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Throughout history, spies have played a crucial role in wars, politics, and espionage. Some have achieved notoriety for their exceptional skills and daring exploits, becoming legends in their own right. Here are some of the most famous spies in history:
Mata Hari: Born Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, Mata Hari was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who became a spy for Germany during World War I. She was accused of passing on vital information to the Germans and was executed by a French firing squad in 1917.
Nathan Hale: Nathan Hale was an American soldier and spy for the Continental Army during the American Revolution. He was captured by the British and hanged at the age of 21, famously declaring, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”
Sidney Reilly: Sidney Reilly was a Russian-born British spy who operated during the early 20th century. He was known as the “Ace of Spies” for his skill at espionage, and his adventures inspired many fictional spies in books and movies.
Richard Sorge: Richard Sorge was a Soviet spy who operated in Japan during World War II. He was able to penetrate the highest levels of Japanese society and provide valuable intelligence to the Soviet Union. He was eventually caught and executed in 1944.
Kim Philby: Kim Philby was a British intelligence officer who spied for the Soviet Union during the Cold War. He was able to rise through the ranks of British intelligence while passing on valuable information to the Soviets. He defected to the Soviet Union in 1963 and died there in 1988.
Aldrich Ames: Aldrich Ames was a CIA officer who spied for the Soviet Union during the Cold War. He was able to provide the Soviets with a large amount of information, including the identities of CIA agents operating in the Soviet Union. He was eventually caught and sentenced to life in prison.
Klaus Fuchs: Klaus Fuchs was a German physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project, the American effort to develop a nuclear bomb during World War II. He was also a Soviet spy and passed on valuable information to the Soviets. He was eventually caught and sentenced to 14 years in prison.
Harriet Tubman: Harriet Tubman was an American abolitionist who worked as a spy for the Union Army during the Civil War. She provided valuable intelligence to Union commanders and led raids that freed hundreds of enslaved people.
Virginia Hall: Virginia Hall was an American spy who operated in Nazi-occupied France during World War II. She worked for the British Special Operations Executive and the American Office of Strategic Services, providing valuable intelligence and assisting in the organization of resistance networks.
In conclusion, spies have played a significant role in history, and these famous spies are just a few examples of the impact they have had. Whether working for their country or for their own gain, these spies have left a lasting legacy that continues to intrigue and inspire.
During the Second World War, many sides committed atrocities and executions that were unlawful and resulted in huge massacres. Some of the perpetrators of these war crimes were brought to trial after the Second World War had come to an end, however many more criminals never faced justice. During the conflict, History’s deadliest executioner dispatched thousands of prisoners of war in one of the most horrific massacres of World War 2. Vasily Blohkin is remembered today as History’s most prolific and deadliest executioner.
Inside of Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union, Blohkin rose to prominence as the Chief Executioner of the NKVD, and he carried out many of the high profile executions of Stalin’s purges. He was also responsible for the murders of thousands, and for torture but during World War 2 he was placed in charge of administering the Katyn Massacre. He was responsible for the executions of over 22,000 prisoners of war, and its claimed he personally shot around 7,000 of these men in efficient slaughter. He prided himself on how quick he could perform an execution, and during the horrific massacre he executed a Polish officer/prisoner every 3 minutes. The Katyn Massacre was one of the most shocking atrocities of the Second World War, and one of the largest collective murders organised by the Soviet Union. After the war, Blohkin continued to serve under Stalin’s police until the leader of the Soviet Union died. He then was stripped of his ranks, and fell into alcoholism and obscurity. Vasily Blohkin is remembered today for being the deadliest executioner in History.
So join us today as we look at, ‘History’s DEADLIEST Executioner.’
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They might be four of the most powerful politicians and/or military leaders on earth, but they are also citizens of their respective countries and today we take a look at what they do over the traditional Christmas holidays in 1942.
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During the Second World War, many sides committed atrocities and executions that were unlawful and resulted in huge massacres. Some of the perpetrators of these war crimes were brought to trial after the Second World War had come to an end, however many more criminals never faced justice. During the conflict, History’s deadliest executioner dispatched thousands of prisoners of war in one of the most horrific massacres of World War 2. Vasily Blohkin is remembered today as History’s most prolific and deadliest executioner.
Inside of Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union, Blohkin rose to prominence as the Chief Executioner of the NKVD, and he carried out many of the high profile executions of Stalin’s purges. He was also responsible for the murders of thousands, and for torture but during World War 2 he was placed in charge of administering the Katyn Massacre. He was responsible for the executions of over 22,000 prisoners of war, and its claimed he personally shot around 7,000 of these men in efficient slaughter. He prided himself on how quick he could perform an execution, and during the horrific massacre he executed a Polish officer/prisoner every 3 minutes. The Katyn Massacre was one of the most shocking atrocities of the Second World War, and one of the largest collective murders organised by the Soviet Union. After the war, Blohkin continued to serve under Stalin’s police until the leader of the Soviet Union died. He then was stripped of his ranks, and fell into alcoholism and obscurity. Vasily Blohkin is remembered today for being the deadliest executioner in History.
So join us today as we look at, ‘History’s DEADLIEST Executioner.’
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During the Second World War, there were brutal leaders and generals on all sides of the conflict. One of the most brutal men involved in World War 2 was a man referred to by Joseph Stalin as ‘my Himmer,’ a man compared to Heinrich Himmler such was his power, influence and horrific treatment of at many times his own people. Lavrentiy Beria was the Chief of the NKVD who organised many of Stalin’s purges, resulting in the executions of thousands of the Soviet Red Army, politicians and civilians.
