace Prize for their counter proliferation efforts.
But in 2000, the CIA was coming to Vienna to stage an operation that could help one of the most dangerous regimes in the world obtain a nuclear weapon.
The Russian stood out like a poor eastern cousin on Vienna’s jeweled cityscape.
He was a nuclear engineer who had defected to the United States years earlier and quietly settled in America. He went through the CIA’s defector resettlement program and endured long debriefings in which CIA experts and scientists from the national laboratories tried to drain him of everything he knew about the status of Russia’s nuclear weapons program. Like many other Russian defectors before him, his tiresome complaints about money and status had gained him a reputation within the CIA of being difficult to manage. But he was too valuable for the CIA to toss away.
One secret CIA report said that the Russian “was a known handling problem due to his demanding and overbearing nature.” Yet the same report stated that he was also a “sensitive asset” who could be used in a “high-priority covert-action operation.” So despite their disputes, the CIA had arranged for the Russian to become an American citizen and had kept him on the payroll, to the tune of $5,000 a month. It really did seem like easy money, with few strings attached. Life was good. He was happy to be on the CIA gravy tram.
Until now. The CIA was placing him on the front lines of a plan that seemed to be completely at odds with the interests of the United States, and it had taken a lot of persuading by his CIA case officer to convince him to go through with what appeared to be a rogue operation.
The case officer worked hard to convince him — even though the officer had doubts about the plan as well. As he was sweet-talking the Russian into flying to Vienna, the case officer wondered whether he was being set up by CIA management, in some dark political or bureaucratic game that he didn’t understand. Was he involved in an illegal covert action? Should he expect to be hauled before a congressional committee and grilled because he was the officer who helped give nuclear blueprints to Iran? The code name for this operation was MERLIN; to the officer, that seemed like a wry tip-off that nothing about this program was what it appeared to be. He did his best to hide his concerns from his Russian agent.
The Russian’s assignment from the CIA was to pose as an unemployed and greedy scientist who was willing to sell his soul — and the secrets of the atomic bomb — to the highest bidder. By hook or by crook, the CIA told him, he was to get the nuclear blueprints to the Iranians. They would quickly recognize their value and rush them back to their superiors in Tehran.
The plan had been laid out for the defector during a CIA-financed trip to San Francisco, where he had meetings with CIA officers and nuclear experts mixed in with leisurely wine-tasting trips to Sonoma Country. In a luxurious San Francisco hotel room, a senior CIA official involved in the operation walked the Russian through the details of the plan. He brought in experts from one of the national laboratories to go over the blueprints that he was supposed to give the Iranians.
The senior CIA officer could see that the Russian was nervous, and so he tried to downplay the significance of what they were asking him to do. He told the Russian that the CIA was mounting the operation simply to find out where the Iranians are with their nuclear program. This was just an intelligence-gathering effort, the CIA officer said, not an illegal attempt to give Iran the bomb. He suggested that the Iranians already had the technology he was going to hand over to them. It was all a game. Nothing too serious.
The Russian reluctantly agreed, but he was still clearly suspicious of the CIA’s motives.
He was afraid because he fully understood the value of the information he was supposed to pass to the Iranians. He certainly understood it better than did his CIA handlers. Before he defected, he had worked as an engineer at Arzamas-16, the original center of the Soviet nuclear weapons program and the Russian equivalent of Los Alamos, the home of the Manhattan Project. Founded in 1946, when Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin was rushing to catch up with the Americans and trying to turn the Soviet Union into a nuclear power, Arzamas-16 had once been so secret that it was known only as the “installation” or the “site.” Built on the grounds of a czarist-era monastery, about 400 kilometers from Moscow at the old town of Sarova, the complex’s first name was Arzamas-60, since it was 60 kilometers from the town of Arzamas; but the Soviets realized that name was too revealing about its location, so they changed it to Arzamas-16. In 1947, the entire city of Sarov officially disappeared from Russian maps.
Arzamas-16 was where the Soviets built their first atomic and hydrogen bombs, and today, 30,000 people still work at nuclear weapons-related facilities located within a restricted area in the heavily guarded Arzamas-16 district. It wasn’t until 1995 that Russian President Boris Yeltsin changed its name back to Sarov.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States feared that poverty-stricken scientists from Arzamas-16 and other facilities like it would be tempted to work for Iraq, North Korea — or Iran. Weapons proliferation really meant the spread of scientific knowledge and the spread of scientists.
The end of the Cold War meant the end of regular paychecks for Russian nuclear scientists, and there was a real danger that Russian technical expertise would spread like a virus to the totalitarian states of the third world. In the 1990s, in fact, the director of one Russian nuclear institute killed himself, reportedly over the government’s failure to meet his payroll. There were Russian press accounts of uranium being stolen from Arzamas-16. What was to stop underpaid Russian scientists from walking off with technical expertise, and perhaps the blueprints and even the fissile material needed to help rogue states build a bomb?
Fortunately, at just the right moment, two centrist American senators, one Democrat and one Republican, saw the danger and came up with one of the most farsighted U.S. foreign relations programs since the Marshall Plan. In 1991, Sam Nunn, a Georgia Democrat and the party’s leading voice on national security, and Richard Lugar, a cautious Republican and former mayor of Indianapolis who had turned himself into a foreign affairs specialist in the Senate, crafted legislation that helped prevent a massive drain of nuclear technology out of the former Soviet Union. Known as the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, the legislation created joint U.S.-Russian programs to deactivate thousands of nuclear warheads in the former Soviet Union, and helped rid the Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus of the nuclear weapons they had inherited at the time of the breakup of the Soviet Union.
Equally important was Nunn-Lugar’s impact on the lives of Russian scientists. Nunn-Lugar helped more than twenty thousand Russian experts involved in Soviet weapons programs find alternative, and more peaceful, forms of research. Arzamas-16 even forged new, cooperative ties with Los Alamos. By 1993, Los Alamos and Sarov were officially sister cities.
Behind the public face of Nunn-Lugar, the CIA was also doing its part, quietly helping Russian nuclear scientists to defect and resettle in the United States, rather than go to Iran or Iraq, providing them new lives and enough money to keep their talents off the open market. It was this CIA defector program that brought the Russian to the United States.
But now, the CIA was no longer keeping the Russian engineer off the nuclear market, nor was it keeping Russian know-how under wraps. The blueprints the Russian was to hand over to the Iranians were originally from the Arzamas complex, brought to the CIA by another defector.
What better way for the CIA to hide its involvement in this operation than to have a veteran of Arzamas personally hand over the Russian nuclear designs?
His CIA case officer had coached the Russian as best he could on how to make contact with the Iranians. It wasn’t easy; you don’t just look up the address for the covert Iranian nuclear weapons program in the Yellow Pages. Still, maybe there was a way you could make contact on the Internet. Maybe it really was as simple as sending out e-mail.
At the case officer’s urging, the Russian started sending messages to Iranian scientists, scholars, and even Iranian diplomats stationed at the IAEA in Vienna. In his e-mails, he would explain that he had information of great interest to Iran and that he was seeking a meeting with someone who could hear him out. The messages were designed to be playfully intriguing, but not quite revealing. Just enough to prompt a response.
He also started attending academic conferences in the United States attended by Iranian-American scientists. These conferences sometimes attracted scientists visiting from Iran, and they might be good contacts. The Russian stood out like a sore thumb among the Iranian academics, but that was the point. He wanted people to notice him. He was a nuclear salesman, ready for business.
Of course, it wasn’t unusual for Russian and Iranian scientists to mix, and that was another point the CIA was counting on. There was a well-established channel of Russian technical support for Iran’s nuclear power generation program. Moscow had an $800 million contract to help Iran build a light water reactor at Bushehr. The United States had publicly complained that Iran was using Bushehr and the country’s commercial nuclear program to advance its nuclear weapons development efforts. American officials, in both the Clinton and Bush administrations, consistently asked why Iran needed a nuclear power program when it had so much oil and natural gas; in one State Department statement, Washington noted that Iran annually flares off more natural gas than Bushehr could produce. For at least a decade, a key sticking point in U.S.-Russian diplomatic relations has been Russia’s ties to Iran and Moscow’s willingness to view Iran as an eager customer for Russian arms, rather than as a growing strategic threat in the Middle East.
With Tehran serving as a major shopping bazaar for Russia’s post-Cold War arms sales, it certainly wasn’t unusual to find Russian and Iranian technicians and bureaucrats mingling. The Russian defector could exploit that tendency to make inroads with the Iranians.
As he mingled with the scientists and other academics, the Russian picked up business cards and e-mail addresses. The Russian began to e-mail his new contacts, sending intriguing messages explaining that he wanted to talk with them about his ability to provide materials of interest to Iran. Finally, at one conference, he hit pay dirt when he met a physics professor visiting from Tehran.
After the CIA checked out his background, the agency decided that the contact with the Iranian professor was promising. The CIA hoped the Iranian academic might serve as the Russian’s entree into the secret world of Tehran’s nuclear program. At the least, he might be able to put the Russian in contact with the right people in Iran.
The Russian followed up his chance encounter with e-mails to the scientist back at his university in Iran. The Russian explained that he had information that was extremely important, and he wanted to make an offer. After some delays, the Iranian finally responded, with a wary message, asking what he had in mind.
That was enough for the CIA. Now the Russian could tell Iranian officials in Vienna that he had been in touch with a respected scientist in Tehran before he showed up on their doorstep.
The CIA had discovered that a high-ranking Iranian official would be traveling to Vienna and visiting the Iranian mission to the IAEA, and so the agency decided to take the next step and send the Russian to Vienna at the same time. It was hoped that he could make contact with either the Iranian ambassador to the IAEA or the visitor from Tehran.
The CIA sent him to Vienna without any backup. Langley didn’t want to risk exposure. The CIA station in Vienna wasn’t asked to play any role to support the Russian; this operation was dubbed a “special access program,” and its existence was a tightly held secret. Only a handful of CIA officers knew of the existence of MERLIN. Better to let the Russian get lost and fumble his way around town than tell more officers about the operation. Sending him to Vienna without any minders would also convince anyone watching that he was just what he appeared to be-an amateur at this game, freelancing.
The Russian’s cover story was that he was the go-between for the other Russian scientist who had brought the nuclear blueprints out of Arzamas. I n truth, he had never met the other defector, but that didn’t matter. The story would help answer any questions the Iranians might have about how he came to acquire the blueprints, which were not easy to access or remove from Arzamas.
The Russian was also told not to try to hide the fact that he now lived in the United States. His story should be as close to the truth as possible. Just because he was living in America didn’t mean he was working for the CIA.
But now that he was in Vienna, he was playing the role of bumbling scientist too well, unable to find the Iranian mission, uncertain even where to get off the train. “I spent a lot of time to ask people as I could [language problem] and they told me that no streets with this name are around,” the Russian later explained to the CIA, in his imperfect English.
Maybe deep down, he didn’t want to get off the tram, and didn’t want to find the right office. He had to find time to think.
He could not stop thinking about his trip to San Francisco, when he had studied the blueprints the CIA had given him. Within minutes of being handed the designs, he had identified a flaw. “This isn’t right,” he told the CIA officers gathered around the hotel room. “There is something wrong.” His comments prompted stony looks, but no straight answers from the CIA men in the room. No one in the San Francisco meeting seemed surprised by the Russian’s assertion that the blueprints didn’t look quite right, but no one wanted to enlighten him further on the matter, either.
