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Category: PUBLIC INTELLIGENCE
U.S. National Intelligence Council – Report About Russian Influence In The U.S. Elections 2020 Revealed
U.S. National Intelligence Council – Report About Russian Influence In The U.S. Elections 2020 Revealed – Original Document
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Russian Private Military Companies In Operations, Competition, And Conflict
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The Asymmetric Warfare Group (AWG) supported the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) to break down the wonder of Russian private military organizations (PMCs), the situations under which they would matter to U.S. Armed force move commandants, and whether they comprise a one of a kind danger to U.S. furthermore, accomplice powers.
The essential crowd for this investigation is U.S. Armed force move administrators and their staffs, yet the discoveries and experiences ought to likewise be valuable for anybody in the U.S. public security and protection networks worried about deviated activities of the Russian Federation around the globe. To begin with, this examination presents key discoveries from profound jump exploration and investigation on Russian PMCs introduced in the supplement. It tends to their utilizations, hardware, preparing, faculty, state contribution, legitimate issues, and other related subjects. Second, these discoveries are utilized to advise a scientific model to investigate the operational difficulties and contemplations Russian PMCs could present to U.S. Armed force move officers.

Key Findings
Primary concern Up Front: Russian PMCs are utilized as a power multiplier to accomplish targets for both government and Russia-adjusted private interests while limiting both political and military expenses. While Moscow keeps on considering the to be of Russian PMCs as helpful, their utilization likewise presents a few weaknesses that present both operational and key dangers to Russian Federation targets.
Continue reading “Russian Private Military Companies In Operations, Competition, And Conflict”Batmen – Two Chinese Scientists From A Wuhan Lab Found To Have Studied Bats In Australia
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Global intelligence agencies looking into the origins of COVID-19 have found two Chinese scientists studied live bats in Australia as part of a joint research between the Chinese communist government and the Australian government. In an exclusive the Daily Telegraph is reporting the “Five Eyes intelligence agencies of Australia, Canada, NZ, UK, and US are understood to be looking closely at the work of a senior Scientist at the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Peng Zhou, and fellow scientist Shi Zhengli”. Sky News host and the Daily Telegraph’s Sharri Markson wrote the intelligence agencies have been examining “whether COVID-19 originated from a wet market or whether the naturally-occurring virus may have been inadvertently released”. Sky News contributor Scott Emerson said these new revelations will just “raise more concerns about what are the origins of COVID-19”.
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Steven Aftergood – COVID-19 Highlights Need For Public Intelligence
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Hobbled by secrecy and timidity, the U.S. intelligence community has been conspicuously absent from efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the most serious national and global security challenge of our time.
The silence of intelligence today represents a departure from the straightforward approach of then-Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats who offered the clearest public warning of the risk of a pandemic at the annual threat hearing of the Senate Intelligence Committee in January 2019:
“We assess that the United States and the world will remain vulnerable to the next flu pandemic or large-scale outbreak of a contagious disease that could lead to massive rates of death and disability, severely affect the world economy, strain international resources, and increase calls on the United States for support,” DNI Coats testified.
But this year, for the first time in recent memory, the annual threat hearing was canceled, reportedly to avoid conflict between intelligence testimony and White House messaging. Though that seems humiliating to everyone involved, no satisfactory alternative explanation has been provided. The 2020 worldwide threat statement remains classified, according to an ODNI denial of a Freedom of Information Act request for a copy. And intelligence agencies have been reduced to recirculating reminders from the Centers for Disease Control to wash your hands and practice social distancing.
The US intelligence community evidently has nothing useful to say to the nation about the origins of the COVID-19 pandemic, its current spread or anticipated development, its likely impact on other security challenges, its effect on regional conflicts, or its long-term implications for global health.
These are all topics perfectly suited to open source intelligence collection and analysis. But the intelligence community disabled its open source portal last year. And the general public was barred even from that.
It didn’t — and doesn’t — have to be that way.
In 1993, the Federation of American Scientists created an international email network called ProMED — Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases — which was intended to help discover and provide early warning about new infectious diseases.
Run on a shoestring budget and led by Stephen S. Morse, Barbara Hatch Rosenberg, Jack Woodall and Dorothy Preslar, ProMED was based on the notion that “public intelligence” is not an oxymoron. That is to say, physicians, scientists, researchers, and other members of the public — not just governments — have the need for current threat assessments that can be readily shared, consumed and analyzed. The initiative quickly proved its worth.
In fact, it has continued to prove its worth up to the present day.