Lavrentiy Beria was a beast of a man, he ruled over the NKVD with ruthless efficiency ordering executions, overseeing the gulags and instilling fear into the population. He was a great ally of Stalin, but was a man not to be crossed. Beria was known for murdering people with his own hands, and organising the deaths of his political rivals. He was also a man who was known for picking up women and murdering them on the streets of Moscow. However after the death of Stalin, things began to unravel for Beria. He could have easily been the man who succeeded Stalin as the leader of the Soviet Union, however Nikita Khrushchev orchestrated his downfall and his execution. He was arrested accused of treason and a number of other charges, before he was dragged out of the court and shot by an executioner. Lavrentiy Beria was a brutal man, and was ‘Stalin’s Himmler.’
So join us today as we look at, ‘The BRUTAL Execution Of Lavrentiy Beria – Stalin’s Himmler.
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During the First World War, different countries used spies and espionage to gain the upper hand on their enemies. One of the most famous spies of World War One was Mata Hari, an exotic dancer who made a name for herself in Paris. She became famous across the world for her work, and thousands would flock to see her dance in shows. Mata Hari had a difficult earlier life, but her fame was almost overnight. However as her career came to an end, she was approached by first the French to spy, however ended up becoming a spy for the Germans. She did not pass on quality information to the German Army, and because of this she was then outed as a spy, and the French then arrested her. They placed her on trial accusing her of passing important secrets to the Germans during the war, and they blamed 50,000 soldiers deaths at the fact she passed over intel.
However whether Mata Hari passed information of worth is debatable, and many deem her to infact have been innocent. Regardless she was sentenced to death, and was shortly after the verdict taken to her place of execution. She faced a firing squad made up of French soldiers and officers who were armed with rifles. As they aimed their guns at Mata Hari, she allegedly blew them a kiss before she was shot dead.
So join us today as we look at, ‘The RUTHLESS Execution Of Mata Hari – The Exotic Dancer Shot During WW1.’
One of English History’s most famous stories is that of the Queen who reigned over the country for just 9 days. Today we look at the story of Lady Jane Grey and in particular her downfall and execution which took place inside the Tower of London. Following Edward VI’s death, he changed the succession to include Lady Jane Grey, one of his cousins. Jane was very Protestant, and was related to Henry VII so had royal blood. She was made Queen despite not really wanting to be so because of a further Protestant coup in which many members of court were vying for power and manipulating her.
She married her husband Guildford Dudley and they seemed relatively happy, however their marriage would end in both of their executions. Mary I who was a Catholic and had the most concrete claim to the throne being Henry VIII’s eldest daughter, oppposed Jane and decided to try and become Queen herself. Mary I was told by the Privy Council to support Jane, but quickly her army defeated Janes and Mary (Bloody Mary) was proclaimed Queen. Jane was then imprisoned in the Tower of London where she had been awaiting her coronation, and later her execution was ordered by Mary as rebellions gripped England. Mary regretably had Jane executed on Tower Green, with her head being taken clean off with an axe. Her Husband was also executed an hour before Jane.
Join us as we look at the tragic story of the teenage ‘9 Day Queen’s’ death, in ‘The Tragic Execution of Lady Jane Grey.’
ARCHAEOLOGISTS were stunned to uncover a 9,000-year-old rice beer recipe inside ancient pottery in China, providing an incredible glimpse into ancient life in the region. The experts found alcohol remains inside numerous vessels uncovered in Qiaotou archaeological site, located in Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province. The dregs were found near two human skeletons.
During the Second World War, the German Army and the Nazis conquered large swathes of territory across Europe. In Germany and the newly Nazi-occupied lands, huge networks of concentration camps such as Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen were established. It was inside these horrific camps that the Holocaust occurred with millions suffering from horrific treatment before they were then killed. Ravensbruck Concentration Camp was established as a camp for mostly women and children and it was here where many of the evil female guards associated with the Holocaust trained and worked.
One of these was Ruth Neudeck, a young lady who wished to work at the camp and very quickly she got her hands dirty and developed a reputation for being a sadistic and barbaric SS guard. She was known for her ill-treatment of prisoners and even murdering a number of them in brutal fashion. She also encouraged other guards to treat prisoners in this way, however her bosses were so impressed with her that they promoted her very high. She even at one point over-saw a sub-camp and extermination centre. Neudeck was also known for selections, choosing people to be sent straight to the gas chambers. After the Second World War was lost for Germany, she did try to escape however was captured by the British and placed on trial. She was then sentenced to death, and met her end at the gallows with Albert Pierrepoint in charge of her execution.
So join us today as we look at, ‘The JUSTIFIED Execution Of Ruth Neudeck, The EVIL Beast of Ravensbruck.’
Remember, Remember, the Fifth of November. The story of Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot was one of the most important events in English History, and it’s legacy today has been shown in many films. But what was the story behind the plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament, and also kill King James I? Guy Fawkes was caught on the morning of the 5th November 1605 literally sitting on over 30 barrels on gunpowder, and in his pocket were some matches. He was dressed in riding gear and was most probably preparing to light the gunpowder that day, to blow the King and Queen, Parliament and Government to bits following the State Opening of Parliament.
Following his capture, he would be interrogated heavily, and was even tortured brutally using the Rack. His torture on the Rack would lead to extreme suffering that would even be evident when he signed his confession. Most people assume Guy Fawkes was burned as the Bonfire Night celebrations in Britain show him being burned on a fire. However he was executed by being Hanged, Drawn and Quartered. However before his execution, as he led his way up to the scaffold Fawkes would have the last say.
So join us today as look at the HORRIFIC execution and torture of Guy Fawkes.
Some of the most famous English Kings and Queens are known for their brutality. Possibly the most famous King of England has to be Henry VIII who is mostly remembered for his 6 wives, of which he ordered the executions of two of these inside the Tower of London.
Also Elizabeth I is considered one of the greatest Queens of England, and during her reign its considered a golden age with Shakespeare writing, the Spanish Armada defeated and Mary Queen of Scots out of the equation. Another rather influential King of England was William the Conqueror who defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings.
In 1066 he claimed the Kingdom of England and became the King of England, however he was known for brutality forcing the country to submit to his rule. He ordered Motte and Bailey Castles to be built, and also ordered the creation of the Domesday Book however his most savage act was the Harrying of the North. It’s estimated that 100,000 people died due to his acts in the North burning down villages and planting salt into the fields.