In fact, the CIA case officer who was the Russian’s personal handler had been stunned by the Russian’s statement. During a break, he took the senior CIA officer aside. “He wasn’t supposed to know that,” the CIA case officer told his superior. “He wasn’t supposed to find a flaw.” “Don’t worry,” the senior CIA officer calmly replied. “It doesn’t matter.” The CIA case officer couldn’t believe the senior CIA officer’s answer, but he still managed to keep his fears from the Russian, and he continued to train him for his mission.
After their trip to San Francisco, the case officer handed the Russian a sealed envelope with the nuclear blueprints inside. The Russian was told not to open the envelope under any circumstances. He was to follow the CIA’s instructions to find the Iranians and give them the envelope with the documents inside. Keep it simple, and get out of Vienna safe and alive, the Russian was told. But the defector was more worried than ever about what kind of game the CIA was getting him into. And he had his own ideas about how he might play that game.
In Vienna, the Russian went over his options one more time and made a decision. He unsealed the envelope with the nuclear blueprints and included a personal letter of his own to the Iranians. No matter what the CIA told him, he was going to hedge his bets. There was obviously something wrong with these blueprints — so he decided to mention that fact to the Iranians in his letter. They would certainly find flaws for themselves, and if he didn’t tell them first, they would never want to deal with him again. In his badly broken English, the Russian addressed the Iranians as if they were academic colleagues. He later gave a copy of his letter to the CIA.
To University:First, let me introduce myself. I am a person, who worked for many years in atomic industry. Please check out next page for my personal info please.
I would like to inform you I have very valuable information about design and production of atomic weapon. At this time I possess a description of one of key elements of modern system, TEA 480 high-voltage automatic block. Described device is known as a fire switch which lets to initiate simultaneously all detonators at a weapon core (spherical charge). I am sure other devices can be available for your review in the future. I did not contact right people in your country directly because unfortunately I could not find them. Of course, I tried many other ways to attract attention to this info by telling little bit about what I have but it does not work. Whole misunderstanding, and accordingly wasting time and disappointing. So I decided to offer this absolutely real and valuable basic information for free now and you can evaluate that. Also I sent e-mail to inform [the Iranian professor] about this possible event. Please let him know you have this package.
What is purpose of my offer?
If you try to create a similar device you will need to ask some practical questions. No problem. You will get answers but I expect to be paid for that. Let’s talk about details later when I see a real interest in it.
Now just take your time for professional study of enclosed documentation. My contact info on next page.
The Russian was thus warning the Iranians as carefully as he could that there was a flaw somewhere in the nuclear blueprints, and he could help them find it. At the same time, he was still going through with the CIA’s operation in the only way he thought would work.
The Russian slid his letter in with the blueprints and resealed the envelope.
After his day of floundering around Vienna, the Russian returned to his hotel, near the city’s large Stadtpark. He did a computer search and found the right street address for the Iranian mission. His courage bolstered, he decided he would go back and finish the job in the morning.
By 8:00 A.M., he found 19 Heinstrasse, a five-story office and apartment building with a flat, pale green and beige facade in a quiet., slightly down-at-the-heels neighborhood in Vienna’s north end. The street was crowded with tobacco shops, bars, and cafes, a tanning salon, even a strip club. Now the Russian realized why he had missed it; there was no sign announcing the Iranian mission. The only proof that this was the right place was a mail directory, with three rows of tenants’ names on the wall beside the building’s front door. Amid the list of Austrian tenants, there was one simple line: “PM/Iran.” The Iranians clearly didn’t want publicity.
19 Heinstrasse, Vienna, Austria. Bing.com/maps. [Images added by Cryptome.]
The Russian’s fevered rush of adrenaline as he approached the building suddenly cooled when he realized the Iranian office was closed for the day for some unexplained reason. Once again, he spent the day walking Vienna, and once again mulling over the CIA’s orders. He returned to his hotel again that night, still clutching the undelivered documents.
He returned one last time to the Iranian mission early the next morning and stood for a few agonizing minutes on the empty sidewalk outside.
He came back that afternoon, and an Austrian postman finally helped him make up his mind. As the Russian stood silently by, the postman opened the building door, dropped off the mail, and walked quietly away to complete his neighborhood rounds. His courage finally reinforced, the Russian decided to follow suit; he now realized that he could leave his package without actually having to talk to anyone. He slipped through the front door, and hurriedly shoved his envelope through the inner door slot at the Iranian office.
“At 1:30 P.M. I got a chance to be inside of the gate,” at the entrance to the Iranian mission, the Russian later explained in writing to the CIA. “They have two mailboxes: one after gate on left side for post mail (I could not open it without key) and other one nearby an internal door to the mission. Last one has easy access to insert mail and also it was locked. I passed internal door and reached the mission entry door and put a package inside their mailbox on left side of their door. I cover it old newspaper but if somebody wants that is possible to remove this package from mailbox, in my opinion, I had no choice.” The Russian fled the mission without being seen. He was deeply relieved that he had finally made the handoff without ever having to come face to face with a real live Iranian. He flew back to the United States without being detected by either Austrian security or, more important, by Iranian intelligence.
From its headquarters at Fort Meade, Maryland, the National Security Agency monitors global airline reservation databases, constantly checking on the travel arrangements of foreign officials and others targeted by American intelligence around the world. In February 2000, the NSA was also eavesdropping on the telephone lines of the Iranian mission in Vienna. It could intercept communications between the mission and Tehran. In addition, the NSA had broken the codes of the Ministry of Intelligence and Security, Iran’s foreign intelligence service. The Americans had several different ways to track the movements of Iranian officials in and out of Vienna.
Just days after the Russian dropped off his package at the Iranian mission, the NSA reported that an Iranian official in Vienna abruptly changed his schedule and suddenly made airline reservations and flew home to Iran. The odds were that the nuclear blueprints were now in Tehran.
The Russian scientist’s fears about the operation were well founded. He was the front man for what may have been one of the most reckless operations in the modern history of the CIA, one that may have helped put nuclear weapons in the hands of a charter member of what President George W. Bush has called the “axis of evil.” Operation MERLIN has been one of the most closely guarded secrets in the Clinton and Bush administrations. And it may not be over. Some officials have suggested that it might be repeated against other countries.
* * * [Stars in original]
MERLIN was born out of frustration. For more than a decade, one post-Cold War CIA director after another went before Congress and the nation to vow that America’s spies were now focused on new, gathering threats posed by a set of “hard targets.” Terrorists. Rogue nations. Weapons of mass destruction. Each new director promised that the CIA was changing rapidly to adapt to this complex new world in which the Soviet Union was no longer the main enemy. But the CIA has failed in its new mission and has never found out enough about any of these new targets. Iran’s nuclear program remains one of the most impenetrable of them all.
Even before the disastrous collapse of its Iranian spy network in 2004, the CIA was able to pick up only fragmentary information about Iran’s nuclear program. Officials who are critical of the CIA’s efforts say that the agency’s counterproliferation programs have relied far too heavily on intelligence collected from technical methods — spy satellites, eavesdropping, and code breaking, as well as “measurement and signature” intelligence, which includes the collection and analysis of data from hidden equipment like remote ground sensors. Lacking definitive answers about Iran’s atomic program, the CIA has instead offered a series of safe and cautious estimates. Over the years, the agency has repeatedly stated that Iran was within five to ten years of becoming a nuclear power. Those five to ten years keep stretching and expanding.
The Counterproliferation Division within the CIA’s Directorate of Operations, the agency’s clandestine espionage arm, came up with MERLIN and other clandestine operations as creative, if unorthodox, ways to try to penetrate Tehran’s nuclear development program. In some cases, the CIA has worked jointly with Israeli intelligence on such operations, according to people familiar with the convert program. None are known to have worked.
One bizarre plan called for the sabotage of Iran’s electrical grid in areas of the country near its secret nuclear installations. The CIA conducted tests of the electrical sabotage equipment at the U.S. government’s Nevada nuclear test range. The plan called for an electromagnetic pulse device that could be smuggled into Iran and then hidden next to large power transmission lines carrying electricity into the country’s nuclear facilities. The CIA would later remotely detonate the device, which would send a massive electrical pulse down the power lines, shorting out the computer systems inside the Iranian nuclear complex.
The CIA worked with Mossad, Israel’s spy service, on the plan, and Mossad agents volunteered to smuggle the devices into Iran. The Israelis told the CIA that they had Iranian agents who would carry out the plan on their behalf.
But there were major technical problems that made the plan unworkable. The electromagnetic devices were so large that they had to be carried in a large truck, and then parked next to the power lines; the CIA realized that was impossible.
Then there was MERLIN. On paper, MERLIN was supposed to stunt the development of Tehran’s nuclear program by sending Iran’s weapons experts down the wrong technical path. The CIA believed that once the Iranians had the blueprints and studied them, they would believe the designs were usable and so would start to build an atom bomb based on the flawed designs. But Tehran would get a big surprise when its scientists tried to explode their new bomb.
Instead of a mushroom cloud, the Iranian scientists would witness a disappointing fizzle. The Iranian nuclear program would suffer a humiliating setback, and Tehran’s goal of becoming a nuclear power would have been delayed by several years. In the meantime, the CIA, by watching Iran’s reaction to the blueprints, would have gained a wealth of information about the status of Iran’s weapons program, which has been shrouded in secrecy.
It’s not clear who originally came up with the idea, but the plan was first approved by President Bill Clinton. After the Russian scientist’s fateful trip to Vienna, however, the MERLIN operation was endorsed by the Bush administration, possibly with an eye toward repeating it against North Korea or other dangerous states.
The CIA had obtained genuine Russian nuclear weapons blueprints from a Russian scientist and had forwarded them to one of the national laboratories — almost certainly Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico — to be scrutinized by American nuclear experts. Sandia, in Albuquerque, is one of the jewels in the crown of the American nuclear establishment. Its origins were in the so-called Z Division of the Los Alamos National Laboratory during the Manhattan Project. Z Division conducted the engineering and design work for the nonnuclear portions of the first atomic bomb, including the weapons assembly. Sandia thus houses the U.S. government’s institutional memory for how a nuclear bomb is put together.
Scientists at the national laboratory were asked to implant flaws into the Russian blueprints. The flaws were supposed to be so clever and well hidden that no one could detect their presence.
Next, the agency needed to figure out how to get the designs to the Iranians without Tehran realizing that the blueprints were coming from the CIA.
That job was assigned to the CIA’s Counterproliferation Division. The CPD chose the Russian defector.
That was the idea behind MERLIN, anyway. But like so many of the CIA’s other recent operations, this one didn’t go according to plan. First, of course, the Russian spotted flaws in the blueprints. Second, the CIA never maintained adequate controls over the nuclear blueprints — or over the Russian. The Russian was supposed to believe that he was handing over genuine nuclear designs. Instead, his cover letter may have convinced the Iranians to be wary of the blueprints. Furthermore, the CIA also gave the blueprints to the Iranians without any certain way of monitoring their use by Iranian scientists.