“It was notices on ProMED that first alerted the world to the 2003 SARS outbreak, and it was a posting on ProMED on Dec. 30, 2019 — about chatter on the Chinese social network Weibo — that first spread word of a novel coronavirus, soon identified as the cause of COVID-19, outside China.” See “The doomed 30-year battle to stop a pandemic” by Paul Wells, Maclean’s, April 21.
ProMED, which is now managed by the International Society for Infectious Diseases, is unclassified, free, and open to subscription by anyone.
“ProMED illustrates how NGOs can, in some cases, efficiently accomplish what large, bureaucratically burdened institutions cannot even begin,” the FAS Public Interest Report said in 1996.
Today, when national and global security concerns touch almost every household, the need for public intelligence is greater than ever, and it could become one focus of a reconfigured U.S. intelligence apparatus.
Steven Aftergood
Steven Aftergood directs the FAS Project on Government Secrecy. The Project works to reduce the scope of national security secrecy and to promote public access to government information.
Steven Aftergood directs the FAS Project on Government Secrecy. The Project works to reduce the scope of national security secrecy and to promote public access to government information.
He writes Secrecy News, which reports on new developments in secrecy policy and provides direct access to significant official records that are otherwise unavailable or hard to find.
In 1997, Mr. Aftergood was the plaintiff in a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit against the Central Intelligence Agency which led to the declassification and publication of the total intelligence budget for the first time in fifty years ($26.6 billion in FY 1997). In 2006, he won a FOIA lawsuit against the National Reconnaissance Office for release of unclassified budget records.
Mr. Aftergood is an electrical engineer by training (B.Sc., UCLA, 1977). He joined the FAS staff in 1989. From 1992-1998, he served on the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board of the National Research Council.
His work on challenging government secrecy has been recognized with the Pioneer Award from the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the James Madison Award from the American Library Association, the Public Access to Government Information Award from the American Association of Law Libraries, and the Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award from the Playboy Foundation.
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Continue reading “Steven Aftergood – COVID-19 Highlights Need For Public Intelligence”
Experts Warn – Security Problems Inside The Blockchain Technology
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Awareness of blockchain has soared in recent years with the emergence of cryptocurrencies, but the technology has existed for much longer. The linking of blocks, containing cryptographic functions of transactions and data, means that tampering with their contents becomes increasingly difficult as the chain grows – this concept was exploited for document timestamping applications more than a decade before cryptocurrencies became reality. In many implementations, blocks are confirmed by, and stored at, many nodes in different locations, providing a high degree of data integrity. There are, however, many challenges for applying blockchain technologies in tactical networks, particularly due to the constraints of the platforms, the limited bandwidth available among them, and the impact of network partitioning. In this report, the development and principles of blockchains are presented, along with an overview of their weaknesses and vulnerabilities. There is a huge level of interest in this technology across many sectors, and this is reflected in the breadth of the referenced material. Weaknesses in design and implementation can make blockchains vulnerable to attack, and their interfaces are particularly at risk. A range of possible applications in tactical networks is explored, from supply chain management, to network management and application data immutability. Finally, a simple blockchain architecture for mobile tactical networks is developed, to illustrate the potential and challenges of this technology. Overall, it is clear that blockchain technology provides a potential avenue for solving some problems in the tactical network context, but it is not yet clear whether it is the best such solution.
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The key feature of blockchain technology is data integrity in a trustless environment: transaction or data records included on the blockchain are timestamped, cryptographically protected and stored by many distributed nodes, reducing the risk of total loss. For a sufficiently long blockchain, with a large number of nodes, the records can be considered immutable, in the sense that any tampering will be evident. This integrity can be exploited in different ways to enhance the robustness and resilience of tactical networks, and some of these are discussed in Section 5.1.
Smart contracts, described in Section 3.2, also provide opportunities for robust resource management in tactical networks, particularly in complex operational conditions where many users interact in the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Possible applications of blockchain to resource management are discussed in Section 5.2.
Tactical environments pose particular challenges for the introduction of blockchain technology, as devices are constrained in size, weight and power, and there are physical limitations on node connectivity. These challenges are considered in Section 5.3.
An example architecture for applying blockchain technology to support tactical operations is described in Section 5.4, taking into account the opportunities and challenges outlined thus far.
In this section, network nodes are considered to be the devices or platforms connected to the blockchain network; these are not (just) the radio interfaces themselves, but may be auxiliary equipment such as biometric devices, weapons or communication platforms.