However there is one horrific thing that these three monarchs have in common, and that is the fact they all allegedly exploded after death, and because of this gruesome stories have emerged about them. So join us today as we look at, ‘EXPLODING Kings and Queens Of England!’
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The personalities and spectres of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin loom large in the events of the twentieth Century. They were similar in some respects and yet very different in others.
The first in a series that examines the interaction of the leading protagonists of WW2, this program looks in some depth at the nature of the relationship and interaction of these two ‘warlords’. The use of primary materials and memoirs as sources gives the psycho-historical analysis some substance.
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What happened to the wives and girlfriends of Hitler’s inner circle when the war ended? Find out about Emmy Goering, Gretl Braun, Gerda Bormann, Margarete Himmler and several others.
Dr. Mark Felton is a well-known British historian, the author of 22 non-fiction books, including bestsellers ‘Zero Night’ and ‘Castle of the Eagles’, both currently being developed into movies in Hollywood. In addition to writing, Mark also appears regularly in television documentaries around the world, including on The History Channel, Netflix, National Geographic, Quest, American Heroes Channel and RMC Decouverte.
His books have formed the background to several TV and radio documentaries.
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Our historical documentary series on the history of the Cold War continues with a video on the East German Ministry for State Security, more commonly known as Stasi. This East German version of the KGB was a staple of the Cold War period and was known for its brutal methods.
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Als Aufstand vom 17. Juni 1953 (auch Volksaufstand oder Arbeiteraufstand) wird der Aufstand bezeichnet, bei dem es in den Tagen um den 17. Juni 1953 in der DDR zu einer Welle von Streiks, Demonstrationen und Protesten kam, die mit politischen und wirtschaftlichen Forderungen verbunden waren.
Er wurde von der Sowjetarmee gewaltsam niedergeschlagen. Demonstranten und Zuschauer starben. Dieser erste antistalinistische Aufstand hatte zahlreiche Ursachen, darunter der beschleunigte Aufbau des Sozialismus in der DDR, die damit verbundene Ignoranz der DDR-Führung gegenüber den Bedürfnissen der Arbeiterklasse einschließlich ihres Beschlusses, die Arbeitsnormen zu erhöhen, sowie weitere Fehler der SED.
Der Aufstand des 17. Juni wirkte als politisches Signal auf die Bevölkerung in den Ostblockstaaten. Der 17. Juni war von 1954 bis zur deutschen Wiedervereinigung 1990 als “Tag der deutschen Einheit” der Nationalfeiertag der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; er ist weiterhin Gedenktag.
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(Re: Point 1 of Protocol No. 49)(2) Those Taking Part: Bulganin, Voroshilov, Molotov, Kaganovich, Saburov, Brezhnev, Zhukov, Shepilov, Shvernik, Furtseva, Pospelov
On the Situation in Hungary Information from Cdes. Mikoyan and Serov is read aloud.(3)
Cde. Zhukov provides information about the concentration of mil.-transport aircraft in the Vienna region.(4) Nagy is playing a double game (in Malinin’s opinion). Cde. Konev is to be sent to Budapest.(5)
On Discussions with the Chinese comrades. (6) (Khrushchev)
We should adopt a declaration today on the withdrawal of troops from the countries of people’s democracy (and consider these matters at a session of the Warsaw Pact), taking account of the views of the countries in which our troops are based. The entire CPC CC Politburo supports this position. One document for the Hungarians, and another for the participants of the Warsaw Pact. On Rokossowski—I said to Gomulka that this matter is for you (the Poles) to decide.(7)
Cde. Bulganin—The Chinese cdes. have an incorrect impression of our relations with the countries of people’s democracy. On our appeal to the Hungarians—we should prepare it. A declaration should be prepared.
Cde. Molotov—Today an appeal must be written to the Hungarian people so that they promptly enter into negotiations about the withdrawal of troops. There is the Warsaw Pact. This must be considered with other countries. On the view of the Chinese comrades—they suggest that relations with the countries of the socialist camp be built on the principles of Pancha Shila.(8) Relations along interstate lines are on one basis and interparty relations on another.
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Top Secret
Present: V. M. Molotov, A. A. Zhdanov, G. M. Malenkov, V. S. Semenov (SVAG [Soviet Military Administration in Germany]), and interpreters – G. Ya. Korotkevich and F. Elsner.
PIECK thanked I. V. Stalin for the welcome and also for the aid which the Soviet Military Administration in Germany gives the SED [Socialist Unity Party].
I. V. STALIN asks whether the Military Administration is actually giving aid or if this is a compliment.
PIECK and GROTEWOHL say that they are actually receiving aid.
STALIN, joking, asks again, does this mean that they don’t just oppress you, but also give aid?
PIECK, laughing, confirms [this]. Then he says that he will describe political issues and Grotewohl economic [ones]. In Pieck’s words, the exacerbation of the conflicts between the Allies on the issues of an imperialistic or democratic peace with Germany, the unity or dismemberment of Germany, and its democratic development or colonialization by means of the Marshall Plan are influencing the mood of the German people. These conflicts are not so clear to the broad masses but they are influencing the mood of the masses, especially in Berlin. The Western powers are trying to influence the population and direct it against the USSR, arousing hostility against communism which supposedly wants to crush [poglotit’] the people, take the Germans’ private property away from them, etc.
STALIN laughs.
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Israel remains in a constant state of survival, commissioning super sleuths for military assassinations, kidnappings and counterintelligence. From retribution against ex-Nazis to the establishment of the Mossad, this episode focuses on Israeli intelligence.
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The abused son of a poor, alcoholic Georgian cobbler, Josef Vissarionovich Djughashvili (the future Stalin) was one of the history’s most prolific killers. Stalin eliminated anyone and everyone who was a threat to his power – including (and especially) former allies. He had absolutely no regard for the sanctity of human life.