The CIA was flying blind — dangerously so. In effect, the CIA asked the Russian to throw the blueprints over the transom, and then the agency just hoped for the best.
Several former CIA officials say that the theory behind MERLIN — handing over tainted weapons designs to confound one of America’s adversaries — is a trick that has been used many times in past operations, stretching back to the Cold War. But in previous cases, such Trojan horse operations involved conventional weapons; none of the former officials had ever heard of the CIA attempting to conduct this kind of high-risk operation with designs for a nuclear bomb. The former officials also said these kind of programs must be closely monitored by senior CIA managers in order to control the flow of information to the adversary. If mishandled, they could easily help an enemy accelerate its weapons development.
That may be what happened with MERLIN.
The CIA case officer was deeply concerned by the ease with which the Russian had discovered flaws in the designs. He knew that that meant the Iranians could, too, and that they could then fix and make use of the repaired blueprints to help them build a bomb. If so, the CIA would have assisted the Iranians in joining the nuclear club. He grew so concerned about whether he had aided the Iranian nuclear program that he went to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence to tell congressional investigators about the problems with the program. But no action was ever taken.
For his part, the Russian never understood why the CIA wanted him to give the Iranians blueprints that contained such obvious mistakes. It made no sense. And so he wrote the Iranians his personal letter.
It is not known whether the Russian ever communicated again with the Iranians, or whether they tried to contact him. But after receiving his letter warning them that they would need further help to make the blueprints useful, it is entirely possible that the Iranians showed the plans to other experts familiar with Russian nuclear designs and thereby identified the defects.
Iran has spent nearly twenty years trying to develop nuclear weapons, and in the process has created a strong base of sophisticated scientists knowledgeable enough to spot flaws in nuclear blueprints.
What’s more, the Iranians have received extensive support for years from Russian and Chinese nuclear experts who could help the Iranians review the material. In addition, Tehran also obtained nuclear blueprints from the black-market network of Pakistani scientist A.Q. Khan, and so already had workable blueprints against which to compare the designs obtained from the CIA.
Even if the Iranians were interested in using the blueprints provided by the mysterious Russian, they would certainly examine and test the data in the documents before ever actually trying to build a bomb. Nuclear experts say that they would thus be able to extract valuable information from the blueprints while ignoring the flaws. “If a country of seventy million inhabitants [Iran], with quite a good scientific and technical community, got [nuclear documents with supposedly hidden flaws], they might learn something,” warned a nuclear weapons expert with the IAEA. “If [the flaw] is bad enough, they will find it quite quickly. That would be my fear.”
MERLIN has been conducted in the darkest corner of the American national security establishment at one of the most significant moments in the long and bitter history of U.S.-Iran relations. Iran has bedeviled American presidents since Jimmy Carter and the embassy hostage crisis, and neither Bill Clinton nor George W. Bush have based their policies on an adequate understanding of the volatile political dynamics under way in Iran.
Throughout the late 1990s, the Clinton administration was convinced that political reformers and youthful moderates were ascendant in Iran, and so the White House twisted itself in knots trying to open back-channel talks with Tehran. But in order to reach out to the Iranians, Clinton had to downplay evidence that Tehran was still the world’s leading state sponsor of terrorism, that Iran was still an Islamic republic whose security apparatus was controlled by powerful, conservative mullahs who wanted nothing to do with the United States, and that the Iranian regime was eager to become a nuclear power.
Critics say that Clinton and his lieutenants repeatedly tried to ignore intelligence indicating that Iran was linked to the deadly Khobar Towers bombing in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia in June 1996, which killed nineteen American military personnel. Saudi Hezbollah, an offshoot of the Lebanese-based extremist group backed by Iran, carried out the attack, and it did so with training and logistical support from Iran.
Senior CIA officials played an important role in the Clinton administration’s efforts to downplay evidence of Iran’s terrorist ties in the late 1990s, according to several CIA sources. In 1996 or 1997, a well-placed officer with the Ministry of Intelligence and Security, Iran’s foreign intelligence service, was cooperating with the CIA. In meetings in Europe, just months after the Khobar attack occurred, the Iranian source provided the CIA with evidence that Iran was behind the bombing, according to CIA officials. The Iranian told the CIA he had been meeting with several senior Iranian officials after the bombing, and they were celebrating their successful operation.
He also told his CIA contact that sometime after the Khobar bombing, an American government aircraft had secretly landed in Tehran, carrying a senior American official. Several top Iranian officials went out to the airport to meet the American, the source said.
To the officers working on the CIA’s Iran Task Force handling the reporting from this Iranian source, it appeared that the Clinton administration was cutting a secret deal with Tehran just after nineteen Americans had been murdered by the same regime. Senior CIA officials responded to this explosive intelligence by suppressing it, according to several CIA sources. According to one CIA source, reports from the Iranian source were delivered to high-ranking CIA officials, but none of the reports was disseminated throughout the intelligence community, and no record of the reports was distributed inside the CIA. It is not known whether President Clinton or other top White House officials were ever told about the reports from the Iranian source. Certainly, then-FBI Director Louis J. Freeh believed that President Clinton and his lieutenants were downplaying intelligence concerning Iran’s involvement in Khobar Towers. As he has recently detailed in his memoirs, his anger over the way the Khobar case was handled by the Clinton administration was at the heart of his long-running dispute with the White House. It is not known whether Freeh was ever told about the reports from the source who detailed Iran’s role, however.
It wasn’t until June 2001, five years after the bombing, and after Clinton had left office, that the Justice Department issued indictments of fourteen people in the Khobar bombing that alleged that unidentified Iranian officials were behind the terrorist attack. The indictment notwithstanding, in its first few months, the new Bush team largely ignored Iran while obsessing over Iraq. It was only after 9/11 that senior Bush administration officials began to pay attention to low-level, back-channel talks with Iran that had been under way in Geneva since the Clinton days.
Through those Geneva meetings, the Bush team discovered that Iran was strongly supportive of the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan because of Tehran’s deep hatred for the ruling Taliban, Sunni Muslims heavily dependent on Pakistani support to retain power in Kabul. Shia-dominated Iran long feared the Taliban’s radical influence on its own Sunni minority. Tehran also wanted to retain its influence over western Afghanistan, particularly the trading center of Herat.
In 1998, Iran and the Taliban had come close to a shooting war. After nine Iranian diplomats were murdered in Afghanistan and thousands of Shiites were killed following the Taliban seizure of the northern city of Mazar-i-Sharif, Iran massed troops on the border for a military “exercise,” and Pakistan had to step in to calm things down. At the time, Iran’s leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, made it clear that Iran’s patience with the Taliban was wearing thin. “I have so far prevented the lighting of a fire in this region which would be hard to extinguish, but all should know that a very great and wide danger is quite near,” he declared, prompting a response from the Taliban that the cleric’s statements reflected his “mental ineptitude.” Iran had also supported the opposition Northern Alliance against the Taliban, and after 9/11, Iranian officials at the Geneva meetings were actually impatient with the sluggish start to American military operations in Afghanistan. Publicly, the Iranians said little about the war and provided little overt support to the Americans, apart from promising to allow rescue operations for any downed pilots over its territory. But in Geneva, Iranian officials were eager to help and even brought out maps to try to tell the United States the best targets to bomb.
Iran also held some al Qaeda operatives who tried to flee Afghanistan into Iran. In early 2002, Iran detained about 290 al Qaeda fighters who had been picked up as they crossed the border. They weren’t willing to turn them over directly to the United States, but they eventually did hand over some to third countries, such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, which were working with the United States.
But by that time, the Bush administration’s attitude toward Iran was changing, hardening. Iran was now a member of the “axis of evil.” The Iranians responded to Bush’s axis of evil speech with pique; Tehran released Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a ruthless Afghan warlord who had been on the CIA payroll during the 1980s but who was now opposed to the American occupation of Afghanistan. Soon after his release, Hekmatyar’s Hezb-i-Islami forces were battling U.S. troops in Afghanistan, and in May 2002 the CIA launched a missile from an armed Predator drone in a vain effort to try to kill him.
The 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, on Iran’s other border, was met with deep ambivalence in Tehran. The Iranians were happy that the United States was getting rid of their old enemy Saddam Hussein, opening the door for Iraq’s majority Shia population to gain power, with, of course, the guidance of Iran. But two consecutive wars in two neighboring countries, first in Afghanistan and now Iraq, had placed thousands of American troops on Iran’s exposed flanks, and so it was not hard to see why the Iranians might be getting a little paranoid about the Bush administration’s intentions.
In May 2003, one month after the fall of Baghdad, the Iranians approached the United States once again, offering to turn over top al Qaeda lieutenants, including both Saif al-Adel, al Qaeda’s chief of operations, and Saad bin Laden, Osama bin Laden’s son. This time, the Iranians wanted a trade; in return for the al Qaeda leaders, Tehran wanted the Americans to hand over members of the Mujahedin-e Khalq (MEK), an Iranian exile terrorist organization that had been supported by Saddam Hussein and based in Iraq since 1986. After the fall of Baghdad, the U.S. military had disarmed the MEK’s thousands of fighters and taken custody of the group’s heavy military equipment, more than two thousand tanks, artillery pieces, armored personnel carriers, and other vehicles provided by Saddam Hussein. But the Bush administration was divided over what to do with the group next.
In a principals committee meeting at the White House in May, the Iranian prisoner exchange proposal was discussed by President Bush and his top advisors. According to people who were in the meeting, President Bush said that he thought it sounded like a good deal, since the MEK was a terrorist organization. After all, the MEK had been a puppet of Saddam Hussein, conducting assassinations and sabotage operations inside Iran from its sanctuary in Iraq. The MEK was officially listed as a foreign terrorist group by the State Department; back in the 1970s, the group had killed several Americans living in Iran, including CIA officers based there during the shah’s regime.
Before any exchange could be conducted, the United States would need solid assurances from the Iranians that the MEK members would not be executed or tortured; in the end, that obstacle may have made any such prisoner trade impossible.
But the idea never got that far. Hard-liners at the Pentagon dug in and ultimately torpedoed any talk of an agreement with the Iranians. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and Deputy Secretary Paul Wolfowitz seemed to think that the MEK could be useful in a future war with Iran, and so they appeared eager to keep the group in place inside Iraq. CIA and State Department officials were stunned that the Pentagon leadership would so openly flaunt their willingness to cut a deal with the MEK; they were even more surprised that Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz paid no price for their actions. At the White House, officials soon learned that the Pentagon was dreaming up excuses to avoid following through on any further actions to rein in the MEK. One argument was that the military was too busy, with too many other responsibilities in Iraq, to devote the manpower to dismantling the MEK. The Pentagon basically told the White House that “we will get around to it when we get around to it,” noted one former Bush administration official. “And they got away with it.” The bottom line was that the United States lost a potential opportunity to get its hands on several top al Qaeda operatives, including Osama bin Laden’s son. It became clear to frustrated aides that National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice was not only failing to curb the Pentagon, but was also allowing decision making on Iran policy to drift.
The MEK’s political arm, the National Council of Resistance of Iran, understands how to gain attention in the West, particularly after watching the prewar success of the Iraqi National Congress, the Iraqi exile group headed by Ahmed Chalabi. Like Chalabi’s group, the Iranian exiles have used the American press to issue claims about Iran’s nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs in order to build the case for a tougher U.S. policy toward Tehran.