Stalin was, without a doubt, one of the most ruthless world leaders of the 20th Century, responsible for millions upon millions of deaths. But estimates of the number of deaths he caused vary wildly – from 3 million to 60 million.
Joseph Stalin – Russian revolutionary and Soviet political, state, military and party leader.
Everyone who was against his politics, and against communism could be killed. It didn’t matter if they were a Soviet citizen or from another country. Michael Munn, a film historian and author of “John Wayne — The Man Behind The Myth,” claims that Stalin wanted to the famous Hollywood icon.
Stalin was so angered by John Wayne’s anti-communism that he plotted to have him murdered. He ordered the KGB to assassinate John Wayne because he considered him a threat to the Soviet Union.
When the Russian filmmaker Sergei Gerasimov attended a peace conference in New York in 1949 he heard about John Wayne and his anti-communist beliefs. When he returned to the Soviet Union he immediately told Stalin about John Wayne.
John Wayne in 1952
Stalin loved movies and he was more than a film-buff who’d teach Eisenstein how to make movies. He thought of himself to be a superior movie-producer/director/screenwriter as well as supreme censor; suggesting titles, ideas and stories, working on scripts and song lyrics, lecturing directors, coaching actors, ordering re-shoots and cuts and, finally, approving the movies for release.
Stalin loved Chaplin and films such as In Old Chicago (1937) and It Happened One Night (1934). Westerns with Spencer Tracy and Clark Gable were also some of his favorites.
Joseph Stalin
Although he loved Westerns, he decided that John Wayne was a threat to the cause and should be assassinated.
Assassins were supposedly sent to Los Angeles in order to kill John Wayne. As Michael Munn says in his book, the FBI had discovered there were agents sent to Hollywood to assassinate the actor. They informed John about the plot and he told the FBI to let the men show up and he would deal with them himself.
John didn’t want his family to know about the fact that the KGB was trying to kill him and he moved with his family into a house with a big wall around it.
John Wayne in Rio Bravo, 1959
Mr. Munn says that a group of communists based in Burbank, near Hollywood, plotted to kill John Wayne. They failed to kill him just like the KGB agents that were sent before.
A further attempt to kill Wayne was made in Mexico on the set of the film Hondo led by a local communist cell, according to Mr. Munn.
The Soviet campaign was canceled after Stalin’s death in 1953 because his successor Nikita Khrushchev was a fan of the film star. The book says Krushchev told Wayne in a private meeting in 1958: “That was a decision of Stalin during his last five mad years. When Stalin died, I rescinded that order.”
Stalin depicted in the style of Socialist Realism. Painting by Isaak Brodsky
Apparently, Stalin wasn’t the only communist leader that wanted the head of John Wayne. There was an attempt to kill John Wayne by an enemy sniper while he was visiting the troops in Vietnam in 1966. One of the snipers was captured, and said there was a price on John’s head, put there by Mao Zedong.
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Description:
Report by Vyshinsky to Molotov concerning trade and economic cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States, August 1941
To Comrade V. M. Molotov
I present for your confirmation:
1. The draft resolution of the USSR Council of People’s Commissars [SNK SSSR] on extending the trade agreement currently in effect between the USSR and the U.S.A. to August 6, 1942.
2. The text of notes which will be exchanged this August 4 in Washington between Umanskii and Welles.
The SNK SSSR resolution and notes which will be exchanged this August 4 in Washington are subject for publication.
In addition to this note on extending the agreement, two other notes will he exchanged:
a) on the U.S.A. rendering economic cooperation to us (with subsequent publication);
b) on the inapplicability for us of discretionary conditions concerning our gold and silver (without publi-cation).
The texts of the last two notes are not yet in our possession.
[handwritten: ] I am also enclosing a draft response to Comrade Umanskii.
Source:
Obtained for NKIDP from the P.R.C. Foreign Ministry Archives by Gregg Brazinsky and translated for NKIDP by Mengyin Kung. [Document 204-00064-02 (1)]
Description:
The document features a conversation between the Chinese and Korean delegates during a luncheon covering the topics of DPRK’s industrial and agricultural development, the state of South Korea’s military, the recent Japanese-American Security Treaty, and recent contact between North and South Korea. The conversation continued after the luncheon, additionally covering: electricity, steel, cotton, and sugar production; political organization; military; the 5-year plan; South Korea; US military involvement in socialist states; the Soviet Union; Japan; Taiwan; the Socialist camp; Chinese volunteer troops in Korea; and Vietnam.
Prime Minister Kim Il Sung (right) of Communist North Korea and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai wave to crowds after arriving in Beijing on a state visit.
Time: 1:00 PM, 27 November 1958
Location: Xihua Hall
[Delegates from] China: Deputy Premier Peng Dehuai, Deputy Premier Premier He Long, Deputy Premier Chen Yi, Deputy Minister Zhang Wentian, Ambassador Qiao Xiaoguang.
[Delegates from] Korea: Prime Minister Kim Il-Sung, Deputy Chairman Pak Jeongae, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Nam Il, Minister of National Defense Kim Gwangrae, Minister of Education and Culture Li Yeongho, Ambassador Li Ilgyeong
Interpreter: Jiang LongqiuNote taker: Wang Shikun[North Korean] Prime Minister Kim Il-Sung and the Korean delegation paid [PRC] Premier Zhou Enlai a visit the day they arrived in Beijing. Zhou invited the delegation to a luncheon in Xihua Hall [of the Zhongnanhai]. During the lunch, Premier [Zhou] asked about the development of the industrial and agricultural sectors in Korea. Prime Minister Kim Il-Sung gave a brief introduction on the situation of Korea’s food, steel, and electrical sectors this year.
Deputy Premier Peng Dehuai asked about the production in South Korea and whether there were exports. Prime Minister Kim said that parts of rice in South Korea were exported to Japan. He said that [the fundamental environment] in South Korea was not good and had not recovered after the destruction [of war]. Most of the goods and materials were imported from the United States. People could not even afford to buy some basic commodities in the market.