While the war in Iraq has overshadowed the issue and forced the Bush administration to move slowly, some administration officials have been advocating a more forceful policy of pressuring the Iranians to disarm. The odds of a confrontation between the United States and Iran seemed to increase in the fall and winter of 2004, when the IAEA reported that Iran was not fully cooperating with international inspectors, and there were new reports that Iran was going ahead with plans to produce enriched uranium despite past assurances to the IAEA that it would freeze such activity. By 2005, Iran’s apparent intentions to continue to develop its nuclear program was inevitably leading to a full-fledged diplomatic crisis.
Top-Secret History of KGB, 1977, Chapters 1-12 and appendix. This top-secret 639-page history of the Soviet state security organs was completed in 1977 under the auspices of Viktor Chebrikov, the deputy head of the KGB (who later became head of the agency). The book was intended for use in the KGB’s special academy for the training of senior officers. The book provides a detailed history of the KGB and its predecessor agencies from 1917 through the mid-1970s. The book is still classified top secret in Moscow and is unavailable there. The copy here was obtained in Riga, Latvia in July 1997, courtesy of Indulis Zalite, a Latvian archival researcher. Unlike in Russia, the Latvian government has declassified all documents from the Soviet era, and they are now freely available to researchers.
Viktor Mikhailovich Chebrikov (Russian: ะะธะบัะพั ะะธั ะฐะนะปะพะฒะธั ะงะตะฑัะธะบะพะฒ) (27 April 1923 โ 2 July 1999) was a Soviet Union public official and security administrator and head of the KGB from December 1982 to October 1988.[1]
Born in the industrial city of Dnipropetrovsk in eastern Ukraine on 27 April 1923,[2] he finished military school in 1942 and served in World War II as a battalion commander.[3] After the war Chebrikov wanted to continue his military career, but was refused by the prestigious Frunze Military Academy because of his bad eyesight;[4] abandoning his military ambitions, he earned an engineering degree, joined the Communist Party in 1950, and embarked on a political-administrative career, rising through the Ukrainian party ranks until he became First Secretary of the Dnipropetrovsk Party Committee in 1961.[4] In 1967, he was brought to Moscow as personnel manager for the Central Committee.[3] He was Deputy chairman of the KGB under Yuri Andropov from 1968-1982. They began an anti-corruption drive that continued until Andropov’s death. Following a brief period under Konstantin Chernenko, Chebrikov was appointed head of internal security under Mikhail Gorbachev.
Through information supplied by American spy Aldrich Ames, Chebrikov was able to dismantle the network of CIA operatives in his country. Chebrikov was highly respected for his skills among his American counterparts; according to Kenneth E. deGraffenreid, the senior White House intelligence official in the Reagan years: “One has to say that this (Chebrikov’s years as KGB chief) was the heyday of the KGB in terms of foreign intelligence. In terms of intelligence production -spies, and dishing the Americans on the secrets- they were going strong right up to the end. We uncovered 80 spies during those years. These guys were on the make, and there was no question about their influence.”[3]
Chebrikov-Ustinov memoranda
In 1992, Russian president Boris Yeltsin disclosed five top-secret memos dating from a few weeks after the downing of KAL 007 in 1983. The memos contained Soviet communications from Chebrikov and Defence MinisterDmitriy Ustinov to head of state Yuri Andropov that indicated that they knew the location of KAL 007’s wreckage while they were simulating a search and harassing the American Navy; they had found the sought-after flight data recorder on 20 October 1983 (50 days after the incident), and had decided to keep this knowledge secret, the reason being that the tapes could not unequivocally support their firmly-held view that KAL 007’s flight to Soviet territory was a deliberately planned intelligence mission.[citation needed]
Due to differing views regarding reforms, in October 1988, Mikhail Gorbachev replaced Chebrikov with General Vladimir Kryuchkov (who in 1991 attempted a coup against Gorbachev).[5]
Dennis Kavanagh (1998). “Chebrikov, Viktor”. A Dictionary of Political Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 99. Retrieved 31 August 2013. โ via Questia (subscription required)
New York Times, 5 July 1999
The Guardian, 7 July 1999
Wines, Michael (5 July 1999). Viktor Chebrikov, 76, Leader Of K.G.B. in Spying Heyday. New York Times
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The following is a decision matrix for assessing the privacy impact of information on U.S. persons held by the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) and whether enhanced safeguards are required for โnon-terrorism datasets.โ The matrix is based upon factors including โthe sensitivity of the data, the purposes for which the data was originally collected, the means by which the information was acquired, further additional restrictions as agreed to between NCTC and the data provider, the terms of any applicable international agreement regarding the data, the potential harm or embarrassment to a [U.S. person] that might result from improper use or disclosure of the data, and other relevant considerations.โ The document was released by the NCTC on May 12, 2014 and is based upon the 2012 NCTC Attorney General Guidelines formally known as the โGuidelines for Access, Retention, Use, and Dissemination by the National Counterterrorism Center and Other Agencies of Information in Datasets Containing Non-Terrorism Information.โ
Enhanced Safeguards Decision Matrix
6 pages
The DNI, D/NCTC and the Attorney General approved revised Attorney General Guidelines for NCTCโs handling of US Person (USP) information in March 2012. These revised NCTC Attorney General Guidelines (โNCTCโs AGGsโ) govern NCTCโs access, retention, use, and dissemination of datasets identified as including non-terrorism information and information pertaining exclusively to domestic terrorism, and provide NCTC with the authority to retain USP information for up to five years (unless a shorter period is required by law, executive order, regulation, international agreement, etc.). During this temporary retention and assessment period, additional safeguards and protections are applied to this data, to include baseline (and potentially enhanced) safeguards, as well as additional compliance, auditing, reporting and oversight mechanisms.
Baseline Safeguards
Pursuant to the 2012 NCTC Attorney General Guidelines, once NCTC secures a new dataset or renegotiates an existing agreement to allow retention of a dataset for a longer period of time, NCTC will, per ยงIII.C.3.d, apply the following Baseline Safeguards to the data: d) Baseline Safeguards. Procedures and Oversight Mechanisms. During the temporary retention period, the following baseline safeguards, procedures, and oversight mechanisms shall apply to all datasets acquired pursuant to Track 3 that have been determined to contain United States person information:
(1) These datasets will be maintained in a secure, restricted-access repository.
(2) Access to these datasets will be limited to those NCTC personnel who are acting under, and agree to abide by, NCTCโs information sharing and use rules, including these Guidelines; who have the requisite security clearance and a need-to-know in the course of their official duties; and who have received the training required by section III.B.3.
(3) Access to these datasets will be monitored, recorded, and audited. This includes tracking of logons and logoffs, file and object manipulation and changes, and queries executed, in accordance with audit and monitoring standards applicable to the Intelligence Community. Audit records will be protected against unauthorized access, modifications, and deletion, and will be retained for a sufficient period to enable verification of compliance with rules applicable to the data for which audit records apply.
(4) NCTCโs queries or other activities to assess information contained in datasets acquired pursuant to Track 3 shall be designed solely to identify information that is reasonably believed to constitute terrorism information. NCTC shall query the data in a way designed to minimize the review of information concerning United States persons that does not constitute terrorism information. To identify information reasonably believed to constitute terrorism information contained in Track 3 data, NCTC may conduct (i) queries that do not consist of, or do not consist exclusively of, terrorism data points, and (ii) pattern-based queries and analyses. To the extent that these activities constitute โdata miningโ as that term is defined in the Federal Agency Data Mining Reporting Act of 2007, the DNI shall report these activities as required by that Act.
(5) NCTC will conduct compliance reviews as described below in section VI.
Enhanced Safeguards Assessment
Pursuant to Section III.C.3(e) of NCTCโs AGGs, the Director of NCTC, in consultation with the ODNI Office of General Counsel (OGC) and ODNI Civil Liberties Protection Office (CLPO), is required to make a written determination for each dataset as to โwhether enhanced safeguards, procedures, and oversight mechanisms are needed.โ
The Enhanced Safeguards Decision Matrix, reflected below, is designed to aid NCTC in making recommendations to the Director as to whether or not enhanced safeguards may be appropriate for an individual dataset. Each dataset reviewed in this matrix is assessed based upon the fields contained within, and recommendations are tailored to take into account the unique characteristics and needs of each individual dataset. At the same time, one of the underlying goals of this matrix is to facilitate โ to the maximum extent possible โ consistent treatment of similar datasets with similar sensitivities, and to provide a holistic view of all of the data that NCTC is considering bringing in for Track 3 access under NCTCโs revised AGGs.
When deciding if enhanced safeguards are necessary for a given dataset, NCTC is directed to consider a number of factors, including: the sensitivity of the data, the purposes for which the data was originally collected, the means by which the information was acquired, further additional restrictions as agreed to between NCTC and the data provider, the terms of any applicable international agreement regarding the data, the potential harm or embarrassment to a USP that might result from improper use or disclosure of the data, and other relevant considerations. Such considerations are reflected on the horizontal axis in the below Enhanced Safeguards Decision Matrix and are labeled as Columns A โ H.
The enhanced safeguards that may be appropriate for a given dataset are reflected on the vertical axis of the Enhanced Safeguards Decision Matrix and are numbered as enhanced safeguards 1 through 10. As depicted, such enhanced safeguards may, for example, require a more restricted user group, special training before data access may be granted, and more frequent reviews to consider whether there is a continued need to retain the dataset given the civil liberties and privacy concerns related to data retention. Enhanced Safeguard 10 is listed as โotherโ and allows for the crafting of individualized enhanced safeguard deemed necessary and appropriate for addressing the unique sensitivities that may exist in a given dataset.
For purposes of reading this matrix, Y (Yes) and N (No) is used to indicate which specific safeguards are deemed most appropriate to address which particular sensitivities. Likewise, the term โTBDโ is incorporated to allow for the crafting of individualized protections customized to the unique sensitivities presented by an individual dataset, and/or customized based upon specific request of the data provider.
For example, if the purpose for which the data was originally collected is โsignificantly differentโ from the purpose for which it is now to be used (i.e., national security purposes) โ i.e., Column A โ then the recommended Enhanced Safeguard protection to address this sensitivity is more frequent reviews of the continued need to retain the dataset, given the civil liberties and privacy concerns related to NCTCโs access to the dataset (indicated by a โYโ in box number 6, and โNโs/TBD in the other box numbers under column A).
In reading this matrix, however, the important point to keep in mind is that there are no minimum or maximum number of safeguards that are required to be chosen for a given dataset, as this matrix is meant to be one tool in NCTCโs overall, particularized review of each dataset; in other words, the fact that a given safeguard has an โNโ listed under a given column, should not be deemed to foreclose the possibility that that safeguard might be warranted in order to address a sensitivity relating to a particular dataset. Likewise, it is possible for a single safeguard to be selected for more than one data sensitivity (as identified on the top axis of the matrix); in other words, just because additional spot checks on dissemination are applied for column A, this would not foreclose their application/use under other columns as well.