Deputy Premier Peng asked if there was any production of ammunition in South Korea. General Kim Gwangrae said that recently South Korea was preparing to build some arsenals in Busan which would produce bullets, grenades, etc. [He was not sure] if [the arsenals] were built or not. He said there were 700,000 soldiers in [South Korean President] Rhee Syngman’s standing army, so South Korea spent a big portion of its budget on military.
Premier Zhou mentioned the recently-signed Japanese-American Security Treaty by the Nobusuke Kishi government. He said [the treaty] was to misguide Japanese people. It was meant to follow West Germany, to restore Japan’s militarism, re-militarize Japan. But Japanese people suffered from the war; they were the first ones ever suffered from the damage of atomic bombs. Therefore, Japan’s socialist party and Japanese people disagreed with Kishi’s plan, which was a good thing. Premier [Zhao] asked Prime Minister Kim his opinion on this issue. Kim said that the United States and the Kishi administrations’ plan could never come to fruition. Although they linked everything up now, it would eventually fall apart. It is fundamentally flawed; their way would only cause everything to go in the opposite direction. It would educate Japanese people. Recently, Deputy Premier Chen Yi made a statement regarding Kishi’s plan; Japanese people welcomed and supported [the statement]. Foreign Minister Nam Il said, “We issued an editorial the day after reading Chen Yi’s statement. We welcomed Chen’s statement.”
Deputy Premier Peng asked whether fishermen in the south crossed the “38th parallel” recently. Kim said that in the spring, there were nine ships, around 40 people. “We invited them to visit the north, and helped them catch many fish, filled their ships, and let them go. They had a favorable impression.” Kim said, “Not only that, some journalists from the south liked to listen about construction in the north. Recently we organized a meeting in Panmunjom for journalists from the north and the south. Our journalists gave them some documents. They were very happy and brought those back. Panmunjom thus became a place [for both sides] to meet.” Premier, Deputy Premier Peng, Deputy Premier Chen Yi all praised this arrangement and thought this was good.
[All the delegates] also talked about some other daily life issues. The conversation continued after the luncheon.
Premier [Zhou]: Hocus pocus—this is what our country is trying to destroy—superficial beliefs. We are mobilizing people to do this. We are doing a general survey of radioactive substances in the country. We distributed 2,000 plus detectors around the country, to 20,000 plus communes to let people do it. We will keep secret the location of those places where there is a lot [of the radioactive substances], and publicize those places where there is little. [Developing] industry is not something mysterious; everyone can do it. I have some words to say: let all people develop industry; yet it is not easy. On the one hand, let everyone develop industry, but [at the same time] there need to be larger scale collective efforts. This is how we combine popularity and collectivity together.
Prime Minister Kim: This year, we’ve seen the results of China’s Great Leap Forward that destroyed superficial beliefs, as well as your success in developing handicraft industry and small-scale industry. We now have around 1,000 small-scale enterprises. Because of labor shortages, we cannot do it on a larger scale, but can only do it at county level. [We] mobilized the family members of staff to do more light industry, food industry, and daily life product industry, such as pottery and porcelain as well as cement. It is the same in the countryside. It is beneficial that farmers take advantage of their fallow time to develop steel industry. Farmers are highly motivated.
Premier: That is [true] because this helps increase production.
Kim: By doing this, it is also convenient to do irrigation work in the countryside. We’ve already constructed some small-scale hydroelectric plants. It is estimated that by next year, the electrification will be completed. Presently in Korea 36% of the countryside is still without electricity.
Premier: Your electrification development is way ahead of us.
Kim: Small-scale power plants are easy, as long as there are brooks.
Premier: That is good, walking with your own two legs [being practical]. Or else once large power plants fail, the whole countryside will be affected.
Kim: Small-scale plants are all independent.
Premier: How much of an increase will there be next year?
Kim: The Tokro River [one of the tributaries of the Yalu River/Amnok River] Hydroelectric Power Plant [which is in Kanggye, the provincial capital of Chagang, N. Korea] will be completed by next year. [There will be an] 80,000 kilowatt [increase]. [We are] recovering thermal power plants in several places; [we can increase the power generation] to 10 billion kWh by next year. [We need to] increase 8.9 billion kWh this year. Our goal is 20 billion kWh.
Premier: 20 billion kWh distributed according to the population, every ten people can have 100,000 kWh of electricity.
Deputy Premier Peng: Based on our situation, that is quite a high figure. Based on the situation in Western Europe, more is needed.
Premier: We haven’t reached 30 billion kWh this year. [We can] have 80 billion kWh next year.
Kim: We have shortcomings in terms of developing animal husbandry and cooking oil. Now we have to develop animal husbandry and vegetable cooking oil. People’s living standards continue to increase. They need not only food but also good food.
Premier: Did you have droughts this year?
Kim: Many. Very little water is left in the reservoirs. Hydroelectric plants did not have enough water [to operate]. We had very little rain this year. Elders say that this is the first time in a hundred years. According the forecast, we will have more rain next year. We are promoting energy conservation. [People are] used to wasting [electricity].
Premier: We saw that there were many lights without switches in Korea.
Kim: There were some lights that burnt coal. Now they are all gone.
Premier: Your steel production should follow [the electricity production] too.
Kim: It is estimated that iron production will reach 1 million tons next year (we have 450,000 metric tons [one metric ton equals to 1,000 kilograms] this year), and steel production 650,000 to 700,000 metric tons (now it’s 400,000 metric tons).
Premier: [Steel production] can reach 1 million tons the year after next year?
Kim: [Yes].
Premier: 1 million metric tons of steel means one ton of steel for every ten people. We need to have 60 million metric tons of steel to attain that ratio. You are ahead of us, which is very good. Isn’t it great to reach the goals of socialism? (Premier turned to Comrade Pak Jeongae) Comrade Pak Jeongae, you surpassed us very quickly. We are very pleased and should congratulate you.