Of course, it is understood that the information set forth below is merely a synopsis of all of the relevant and available information on a given dataset, summarized for ease of reference. The below matrix is not intended to be an exhaustive/all-inclusive list of all variables considered, as this matrix is not meant to substitute for individualized discussion and consideration during the in-person Data Acquisition User Group (DAUG) meeting, at which the below summaries will be reviewed.
Comments Specific to Columns A, B and F in the Below Matrix
Column A; Comment 1: Purpose significantly differs from that for which the data was originally collected
In assessing whether NCTCโs purpose for accessing data under Track 3 differs significantly from that for which it was originally collected, we have consulted available materials relating to disclosures made to individuals at the time the information was collected, including the Routine Uses disclosure contained within applicable System of Records Notices (SORNs), and Privacy Impact Assessments (PIAs) for each of the underlying datasets. To the extent that at least one purpose for the original collection of the data related to counterterrorism (CT) or national security, NCTC will assess such purpose to be consistent with NCTCโs purpose for accessing and using the data under Track 3 of the AGGs.
Column B; Comment 2: Sensitivity of the Data
In accordance with OMB Memo M-07-16 (2007), NCTC recognizes that Personally Identifiable Information (PII) includes, but is not limited to, social security numbers, passport numbers, dates of birth, biometrics and other information that โalone, or when combined with other personal or identifying information which is linked or linkable to a specific individual,โ can be used to identify an individual, and that this data is to be accorded appropriate protection in terms of use, handling and disclosure. To ensure that this PII is appropriately handled, NCTC requires all employees to complete annual Privacy Act/PII training, as well as to comply with NCTC policies specifically related to the handling of PII. In addition to this PII-specific training, the AGGโs accord additional protections to all Track 3 ingested datasets โ including the PII contained within โ through the implementation of baseline safeguards, which include access controls, query restrictions, regular audit and compliance checks, etc. Accordingly, for purposes of determining whether enhanced safeguards are appropriate for a given dataset, the presence of PII is not โ in itself โ assessed to require safeguards beyond the extensive baseline safeguards already implemented for all datasets. Rather, in assessing the need for enhanced safeguards, NCTC will consider whether the dataset has unique types of especially sensitive PII that warrant additional protection over and above the baseline safeguards and the standard protections employed by NCTC for all PII.
Column F; Comment 3: NCTC assigned relative risk value related to potential for embarrassment or harm to a USP from improper use/disclosure of the data
In assessing a dataset for its potential to cause harm or embarrassment to a US Person should improper use or disclosure occur, NCTC recognizes that such a risk is inherent in any system and any dataset, regardless of how remote. In recognition of this fact, NCTC has assigned a relative risk value to this category, ranking risk on a scale of Low/Moderate/High. If a dataset under this category of consideration is deemed to pose a low (or remote) risk of embarrassment or harm from improper use/disclosure, the recommendation is that no enhanced safeguards under this category be imposed for that dataset. Conversely, should a dataset be deemed to pose a high risk of embarrassment or harm from improper use/disclosure, the recommendation will be for enhanced safeguards to be imposed on that dataset in the hopes of mitigating such risk. Should a dataset fall into the moderate risk category, for example, an asylee already in the U.S., NCTC will attempt to gather additional facts about such risk, to include experiential data from the data provider, in assessing whether or not enhanced safeguards are warranted for that dataset.
Column H; Comment 4: Type of Query
Column H is designed to ensure that due consideration is given when a dataset is to be queried in a way that gives rise to unique civil liberty and privacy sensitivities. For example, although NCTC does not currently (as of October 2013) engage in pattern based data mining (as defined in the Federal Agency Data Mining Reporting Act of 2007), NCTCโs 2012 Attorney General Guidelines do authorize such activity. Given that data mining implicates a number of unique civil liberty and privacy concerns, including potential high false positive rates, Column H ensures that these concerns are considered and addressed by NCTC when determining if Enhanced Safeguards are appropriate.
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MONSTER: A PORTRAIT OF STALIN IN BLOOD
1992.
This six part series, produced by Alexandre Ivankin at Contact Studio, Moscow, uses never before released films from the Russian archives and personal interviews to tell the true story of the annihilation of approximately 40 million Russians by Stalin.
Episode 2: Stalin’s Secret Police: Stalin’s rise to power is attributed largely to his control of the vast secret police complex, known first as the Cheka and later the NKVD, which became the KGB. At Stalin’s direction the secret police becomes the bludgeon with which Stalin enforces his political and personal will, liquidating party rivals, purging the Red Army, and creating the Gulag, massive system of slave labor and liquidation camps.
Stalin was born Joseph Dzhugashvili in the Georgian town of Gori in 1879. He was an early activist in the Bolshevik movement, where he first assumed the pseudonym Stalin (which means “man of steel”). He was named General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1922, a post Stalin used to fortify his power base. When Vladimir Lenin died in 1924, a struggle for control broke out hat pitted Stalin against his nemesis, Leon Trotsky, and a host of lesser party figures. Stalin’s victory was slow and hard-fought, but by 1927 he had succeeded in having Trotsky expelled from the party.
By 1928, Stalin was entrenched as supreme Soviet leader, and he wasted little time in launching a series of national campaigns (the so-called Five-Year Plans) aimed at “collectivizing” the peasantry and turning the USSR into a powerful industrial state. Both campaigns featured murder on a massive scale.
The millions of deaths in Stalin’s “Gulag Archipelago” (the network of labour camps [gulags] scattered across the length and breath of Russia) were a consequence of Stalin’s drive for total control, and his pressing need for convict labour to fuel rapid industrialization.
For Stalin, dissident viewpoints represented an unacceptable threat. This was the origin of the “cult of personality” that permeated Soviet politics and culture, depicting Stalin as infallible, almost deity-like. Beginning in 1935, the series of immense internal purges sent millions of party members and ordinary individuals to their deaths, either through summary executions or in the atrocious conditions of the “Gulag Archipelago.” Soviet institutions and sectors like the Communist Party, the Army, the NKVD, and scientists and engineers were decimated by these purges.
The “Old Bolshevik” elite was targeted in three key “show trials” between 1936 and 1938, in which leaders such as Lev Kamenev, Nikolai Bukharin, and Grigori Zinoviev were accused of conspiring with Trotskyite elements to undermine communism in the USSR.
When the “Old Bolsheviks” had been consigned to oblivion, their successors and replacements quickly followed them. The destruction of the officer corps, about 35,000 military officers shot or imprisoned, and, in particular, the execution of the brilliant chief-of-staff Marshal Tukhachevsky, is considered one of the major reasons for the spectacular Nazi successes in the early months of the German invasion in WWII.
The impetus to “cleanse” the social body rapidly spilled beyond these elite boundaries, and the greatest impact of the Purge was felt in the wider society. Relatives of those accused and arrested, including wives and children down to the age of twelve, were themselves often condemned under the “counter-terrorism” legislation.
With the fall of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Soviet scholars like Edvard Radzinsky and Dmitri Volkogonov have published prominent exposรฉs of Stalinist rule, based on newly-opened archives. And the estimates of the death toll arrived at by Robert Conquest and others, long denounced as craven exaggerations, have been shown instead to be, if anything, understated.
See the works of Robert Conquest, and Aleksandr Solhenitsyn
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MONSTER: A PORTRAIT OF STALIN IN BLOOD
1992.
This six part series, produced by Alexandre Ivankin at Contact Studio, Moscow, uses never before released films from the Russian archives and personal interviews to tell the true story of the annihilation of approximately 40 million Russians by Stalin.
Episode 2: Stalin’s Secret Police: Stalin’s rise to power is attributed largely to his control of the vast secret police complex, known first as the Cheka and later the NKVD, which became the KGB. At Stalin’s direction the secret police becomes the bludgeon with which Stalin enforces his political and personal will, liquidating party rivals, purging the Red Army, and creating the Gulag, massive system of slave labor and liquidation camps.
Stalin was born Joseph Dzhugashvili in the Georgian town of Gori in 1879. He was an early activist in the Bolshevik movement, where he first assumed the pseudonym Stalin (which means “man of steel”). He was named General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1922, a post Stalin used to fortify his power base. When Vladimir Lenin died in 1924, a struggle for control broke out hat pitted Stalin against his nemesis, Leon Trotsky, and a host of lesser party figures. Stalin’s victory was slow and hard-fought, but by 1927 he had succeeded in having Trotsky expelled from the party.
By 1928, Stalin was entrenched as supreme Soviet leader, and he wasted little time in launching a series of national campaigns (the so-called Five-Year Plans) aimed at “collectivizing” the peasantry and turning the USSR into a powerful industrial state. Both campaigns featured murder on a massive scale.
The millions of deaths in Stalin’s “Gulag Archipelago” (the network of labour camps [gulags] scattered across the length and breath of Russia) were a consequence of Stalin’s drive for total control, and his pressing need for convict labour to fuel rapid industrialization.
For Stalin, dissident viewpoints represented an unacceptable threat. This was the origin of the “cult of personality” that permeated Soviet politics and culture, depicting Stalin as infallible, almost deity-like. Beginning in 1935, the series of immense internal purges sent millions of party members and ordinary individuals to their deaths, either through summary executions or in the atrocious conditions of the “Gulag Archipelago.” Soviet institutions and sectors like the Communist Party, the Army, the NKVD, and scientists and engineers were decimated by these purges.
The “Old Bolshevik” elite was targeted in three key “show trials” between 1936 and 1938, in which leaders such as Lev Kamenev, Nikolai Bukharin, and Grigori Zinoviev were accused of conspiring with Trotskyite elements to undermine communism in the USSR.
When the “Old Bolsheviks” had been consigned to oblivion, their successors and replacements quickly followed them. The destruction of the officer corps, about 35,000 military officers shot or imprisoned, and, in particular, the execution of the brilliant chief-of-staff Marshal Tukhachevsky, is considered one of the major reasons for the spectacular Nazi successes in the early months of the German invasion in WWII.
The impetus to “cleanse” the social body rapidly spilled beyond these elite boundaries, and the greatest impact of the Purge was felt in the wider society. Relatives of those accused and arrested, including wives and children down to the age of twelve, were themselves often condemned under the “counter-terrorism” legislation.
With the fall of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Soviet scholars like Edvard Radzinsky and Dmitri Volkogonov have published prominent exposรฉs of Stalinist rule, based on newly-opened archives. And the estimates of the death toll arrived at by Robert Conquest and others, long denounced as craven exaggerations, have been shown instead to be, if anything, understated.
See the works of Robert Conquest, and Aleksandr Solhenitsyn
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Die STASI-Liste umfasst 93.000 Agenten, Hinzu kommen weitere inoffizirlle Mitarbeiter (IM), auf die Putins alte Firma”, KGB, im Krisenfall zugreifen kann. Sie alle haben eine Terror-Ausbildung und Erfahrung. Zudem haben KGB und FSB Tausende weiterer eigener Schlรคfer und Genossen – im Militรคr, der Justiz und der Wirtschaft – auch in der Politik, Gazprom, Gysi und Genossen…
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As a North Korean (in exile), the recent developments in North Korea that have been communicated by colleagues in the country lead to a conclusion that is shocking for me beyond words can describe. What we all took to be an immutable fact of life in North Korea no longer holds: our country is no longer ruled by a Kim.
The DPRK may tirelessly trumpet its system of โabsolute guidanceโ centred on Kim Jong-un; but I have seen much that suggests otherwise, and have now had it articulated by colleagues in Pyongyang โ and nothing could have astonished me more than to hear them put it in their own words โ that โKim Jong-un is a puppet who is being controlled by the eliteโ.
โThis North Korea of today is not the North Korea you used to live inโ. On the first occasion I heard those words spoken by a North Korean from inside North Korea, a shiver ran through my body. Colleagues in Pyongyang describe a North Korean state that is being run by several invisible hands.
To put it more specifically, an inner circle of elite, with its focal point in the Organization and Guidance Department (OGD), has now cemented itself as the collective leadership of North Korea. In effect, they have anointed Kim Jong-un as the nominal leader, while they themselves rule from behind in Kim Jong-unโs name.
Kim Jong-un may have wished to rely on Jang Song-thaek for his rule, alongside those others designated by Kim Jong-il as eternally loyal to his legacy. Nevertheless, the OGD was able to isolate and purge Jang Song-thaek; and ultimately, to swiftly execute the ruling Kimโs own uncle.
This inner elite has at its core OGD first deputy directors Kim Kyong-ok, Cho Yon-jun, Hwang Pyong-so, and Ministry of State Security (MSS) director Kim Won-hong. From there outwards, as according to OGD tradition, those who have trusted and close relationships to the centre are entrusted with power throughout different sectors and branches.
It is worth noting that figures such as Choe Ryong-hae and O Geuk-ryol โ whose prestige has long been paramount due to their intimate and entangled personal histories with Kim Jong-ilโs rise to power โ have not been included in this group.
These two men, who held the rare distinction of forming a part of Kim Jong-ilโs inner circle in spite of their close associations with Kim Il-sungโs heritage of anti-Japanese resistance, have been excluded from the power consolidation of the OGD in the Kim Jong-un era.
Similarly, the DPRK may be placing great emphasis on the motif of the โPaekdu bloodlineโ in an attempt to symbolise the hereditary legitimacy of Kim Jong-un without drawing too much attention to the motif of the โanti-Japanese bloodlineโ.
The overall picture is that in the wake of Jang Song-thaekโs purge, the configuration of power in North Korea โ which had been in a state of factional fragmentation โ is being systemically overhauled with the OGD as pivot.
Ri Yong-nam, who is the son of deceased OGD first deputy director Ri Jae-gang and served as the party secretary of the North Korean embassy in Moscow, has been recalled to Pyongyang. It is thought that he will follow in the family line and take on significant responsibilities in the OGD.
Pak Tae-song and Ri Jong-chan, who were very close to OGD first deputy director Kim Kyong-ok in the days of Ri Jae-gangโs leadership of the OGD, may join Ri Yong-nam in similar roles.
Pushed to the periphery of power by Jang Song-thaek, Pak Tae-song and Ri Jong-chan had served in sectors related to economic policy. But with Jang Song-thaek gone, the two men have gained much standing.
The family line of Ri Yong-chol, who served as OGD first deputy director for military affairs, has also been elevated with the purge of Jang Song-thaek. Ri Yong-cholโs son is dead, but his daughter Ri Yong-ran has resigned from her role at a foreign trade company and is preparing for a Party leadership role.
Relatives of Cho Yon-jun and Hwang Pyong-so have found themselves in similarly advantageous positions. The children of OGD leadership families and of those closest to them are likely to receive relevant appointments at the next session of the Supreme Peopleโs Assembly.
It is due to the significant clout of this collective inner elite that cadres are not behaving with due conformity in Kim Jong-unโs presence. Not only is state television showing Kim Jong-un in situations that are not perfectly composed, the elite are actually said to be taking pride at this erosion of the centrality of the ruling Kimโs authority.
Kim Jong-unโs revealing of personal information related to the Kim family to Rodman on his first visit to the country was allegedly used as an excuse to delay Rodmanโs next visit, and to limit Kim Jong-unโs subsequent interactions with Rodman; โsuggestionsโ to Kim Jong-un made by the OGD are much more than that, with even propaganda relating to the โabsolute guidanceโ of Kim Jong-un serving a rule-by-terror led by the OGD.
The atmosphere is such that of the many Party Committees nationwide, not many would dare take initiative on a project without first obtaining explicit authorization from an OGD โguidanceโ branch. First party secretaries, who represent the Party at institutional levels but must still receive โguidanceโ from an organizational secretary at the lowest Party cell level to which they belong, are said to be under heightened mutual surveillance.
Alongside this development, the Ministry of State Security has seen its influence rise to the extent that it can order an arrest for the smallest mistakes on the ironic charge of โKim Jong-unโs absolute guidance having been infringedโ.
Moreover, cadres are now offering bows to a right-angle โ previously reserved exclusively for Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il โ to those holding the rank of supervisor or above in the OGD. This is a development of utmost significance: anyone receiving such a bow during Kim Jong-ilโs rule would have been reported and purged immediately for the corruption of โindividualismโ; and this development has not gone unnoticed by those in Pyongyang.
The OGD is putting constant emphasis on the โside-branchโ notion in propaganda alongside the message of the โabsolute guidanceโ of Kim Jong-un. And the argument is that โside-branchโ Jang Song-thaek committed an anti-Party and anti-revolutionary crime because he was not pruned, and thus able to take advantage of Kim Jong-ilโs magnanimity.
But with many in North Korea still unaware that Kim Jong-un has an older brother, the question is frequently heard regarding who this side-branch might be, with Jang Song-thaek already dead. Within the OGD, the โside-branchโ designation has as its internal referents Kim Jong-chol and Ri Sol-ju, with the PAD prohibited from promoting Ri Sol-ju as the โmother of Chosunโ.
The following is a summary of what North Koreaโs senior cadres are saying discreetly among themselves with regard to Jang Song-thaekโs execution:
[Right up to the enlarged Politburo meeting that criticised Jang Song-thaek, focused criticisms of Jang Song-thaek were conducted in the manner of ideological debates, and dealt only with ‘proofs of Jang Song-thaek’s deviation from absolute guidance and of his factional acts’; but in the Politburo verdict released in Rodong Sinmun on the following day, the charge of an โanti-Party and anti-revolutionary actโ was added; the MSS instigated severe interrogations based on this ‘evidence’, in which Jang Song-thaek apparently confessed of his plot to assassinate Kim Jong-un; Jang Song-thaek pleaded to meet with Kim Jong-un in person in order to conduct self-criticism, but Kim Jong-un ordered for Jang Song-thaek to be sent to a political prison camp on seeing the video of Jang’s statement; at which point cadres unanimously invoked for the ‘Supreme Leaderโs absolute guidance’ to be upheld and Jang Song-thaek was swiftly executed.]
At the moment, all policy proposals by Party, military or government institutions are being routed through the OGD just as in the past. But whereas previously it was the proposal alone that was sent through the OGD, now the author of the proposal is required to visit the OGD building in person and make an argument for their case. Central Party Headquarters No.1, where the OGD is headquartered, is seeing a constant stream of cadres competing with one another for an audience with the OGD leadership.
Jang Jin-sung
I’m curious about your opinion about what really happened on 9/11. I was reading one of your FOIA posts and was curious about your opinion. Please don’t waste too much time on this. I’m working an 80-hour per week job and am married. So, I don’t have as much time as I would like to research. A simple copy-and-paste job will do with a few different links.
Thank you for your time and for all the documents you post,
9/11 is a much larger issue than WTC which I am still brooding about. There is still a lot of information which the USG has not released, and until that is done it will be difficult to do more than speculate.
It is a great shame, likely criminal, that the USG refuses to release all material it has, for that perpetuates suspicion of a cover-up of those at fault and sets yet another precedent for using official secrecy to avoid accountability.
A somewhat lesser but related shame is that there has been no person or persons in the USG held accountable or punished for 9/11, leaving the false impression nothing could have been done to prevent it.
Our view is that public pressure should be continued, and increased, for full release of the USG material, both classified and unclassified. Withholding this material will undermine trust in government, and worse, leave government free to avoid responsibility to the public for war and peace. So long as that fundamental responsibility to the public is avoided we think continuous war is inevitable for unnecessary loss of life and limb and unforgiveable waste of national resources.
Behind the avoidance of public responsibility is the ever increasing use of unjustified secretkeeping, prolongation of exaggerated threats to national security, and as Ike warned the perpetuation of the lucrative military-industry-media complex hidden by official secrecy. It is this secrecy which breeds suspicion of the USA at home and overseas and will almost surely lead to more 9/11s.
NSA excess is directly attributable to 9/11 secrecy about lack of government accountability.
(U//FOUO) In January 2013, insurgents in India placed improvised explosive devices (IEDs) in the bodies of two police officers who were killed during an ambush; these devices probably were designed to target first responders, medical personnel, and medical facilities.
(U) One of the IEDs detonated on-site, killing four civilians who were involved in recovery operations and the other IED was discovered by physicians during post-mortem inspection. The IED triggering mechanism in the second body contained both a pressure-sensitive switch and light-activated switch designed to initiate the IED when it was exposed to direct light.
(U//FOUO) Indian medical personnel were able to avoid detonation of the device when they noticed and acted on suspicious indicators. First responders encountering human remains may want to consider the following indicators, which could indicate the presence of an IED:
โ (U) Unusual or freshโpossibly still bleeding or seepingโincisions accompanied by crude stitching.
โ (U) Signs of post-mortem incisions or stitching.
โ (U) The presence of IED related materials or hoax/actual devices in conjunction with an intact set of human remains.
โ (U) A corpse placed in a manner/location requiring responders to immediately remove them from the encountered position/location.
โ (U) Abnormal bloating or swelling of the body.
โ (U) Foreign objects protruding from the body.
(U//FOUO) Although this concealment method has not been encountered in the Homeland and we have no indication at this time that violent extremists here are considering its use, we note the incident received broad English-language media coverage overseas, which could prompt technically-competent violent extremists to consider adopting the tactic.
Office of Intelligence and Analysis (I&A), Homeland Counterterrorism Division, Homegrown Violent Extremism Branch
(U//FOUO) This Note analyzes the recent use of arson by anarchist extremists targeting urban development sites they describe as negatively impacting lower income residents through โgentrification.โ This information is provided to enable federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial law enforcement; first responders; and private sector security officials to identify, preempt, prevent, or respond to intentional acts targeting urban development sites by anarchist extremist campaigns.
(U//FOUO) We assess the use of arson by anarchist extremists to specifically attack urban development sites they perceive as โgentrificationโ is an escalation of tactics against this target set and a departure from more traditional targets of violenceโsymbols of globalization, political and economic summits, corporations, military recruiting offices, and law enforcement. I&A judges that anarchist extremists are likely to replicate this tactic due to their history of sharing tactics, repeating targets, and the relative success of prior attacks. We have moderate confidence in this judgment because the incident information and historical patterns of criminal activity are credibly sourced and plausible even though the number of new cases is limited.
ยป (U//FOUO) Although environmental rights extremistsโwith whom anarchist extremists often are associated and express solidarityโhistorically employed arson at development sites in suburban or rural environments, anarchist extremists in North America rarely have targeted urban development they perceive as โgentrificationโ with arson. The reasons for this apparent escalation to violence against this target set remain unknown.