Pak (smiled and nodded)
Kim: With your help.
Premier and Deputy Premier Peng: Mainly on your own, through your own efforts.
Peng: You’ve got many advantages–transportation, power, raw materials, minerals, and so on.
Premier: How about cotton this year?
Kim: Still very little; [we] mainly depend on you and the Soviets. The government purchased 50,000 metric tons of unginned cotton.
Premier: 50,000 metric tons of unginned cotton and 17,000 metric tons of ginned cotton will be 34 million catties [a catty is approximate 600 grams]—that is more than 300,000 piculs [one picul equals to 100 catties].
Kim: We have good harvest of cotton this year due to good weather. Plus we used nutrition pots that shortened one month of the growing period of cotton. We plan to plant more cotton next year. The production of flax this year is good as well—one field yielded one metric ton.
Premier: Your nutrition pots were successful. [It is] good for your weather since you have shorter frost-free period. Korean people are used to physical labor. We also mobilize women now. You have enough material for producing paper. Do you have enough material for sugar?
Kim: We had some wrong beliefs in terms of producing sugar. Last year our [people] who were in charge of light industry visited China and decided that we could have more beets next year, to produce sugar with indigenous methods. It could be successful. We can have 20,000 metric tons [of sugar] plus 10,000 metric tons imported. Koreans don’t like drinking tea and coffee that much. We are used to drinking water.
Premier: You can grow some tea in your mountains.
Kim: We have no plan for now. According to ancient records, there was tea in the southern part of Korea, from the seeds brought from China. Which one is better for sugar production: Sugarcanes or sugar-beets?
Premier: Certainly sugarcanes are better. Sugar-beets get go bad easily. However you have a short frost-free period, so it’s probably not easy to extract sugar from sugarcanes. It’s faster to get sugar from sugar-beets.
Kim: We had some sugar-beets in the Japanese-occupation period. Some problems occurred, so we gave up. We grew some sugar-beets this year. It doesn’t look bad.
Premier: How’s the recovery of your handicraft industry?
Kim: We’ve recovered 900 small workshops, and some 700 to 800 cooperative groups.
Premier: How many agricultural cooperatives?
Kim: 3,873 after merging “li” and “groups.”
Premier: You eliminated one [administrative] organ, right?
Kim: We used to have “classes” above “li.” We eliminated “[administrative] organs,” so now there are only four levels.
Premier: It’s better to have it simplified. How many counties do you have?
Kim: 200 counties.
Premier: How many provinces?
Kim: Nine provinces.
Premier: How many staff member do you have in administrative agencies?
Kim: 16,000 people, not including teaching and administrative staff.
Premier: How many are there in the teaching and administrative staff?
Kim: Around 70,000 to 80,000. After downsizing, we have the smallest ratio of government workers and total population among all nations.
Premier: After downsizing, we have 1.3 to 1.4 million government workers in central and local government agencies. You have fewer people in the central government; we have more people and more cities. We have five levels from the central government to “towns,” [xiang, township/country/village] as opposed to your four levels from the central government to “li.”
Kim: We merged “li” and “groups,” which cut down 7,000 people in the staff.
Premier: That is a good idea.
Kim: We also merged supply and marketing cooperatives into li, which cut down some 10,000 people.
Premier: Are these people taken care of by the cooperatives?
Kim: We are still trying it out. The central government still provides [for these peoples’ livings].
Premier: The cadres we demoted are still paid with salaries. The cooperatives would be overwhelmed to shoulder such a burden suddenly.
Kim: Our cooperatives provide [for workers’ living.] We haven’t yet handed schools over to cooperatives.
Premier: How many troops do you have now?
Kim: 300,000 troops. Troops are more [than government workers].
(One paragraph screened.)
Premier: You have a huge burden. [Having] 300,000 troops is because you are facing different circumstances. How many workers do you have?
Kim: Workers and staff are 1.1 million.
Premier: That’s a good ratio.
Deputy Premier Peng: The industrial and agricultural output values in Korea are higher than ours.
Premier: What are the industrial and agricultural output values that you announced?
Kim: The ratio of industry to agriculture is 70%. I don’t remember the exact number.
Premier: You sped up your industrialization, electrification, and mechanization.
Kim: We have 30,000 truck tractors. 15,000 cars will be fine.
Premier: We are experimenting in farming with electrical tractors in Guangdong. You can pay a visit there. When [King] Sihanouk [of Cambodia] came to China, he visited the one in Tianjin. It wasn’t that good at that time. [Electrical tractors] save oil and steel, and are not heavy. How many years did you shorten your scheduled date of fulfilling your five-year plan?
Kim: We will fulfill it next year (two years earlier), but we announced that it would be finished a year and a half earlier than scheduled.
Premier: We can finish our five-year plan this year. You have many advantages, which is totally different from the situation in the two Germanys. [As long as] your peoples’ living standard continues to improve, people in the south will move [to the north].
(One paragraph screened.)
Kim: Our slogan is “fight for another two years.” China has fought for three years.
Premier: To better your infrastructure to influence [the situation with the south]. Who will take over after Rhee Syngman?
Kim: Yi Gibung. He is a parliamentarian, but very old.
Premier: There are only old people left in the south. Their ambassador to Taiwan, Kim Hong-Il, is he a cadre of Rhee’s?
Kim: He emerged from the Manchukuo government.
Nam Il: He does not come from Rhee’s direct faction.
Premier: Is there any possibility that he will take over from Rhee?
Kim: [Rhee] does not have a high prestige in Korea. Yi Gibung probably has more prestige [than Rhee].
Premier: There will be chaos wherever Americans set fire. Like in Iraq.
Deputy Premier Chen: It was difficult to know beforehand that there would be coup in Sudan.