(U//FOUO) Individuals or groups claiming to be perpetrators of two recentโbut thus far unconnectedโโattacks in Vancouver, Canada and Seattle, Washington, and a 2011 attack in Grand Rapids, Michigan, cited anarchist extremist beliefs as the basis for their attacks on urban development projects. None of the arsons resulted in injuries; however, the Vancouver fire damaged adjacent homes, highlighting the potential for the tactic to cause unintended death or serious injury.
ยป (U//FOUO) Individuals calling themselves the โAnti-Gentrification Frontโ (AGF) in May 2013 claimed credit for setting fire to a construction site for new duplexes in Vancouver. The claim, posted to an anarchist web forum, stated that the attack was motivated by โrising rent costs and gentrificationโ in Vancouver. No arrests have been made.
ยป (U//FOUO) Suspected anarchist extremists in February 2013 set fire to a condominium development under construction in Seattle. An anonymous post on an anarchist website took credit for the attack and claimed that they were protesting โgentrificationโ developments in the city and expressed solidarity with imprisoned anarchists. No arrests have been made.
ยป (U//FOUO) Individuals set fire to an unfinished condominium in February 2011 in Grand Rapids. A letter claiming responsibility three days later cited โantigentrificationโ as motivation and threatened additional actions, including robbery, assault, and kidnapping.
(U//FOUO) Each of the three arsons was preceded by lower level criminal activity or mischief involving anarchist or โanti-gentrificationโ statements, suggesting a deliberate shift by perpetrators toward more violent activities to oppose local urban development efforts. While we remain concerned that the process of escalation from minor criminal acts to more violent activities like arsons could be repeated, it also represents a potential opportunity to interdict or prevent further arsons.
ยป (U//FOUO) Before the Vancouver arson, the AGF claimed responsibility in online communications for a number of low-level criminal actions, including smashing the windows of a โyuppieโ restaurant and Vancouver city trucks; AGF claimed the targets of their attacks supported a specific community plan promoting โgentrification.โ These crimes remain unsolved.
ยป (U//FOUO) According to local media reporting, graffiti critical of development efforts, such as โGentrification Kills (sic),โ appeared in several areas of Seattle during the two years prior to the arson; however, no claims of responsibility for the graffiti or connection to the arson have been made.
ยป (U//FOUO) The same neighborhood of Grand Rapids that was later targeted by arson first experienced vandalism, including smashed windows and graffiti critical of โgentrificationโ and anarchist symbols. These low-level crimes occurred on the 25th day of each of the two months preceding the arson, suggesting some connection. No arrests have been made.
(U//FOUO) I&A is actively seeking additional reporting from law enforcement about incidents of anarchist extremists targeting sites they associate with โgentrification.โ We have no specific indications of ongoing plotting against targets related to urban development but remain concerned about the potential for further attacks of this nature.
ยป (U//FOUO) Claims of responsibility have gained publicity among the anarchist extremist community, which could inspire copycat attacks. Law enforcement and first responders should be vigilant for signs of possible preparation for arson, as well as for lesser criminal activity and vandalism by anarchist extremists, which may be indicative of follow-on violent activities.
Phil Bronstein’s story about the Navy SEAL who killed Osama bin Laden appears in the March issue of Esquire. The story was produced in cooperation with the Center for Investigative Reporting. In this video, Bronstein, CIR’s executive chairman, talks about how he got to know the Shooter.
The following is the eleventh issue of โInspireโ magazine reportedly produced by Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsulaโs media organization Al-Malahem. There are ten previous issues of Inspire magazine, all of which have been published by this site, and we have continually expressed our desire for readers to scrutinize the authenticity of the material provided in this publication. We have removed password protection from the PDF to enable easier analysis, but have left the fileโs original metadata intact. As with all ten previous issues of the magazine we must emphasize that this material is provided, as always, for educational and informational purposes.
The following images were originally published on the website ะะฐะฒะบะฐะทัะบะฐั ะฟะพะปะธัะธะบะฐ Kavkazskaya Politika (Politics of the Caucasus) after being displayed at a press conference held in Moscow by Ibragim Todashevโs father Abdul-Baki Todashev on May 30, 2013. Ibragim Todashev was shot seven times in his Orlando, Florida apartment on May 22, 2013 following eight hours of questioning by an FBI Special Agent from the Boston Field Office and at least one Massachusetts State Police trooper. Law enforcement sources have provided media outlets with several different versions of the events leading up to Todashevโs death. First, sources described Todashev being shot after he reportedly attacked the FBI agent with a knife. In later accounts, Todashev was described as being unarmed. In the most recent version of events Todashev reportedly overturned a table, knocking the FBI agent to the ground, before lunging at the agent with a pole or broomstick.
Number 5 (man in blue with shorts, not jeans) is goaltender Matt Reis of the New England Revolution (Major League Soccer), who’s wife was running in the Boston Marathon:
Matt had moved just before the explosion to get a better view of his wife crossing the finish line. The man he returns to the scene to help is his father-in-law John Odom, pictured in this Daily Mirror article:
Reis used his belt to tie a tourniquet around Odom’s leg in a move that likely saved his life, this can be seen in photos “4:10:26” through “4:11:13”. Odom, who suffered severe damage to his legs and lost a large amount of blood, has since been through six surgeries in an attempt to stabilize him:
2013-0395.pdf Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Complaint via Boaz Guttman April 22, 2013 (2.0MB)
2013-0388.htm First Seconds After Boston Bomb Blast 1 April 21, 2013
2013-0380.pdf Tamerlan Tsarnaev April 19, 2013
2013-0379.htm Djohar Tsarnaev April 19, 2013
2013-0371.htm Boston Bomb Blasts 2 April 16, 2013
2013-0370.htm Boston Bomb Blasts April 16, 2013
Bystanders who aided victims of the Boston Marathon bomb blasts have not been individually recognized. Those who aided in the first four minutes deserve admiration for quick action which likely saved lives. Some are shown below.
For close-up photos of the scene with other bystanders giving aid:
(U//FOUO) This Joint Intelligence Bulletin provides information on the devices used in the 15 April 2013 Boston Marathon explosions. The information is intended to provide aid in identifying devices and to support the activities of DHS and FBI and to assist federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government counterterrorism and first responder officials and the private sector to deter, prevent, preempt, or respond to terrorist attacks in the United States.
(U//FOUO) Incident Details
(U) On 15 April 2013, at approximately 2:50 p.m., two explosions occurred in quick succession near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing at least three people and causing numerous injuries. Preliminary findings reveal the two devices were located less than a block apart, and functioned within approximately 10-15 seconds of each other. Both devices were concealed in backpacks and placed where spectators were gathered.
(U) Preliminary Device Details
(U//FOUO) Based on preliminary examination of photographs and on-scene reports, one improvised explosive device (IED) consisted of a pressure cooker concealed in a backpack with an as of yet determined main charge (possibly a low explosive) and improvised fragmentation, possibly including nails, BBs, and ball bearings. The other device was also housed in a metal container, but currently there is insufficient evidence to determine if it was also a pressure cooker. The fuzing system and method of initiation for the two devices are unknown at this time.
(U//FOUO) Further post-blast analysis and chemical analysis is necessary to confirm the presence of these components and the identity of the main charge explosive. Collection of evidence is ongoing and forensic and technical analysis will be forthcoming.
(U) Ongoing Concerns with Terrorism in the Homeland
(U//FOUO) The activities in Boston highlight the use of IEDs to target large gatherings, such as special events, in order to inflict mass casualties. Pressure cooker bombs are extremely common in Southwest Asia and have been used in a number of high profile bombings in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. They have also been referenced in extremist publications such as Inspire and the The Anarchist Cookbook. Examples of previously attempted or plotted IED attacks using pressure cookers include:
โ (U//FOUO) One of three devices used in the 1 May 2010 attack in Times Square incorporated a pressure cooker containing approximately 120 firecrackers.
โ (U//FOUO) On 24 May 2012, PFC Naser Jason Abdo was convicted of attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction and, on 10 August 2012, was sentenced to two consecutive sentences of life in prison, plus 60 years. He was in possession of bomb-making components, including two pressure cookers.
VICTIM
United States District Court
District of Massachusetts (Boston)
CRIMINAL DOCKET FOR CASE #: 1:13-mj-02106-MBB-1
Case title: USA v. Tsarnaev
Date Filed: 04/21/2013
Assigned to: Magistrate Judge Marianne B. Bowler
Defendant (1)
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev represented by Miriam Conrad
Federal Public Defender Office
51 Sleeper Street
Fifth Floor
Boston, MA 02210
617-223-8061
Fax: 617-223-8080
Email: miriam_conrad@fd.org
LEAD ATTORNEY
ATTORNEY TO BE NOTICED
Designation: Public Defender or Community Defender Appointment
Timothy G. Watkins
Federal Public Defender Office
District of Massachusetts
51 Sleeper Street
5th Floor
Boston, MA 02210
617-223-8061
Fax: 617-223-8080
Email: timothy_watkins@fd.org
LEAD ATTORNEY
ATTORNEY TO BE NOTICED
Designation: Public Defender or Community Defender Appointment
William W. Fick
Federal Public Defender Office
District of Massachusetts
51 Sleeper Street
5th Floor
Boston, MA 02210
617-223-8061
Fax: 617-223-8080
Email: william_fick@fd.org
LEAD ATTORNEY
ATTORNEY TO BE NOTICED
Designation: Public Defender or Community Defender Appointment
Pending Counts
Disposition
None
Highest Offense Level (Opening)
None
Terminated Counts
Disposition
None
Highest Offense Level (Terminated)
None
Complaints
Disposition
18:2332a(a)…Use of a Weapon of Mass Destruction; 18:844(i)…Malicious Destruction of Property Resulting in Death
Plaintiff
USA represented by Aloke Chakravarty
United States Attorney’s Office MA
Suite 9200
1 Courthouse Way
Boston, MA 02210
617-748-3658
Fax: 617-748-3664
Email: Aloke.Chakravarty@usdoj.gov
LEAD ATTORNEY
ATTORNEY TO BE NOTICED
Designation: Assistant US Attorney
William D. Weinreb
United States Attorney’s Office
John Joseph Moakley Federal Courthouse
1 Courthouse Way
Suite 900
Boston, MA 02210
617-748-3222
Fax: 617-748-3358
Email: william.weinreb@usdoj.gov
LEAD ATTORNEY
ATTORNEY TO BE NOTICED
Designation: Assistant US Attorney
Date Filed # Docket Text
04/21/2013 1 MOTION to Seal Case as to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev by USA. (Alves-Baptista, Antonia) (Entered: 04/22/2013)
04/21/2013 2 Magistrate Judge Marianne B. Bowler: ENDORSED ORDER entered granting 1 Motion to Seal Case as to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev (1) (Alves-Baptista, Antonia) (Entered: 04/22/2013)
04/21/2013 3 SEALED COMPLAINT as to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev (1). (Attachments: # 1 Affidavit of Daniel R. Genck, # 2 JS45)(Alves-Baptista, Antonia) (Entered: 04/22/2013)
04/22/2013 5 ELECTRONIC NOTICE of Case Assignment as to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev; Magistrate Judge Marianne B. Bowler assigned to case. (Abaid, Kimberly) (Entered: 04/22/2013)
04/22/2013 7 ELECTRONIC Clerk’s Notes for proceedings held before Magistrate Judge Marianne B. Bowler:Initial Appearance as to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev held on 4/22/2013 at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Court advises the defendant of his rights and the charges against him. Government states the maximum penalties and moves for detention. Defendant agrees to an order of voluntary detention without prejudice. Defendant declines to answer bail questions and assents to a probable cause hearing on May 30, 2013 at 10:00am. Court is satisfied that the defendant is alert and able to respond to the charges. Defendant is remanded from the custody of the FBI agents present to the U.S. Marshals. (Probable cause hearing set for 5/30/2013 10:00 AM in Courtroom 25 before Magistrate Judge Marianne B. Bowler.) (Attorneys present: Weinreb for the Government. Fick for the defendant.)Court Reporter Name and Contact or digital recording information: James Gibbons (jmsgibbons@yahoo.com). (Garvin, Brendan) (Entered: 04/22/2013)
04/22/2013 Attorney update in case as to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Attorney Conrad, Fick, Watkins added. (Garvin, Brendan) (Entered: 04/22/2013)
04/22/2013 8 MOTION to Unseal Case as to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev by USA. (Garvin, Brendan) (Entered: 04/22/2013)
04/22/2013 9 Magistrate Judge Marianne B. Bowler: ENDORSED ORDER entered granting 8 Motion to Unseal Case as to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev (1) (Garvin, Brendan) (Entered: 04/22/2013)
04/22/2013 10 MOTION to Appoint Counsel as to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. (Conrad, Miriam) (Entered: 04/22/2013)
Defending U.S. territory and the people of the United States is the highest priority of the Department of Defense (DoD), and providing appropriate defense support of civil authorities (DSCA) is one of the Departmentโs primary missions. This Strategy for Homeland Defense and Defense Support of Civil Authorities orients the Department towards an increasingly complex strategic environment. It emphasizes innovative approaches, greater integration, deepening of external partnerships, and increased effectiveness and efficiencies in DoDโs homeland activities. It applies the vital capabilities of the Total Force โ in the Active and Reserve Components โ to make the nation more secure and resilient. Finally, the Strategy guides future decisions on homeland defense and civil support issues consistent with the Defense Strategic Guidance and the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR).