Premier: Armed coups crop up everywhere in Asia and Africa. There are armed riots in Indonesia; there were coups in North Africa, Algeria, Sudan and Egypt; the same in Iraq, Jordan, Ceylon, Pakistan and Burma. Although U Nu said he stepped down himself, he was actually [overthrown] in a coup. The same in Thailand. There have been two [coups] in South Vietnam, but they were suppressed. Coups are everywhere. The backyard of the United States, the Latin America, is facing the same situation. The U.S. supports military coups everywhere, sets fire everywhere, and therefore it’s inevitable that nationalist states fight. There could be changes in southern Korea, because they depend on military, not people, and there will always be people who oppose them. We can categorize the examples we have. First is Iraq, a good example. [Iraqis] had a thorough revolution, leaving Americans with no proxy to support and had to recognize Iraq. The second example is Indonesia. The U.S. supported the rebels in the beginning, but in the end had to recognize Sukarno as he insisted on fighting the rebels. The third example is in Lebanon, the U.S. withdrew eventually, leaving a bad reputation. The fourth example is in Latin America, the U.S. attempted to conduct a conspiracy in Argentina, but failed eventually. All these are armed coups, either revolutions or counter-revolutions. Now that the U.S. has shown its failure in several places, which was concluded in the recent election in the U.S., Dulles’ brinkmanship policy was defeated. To the socialist camp, [the U.S.] is on the defensive. Of course, if there is any conflict among us, they will definitely exploit it. As long as we are united, they can never defeat us. Hungary is a good example, and so is Taiwan. We insist on fighting, they will reconsider [their strategy]. The situation in Quemoy and Matsu also accounts for the U.S.’s defensive strategy.
We leaders in the socialist camp have to build our countries. The stronger we are, the more chaotic it will be in the capitalist world. They don’t recognize us now? That’s good. (Smiles at Deputy Premier Chen) Then we have less to do, less trouble.
Deputy Premier Chen: Then I am going to “lose my job.”
(One paragraph screened.)
[Unknown]: Now while they think the situation in Taiwan is somewhat pacified, they are having conflict in the west again. France wants to have a trade union with Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and West Germany against Britain. The British are furious. It’s good to have [Charles] DeGulle as president, so that there is no harmony among them.
Deputy Premier Peng: The U.S. exposes their weaknesses the most in Korea.
Premier: Now [U.S. power] is declining. In another ten years, [our power] could be considerable.
Deputy Premier Peng: [We] improve a bit each year; then it will be considerable.
Premier: You are doing better than us. You eliminated illiteracy; you learned new technology fast. The Soviet Union is making efforts to build their nation. [The Soviet Union] is the big brother, with a strong foundation. We don’t [have a strong foundation yet]. We learn fast, but that’s not enough. You are better, at least you eliminated illiteracy.
Kim: According to the situation in northern Korea, I think we only need another 3.5 million tons of steel.
Premier: In another ten years, everything in the socialist camp can surpass imperialist states. Or at least [our] major things have to surpass theirs.
Kim: We think so, too. It will have a great impact on southern Korea that we successfully finish our ten-year construction plan. Then, it is possible to reunite Korea peacefully. As long as you can pin down Americans (the interpreter did not hear this line and did not translate it.)
Premier: The situation will be different in southern Korea by then. Taiwan, for instance, if Chiang Kai-shek or his agent pronounced to reunite with the mother land, the U.S. could do nothing. I’m saying that the fortress can be penetrated from the inside. External factors can influence internal ones, and then internal factors will work themselves out.
Deputy Premier Peng: How many Koreans are there in Japan?
Kim: 600,000 people. According to Japanese statics, 400,000 requested to come back to northern Korea. After the armistice, they requested to come back, but our condition was too dire to welcome them back. Now we can receive them again. Nam Il has made several statements in relation to this. The Japanese government did not give an official response. It is the association of Koreans in Japan that is leading the people’s movement in Korea. [The association] leads the overseas Koreans to urge the Japanese government to give work authorization and leads petition movements. Japanese people also set up organizations to help Koreans to come back to Korea (including Hatoyama in the Japan Socialist Party). From the perspective of Japanese people, they wish Koreans could go home because they are also having a hard time making ends meet. The problem here is the fact that these people request to go back to northern Korea which affects “Japan-Korea talks.” The Japanese government is in an awkward position. The Foreign Minister’s statement was sent to the Japanese government through the Japanese Embassy in the Soviet Union. However, the Japanese government sent the statement back to us three days after they received it.
Nam Il: The Japanese said it was a hot potato.
Premier: Did the Japanese merchant ships come?
Kim: Boats came stealthily.
Premier: As long as they have the will to come back, there will be a way. Just take their time.
Kim: We are not planning on bringing them back soon, either. We prepare for a long fight. First we ask the Japanese government to arrange those people’s lives, give them jobs. As long as [the Koreans in Japan] can fight, their dream will come true.
Premier: The longer they stay suppressed in Japan, the stronger their will to fight Japanese and Americans. Thus, [Japanese] actually are training these people for us.
Kim: It is also a good way to influence public opinion in southern Korea. We are taking care of those Koreans in Japan while the government in the south is doing nothing. People in the south said, “Only the Republic cares about us and solves our problems.” Each year we budget 130 to 140 million Japanese yen for education for the Koreans in Japan. It’s been three years.
Premier: How do you send the money?
Kim: Through banks.
Premier: Japanese don’t oppose it?
Kim: They did not oppose it. This actually helps relieve some of their difficulties.
Premier: Do you, the Korea Workers’ Party, have any opinion on our way of dealing with the Taiwan issue? Can you understand [our methods]?
Kim: We fully support China’s methods.
Park: Fully support.
Premier: Our Minister of Defense has issued a proclamation four times.
Kim: Chiang Kai-shek did not respond?
Premier: They don’t dare to respond now. The U.S.-Chiang contradiction is still developing, though.
Deputy Premier Peng: They said the proclamations were to instigate the U.S.-Chiang relations.
Deputy Premier Chen: We were instigating their relations.
Kim: If we don’t let Americans go, they are to be blamed.
Premier: You understand the proclamation, but some of the western comrades don’t. It’s hard to translate. But Chiang Kai-shek understands, and Americans are beginning to understand. Dulles understands, too. His recent speech at the U.S. national church committee seems like responding to Chairman Mao’s “paper tiger” statement. He said that the free world has strengthened; the socialist camp will undergo some changes. He is putting his hope in us, in that there will be contradiction in the socialist camp. That means, so far, he has no other way to deal with us; it also means that he does not dare to fight. Once we strengthen our unity, his dream will be shattered. He also says that freedom is not reliable, is empty. He says that freedom can not help stabilize Asian and African countries. It needs economic aid, needs money. Therefore, he wants those Christians to do some ideological work for him. He wants them to persuade capitalists not to be extravagant but to invest in Asian and African countries.
Deputy Premier Peng: The production in Britain has reduced 20%, 25% in the U.S. It has also reduced in France and in Japan.
Premier: Their world has shrunken and they still can’t cooperate [with each other]. [There is also an] economic crisis and multiple contradictions.
Kim: Premier Zhou is right. We need to earn time to build ourselves.
(Several paragraphs screened)
[Premier:] Your construction has gone quite well. We are pleased. You showed such a warm welcome when the volunteer troops returned home. I wondered whether that probably disturbed your schedule [of construction].
Kim: It was our obligation to send off the volunteer troops when they left Korea. They bled for Korea and rendered so many achievements. It was also an education to Korean people, as well as an influence to politics outside [Korea], contradicted the rumor that Korean people did not welcome the volunteer troops. Yet we did not do it formal enough.
Premier: That was formal enough. Guo [Moruo] came back from Korea and composed more poems than we can cover [in this conversation].
Kim: When the volunteer troops left Korea, almost every Korean cried. It’s people’s affection. I am grateful for your appreciation of our construction. It’s an encouragement to us.
Premier: Your [situation] is not easy, either.
Kim: Finally, I would like to mention that when Deputy Prime Minister Li Juyeon and Comrade Li Chong-ok visited China last time, we already solved the issues of long-term trade and loan. We are very pleased and would like to express our appreciation.
Premier: We had limited power and did only very little.
Kim: We are very content. The Standing Committee listened to the report from Comrade Li Juyeon and was very content with it.
Premier: We will be able to help more once our construction improves. Everyone minds his own construction of socialism and we will all be pleased. After you come back from Vietnam, should we issue a communiqué?
Kim, Pak Jeongae and Nam Il said that they were willing to issue a communiqué at the same time.
Premier: That is good. We can assign this to the two foreign ministers. They can assign it to others and we don’t have to worry about it.
Kim: Our military delegation does not have many things on the agenda this time. We used to contact the volunteer troops when they were [in Korea]. Now that the volunteer troops have returned, we need to talk about how to maintain contact in the future. Another thing is about mutual learning and military education. I hope that Minister Peng Dehuai will be able to help.
Premier: That’s good. He (Peng Dehuai) was in the liberation army as well as the volunteer troops.
Deputy Premier Peng: The military delegation can see whatever they wish to see. We have no secrets to keep from a fraternal country.
Kim: The Vietnamese delegation brought a military group last time it visited Korea. The Korean military delegation will come with us to Vietnam this time. They may not come back with the government delegates when we come back from Vietnam. They could stay longer in China, visit more places.
Premier: That’s good. The Foreign Affairs Office of the Ministry of Defense will communicate with them about the details of the itinerary of the military delegation.
Collection
North Korea in the Cold War
Creator
Kim Il Sung, Zhou, Enlai, 1898-1976
Contributor
Chen Yi, Peng Dehuai, Zhang Wentian
Type
Minutes of Conversation
Subject
China, PRC, relations with North Korea, China, PRC, relations with Taiwan, Chinese troops, Chollima, Communist countries, end of the Korean War, imperialism, US, Internment Camps, Japan, occupation of, Japanese Army, Korea, DPRK, 1956, Korea, DPRK, Central Committee (CC), Korea, DPRK, economic development, Korea, DPRK, in Sino Soviet Split, Korea, DPRK, Korean People’s Army, KPA, Korea, DPRK, Korean Worker’s Party, KWP, Korea, DPRK, KWP Political Council, Korea, DPRK, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Korea, DPRK, Relations with China, PRC, Korea, DPRK, Relations with the Soviet Union, Korea, DPRK, Repatriates from Japan , Korea, DPRK, Soviet Economic and Military Aid, Korea, elections in, Korea, ROK, NK’s view on Protests in South Korea, Korea, unification of, Korea, withdrawal of foreign troops from, Korean War, Middle East, US involvement in , North Korea’s request for economic help, Political Change in South Korea, political mood in North Korea, Reaction of North Korea, socialism, Soviet involvement in the Korean War, Soviet Union, relations with Japan, Soviet Union, relations with North Korea, Soviet Union, strategies against the US, Soviet Union–Foreign relations–United States, Soviet Union–Foreign relations–Vietnam, US economic embargo against Cuba, US expansion of the Vietnam War, US tactics in South Vietnam, US, foreign policy of, US, policy in the Middle East, US, relations with Vietnam, Vietnam War, Chinese involvement in, Vietnam, aid to, Vietnam, DRV, relations with Korea, Vietnam–Foreign relations–Soviet Union
Coverage
Afghanistan, Africa, Albania, Allied Forces, Arab countries, Argentina, Armenia (Republic), Asia, Beijing (China), Berlin (Germany), Brazil, Cambodia, Central America, China, Communist countries, Congo (Democratic Republic), Eastern Europe, Former Soviet republics, Germany, Germany (East), Germany (West), Great Britain, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Korea (North), Korea (South), Latin America, London (England), Middle East, Moscow (Russia), North America, Pacific Area, Russia, South Africa, Southeast Asia, Soviet Union, Taiwan, United States, Vietnam, Vietnam, Western Europe
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