This Strategy identifies two priority missions for the Departmentโs activities in the homeland from 2012 to 2020. DoD works with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and other actors to achieve these missions:
Defend U.S. territory from direct attack by state and non-state actors; and
Provide assistance to domestic civil authorities in the event of natural or manmade disasters, potentially in response to a very significant or catastrophic event.
These priority missions are reinforced, supported, or otherwise enabled through the pursuit of the following objectives:
Counter air and maritime threats at a safe distance;
Prevent terrorist attacks on the homeland through support to law enforcement;
Maintain preparedness for domestic Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear (CBRN) incidents; and
Develop plans and procedures to ensure Defense Support of Civil Authorities during complex catastrophes.
This Strategy also defines a number of other priority lines of effort, or strategic approaches, that are intended to enhance the effectiveness of the Departmentโs homeland defense and civil support efforts. Although these items require a distinct departmental effort, they do so without adding significant resource requirements. These are:
Assure DoDโs ability to conduct critical missions;
Promote Federal-State unity of effort;
Conduct integrated planning with Federal and State authorities; and
Expand North American cooperation to strengthen civil support.
Defending the homeland neither begins nor ends at U.S. borders, and departmental planning is guided by the concept of an active, layered defense โ a global defense that aims to deter and defeat aggression abroad and simultaneously protect the homeland. It is a defense-in-depth that relies on collection, analysis, and sharing of information and intelligence; strategic and regional deterrence; military presence in forward regions; and the ability to rapidly generate and project warfighting capabilities to defend the United States, its Allies, and its interests.
The homeland is a functioning theater of operations, where DoD regularly performs a wide range of defense and civil support activities through U.S. Northern Command (in concert with the North American Aerospace Defense Command, or NORAD), U.S. Pacific Command, and other DoD components. When faced with a crisis in the homeland โ for example, a complex catastrophe as a result of an attack against the Nation or a natural disaster โ DoD must be prepared to respond rapidly to this crisis while sustaining other defense and civil support operations. Within the homeland, arriving late to need is not an option.
The Department acts globally to defend the United States and its interests in all domains โ land, air, maritime, space, and cyberspace โ and similarly must be prepared to defend the homeland and support civil authorities in all domains. This Strategy is nested within a series of mutually supporting defense strategies and national guidance that provide policy and direction for the space and cyberspace domains, including the National Security Space Strategy, the Ballistic Missile Defense Review, and the Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace. Other related and supporting strategies include the DoD Mission Assurance Strategy, Presidential Policy Directive 8 โ National Preparedness, and Homeland Security Presidential Directive 25 โ Arctic Region Policy. Finally, an active, layered defense of the homeland cannot be accomplished unilaterally nor conducted exclusively with military capabilities. The Western Hemisphere Defense Policy, the Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime, the National Strategy for Counterterrorism, the National Strategy for Global Supply Chain Security and other regional and functional strategies articulate a range of defense, diplomatic, law enforcement, and capacity-building activities that the United States pursues with its neighbors to build an integrated, mutually-supportive concept of security.
โฆ
Objective 2.b: Develop plans and procedures to ensure Defense Support of Civil Authorities during complex catastrophes
DoD has historically supported civil authorities in a wide variety of domestic contingencies, often in response to natural disasters. However, the 21st century security environment, the concentration of population in major urban areas, and the interconnected nature of critical infrastructures have all combined to fundamentally alter the scope and scale of โworst caseโ incidents for which DoD might be called upon to provide civil support. This environment creates the potential for complex catastrophes, with effects that would qualitatively and quantitatively exceed those experienced to date. In such events, the demand for DSCA would be unprecedented. Meeting this demand would be especially challenging if a cyber attack or other disruption of the electrical power grid creates cascading failures of critical infrastructure, threatening lives and greatly complicating DoD response operations.
DoD must be prepared to help civilian authorities save and protect lives during a complex catastrophe. An effective response will require investments in preparedness (planning, organizing, equipping, and training), improving concepts of operations, and better linking of established Federal and State capabilities and systems. The following areas represent the Departmentโs priorities for preparedness and response to catastrophic events:
Leveraging immediate response authority;
Geographically proximate force-sourcing; and
Ready access to non-National Guard Reserve forces.
Immediate response authority
DoD will explore methods to leverage โimmediate responseโ authority to provide life-saving and logistical capabilities to a broader geographic area.
There are many large and medium-size DoD installations throughout the United States with significant resident or tenant capabilities that provide immediate life-saving and life-sustaining support to their on-base population. โImmediate responseโ authority allows responsible DoD officials to provide support, when requested by civilian agencies, to local communities and to State and Federal officials in extreme conditions. A key to success in meeting the urgent requirements of a catastrophic incident is time. DoD will therefore explore methods to most effectively leverage immediate response authority to employ capabilities to save lives, mitigate property damage, and prevent human suffering during catastrophic incidents.
Geographically proximate force-sourcing DoD will explore new concepts of operations to leverage the relative proximity of Defense installations to a disaster area to provide life-saving capabilities to local, State, and Federal authorities.
A key consideration for catastrophic events is that response elements have the highest probability to save lives within 72-96 hours after an incident. To address this time constraint, DoD will explore force-sourcing options that include a unitโs proximity to the affected area โ in addition to its readiness level for overseas missions, which is the traditional driver for mission assignments โ as a core consideration for sourcing for disaster response efforts. Additionally, the Department will develop a decision matrix to give senior DoD leaders a mechanism for expedited Defense support during a complex catastrophe, while identifying effects and risks resulting from those ecisions.
Ready access to non-National Guard Reserve forces
DoD will develop rules and modalities to execute its authority for involuntary Reserve mobilization for response to emergencies in the United States, including natural disasters. The Secretary of Defense now has the authority for involuntary mobilization of non-National Guard Reservists for domestic disaster response. The geographic dispersion of Reserve units and their life-saving medical, decontamination, engineering, and other capabilities mandate consideration of Reserve employment for any Total Force response. The Department will develop, refine, and implement policy that facilitates rapid approval for Reserve activation and employment.
I was at my office overlooking the boston marathon which is half a block from the finish line when the explosion went off while watching which was a shock.. I ran to grab my camera hoping to catch any leads but here is what i have. Please share if you feel these might lead to what occurred especially the before shots of that area of the 1st bombing.
My observation is that the explosion was in front of the “candy store” or “marathon palace” in a trashcan or something on the far side of the sidewalk near the fence that exploded. Big blast of fire, and smoke, but it all vanished so fast and not much left to see minus lots of shattered glass.
This is a sad day for such a great event. I was amazed how fast the medics and nearby citizens took action to run into the smoke, rip off their shirts to help the wounded.
Please share, post, link this set if you feel these photos might aid in figuring out this tragic event…. especially in the “Before photos” which show lots of faces and perhaps clues.
(U//FOUO) Expressed or implied threats by an individual or a group communicating intent to commit acts of terrorism or violence or advocating violence against a person, population, or to damage or destroy a facility can be an indicator of pre-operational attack planning. For example, in 2010 a Virginia-based US person pled guilty to communicating threats after he posted a video to the Internet encouraging violent extremists to attack the creators of a television show, including highlighting their residence and urging online readers to โpay them a visit.โ He also admitted to soliciting others to desensitize law enforcement by placing suspicious looking but innocent packages in public places, which could then be followed up by real explosives.
(U//FOUO) The following SAR incident reported to the NSI shared space provides an example of an implied threat that could be indicative of pre-operational activity and attack planning. Although it was not ultimately linked to terrorist activity, it is cited as an example for awareness and training purposes:
โ (U//FOUO) A courthouse building received an envelope, postmarked out of state, in which a smaller envelope marked โwhite powderโ contained an unknown substance. The incident appeared to be related to 17 other similar suspicious letters containing white substance mailed over a period of several weeks to financial institutions, police departments, state and local government offices, and court facilities.
(U) Possible Indicators of Suspicious Expressed or Implied Threats
(U//FOUO) The following are examples of threats that may constitute warning signs of impending acts of violence. Depending on the contextโstate of mind of the individual, personal behaviors, and other indicatorsโexpressed or implied threats should be reported to appropriate authorities.
โ (U//FOUO) Statements by individuals or groups communicated verbally, in writing, or through video recordings stating the intent to commit violence.
โ (U//FOUO) Letters and packages containing suspicious substances accompanied by a note stating that its contents are noxious or intending to communicate threat.
โ (U//FOUO) Specific warnings about impending attacks that provide date, time, or place of the threatened attack.
โ (U//FOUO) Specific stated threats to individuals or facilities to deter an anticipated action or force compliance with a demand.
(U//FOUO) First Amendment-protected activities should not be reported in a SAR or ISE-SAR absent articulable facts and circumstances that support the source agencyโs suspicion that the behavior observed is not innocent, but rather reasonably indicative of criminal activity associated with terrorism, including evidence of pre-operational planning related to terrorism. Race, ethnicity, national origin, or religious affiliation should not be considered as factors that create suspicion (although these factors may be used as specific suspect descriptions).
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