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5.4 Example tactical blockchain architecture
Based on the preceding, we propose an example architecture for a tactical blockchain system. The scenario we consider consists of a unit of dismounted soldiers, each carrying several devices connected on a personal network: a weapon, a radio, a camera, a radio frequency (RF) sensor and a computer (similar to a smart phone), sharing a battery and a memory drive such as a flash card. The soldier is also considered a network component, as they are a source and sink of data, and their identity is confirmed using a networked biometric sensor such as a fingerprint or iris scanner. The other devices may be authenticated using a radio frequency identification (RFID) chip or imaging as described in Section 5.1.4; authentication will only be required if the networked component has been disconnected from the personal network and attempts to rejoin.
We assume that the weapon tracks the ammunition it uses, and records the amount remaining. The camera may be continually recording, but to limit memory usage, only a few seconds before and after the weapon is fired are retained. C2 and other messages, either digital voice or data to and from the computer, all passed via the radio, are recorded for post-action analysis. SA in the form of RF sensor data is sampled periodically, and transferred via the radio to other soldiers in the unit and recorded locally. These different sources of data all use the computer’s memory for storage; both the memory and battery usage are tracked.
We use blockchains to provide authentication and identification management for the soldiers and devices engaged in the operation, an auditing function to track cyber SA and C2, resource usage tracking, and a policy management function, which is used to support resource loading decisions across the unit. As noted in Section 5.3.6, the longer the blockchain, the stronger it is, so all these functions use the same blockchain within their cluster (Section 5.4.1).
This is a simplified scenario, intended to give insight into the potential application of blockchain technology in tactical networks. Note that, as discussed in Section 6, the fact that this technology might be used to address these problems does not mean it is the best choice. Note also that the exchange of transactions and blocks among the users is assumed to be secure.
Demographic Profile of Terrorists Post-9/11 Reveals Screening Implications
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The following is a draft report from Customs and Border Protection’s Office of Intelligence that was obtained and published by Foreign Policy.
Date: January 2018
Restriction: For Official Use Only, Law Enforcement Sensitive
Originating Organization: Customs and Border Protection, Office of Intelligence
File Type: pdf
File Size: 45,021 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):CE410209C50668E2A75D5E002B2728EB4549C565CBCA1ED3FFC3D9DCAD12E177
(U//FOUO/LES) CBP’s Office of Intelligence produced this document by request from CBP’s Commissioner on 19 December. This product examines 29 perpetrators of 25 terrorist incidents in the United States from October 2001 through December 2017 whom CBP/OI assesses were driven by radical Sunni Islamist militancy.1 This assessment covers the demographic profile of the perpetrators, consisting of age, citizenship, gender, immigration status, national origin, international travel and religious background. This assessment is intended to inform United States foreign visitor screening, immigrant vetting and on-going evaluations of United States-based individuals who might have a higher risk of becoming radicalized and conducting a violent attack. This information is cut-off as of 22 January 2018.
(U) Source Summary
(U//FOUO) We place moderate confidence on assessments discussed herein due to our reliance on information derived primarily from analysis of law enforcement databases, independent think tank studies, scholastic publications, and United States press reporting. We lack specific details on the perpetrators path to radicalization that would have contributed a higher confidence in our assessment.
(U) Key Findings
(U//FOUO/LES) The national origins of all but six of the perpetrators traced to the Middle East, South Asia or Africa, possibly reflecting the long-term difficulty for some Muslim immigrants to integrate into United States society.
(U//FOUO/LES) Most perpetrators resided in the United States for a significant period of time, signaling the need for recurrent screening and vetting over a long period of time.
(U//FOUO/LES) The presence of all of the perpetrators in the United States was lawful, highlighting that illegal immigration was not a factor in these cases.
(U//FOUO/LES) Despite the prominent role Muslim converts have played in radical Islamist terrorist incidents occurring in the West, only six of the perpetrators converted to Islam.
(U) Gender
(U//FOUO/LES) Males were involved in all of the attacks highlighted in the assessment, despite growing concerns, such as assessments by the Combatting Counterterrorism Center at West Point, regarding the increasingly prominent, and sometimes operational, role women play in radical Islamist militant circles, including their use by the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS).(2) There was only one incident, where a female, the wife of the male perpetrator, was also involved in carrying out the attack.
(U) Ages
(U//FOUO/LES) Case studies over the past few years conducted by both federal and private entities yielded similar age-ranges after reviewing various comparable subsets of individuals. Our study found the average age of the 29 perpetrators was 28 years, ranging from 17 to 49 years of age at the time they were arrested or killed. The average age of perpetrators who conducted attacks in North America and Europe following ISIS’ declaration of its self-proclaimed caliphate in June 2014 was a similar 27.3 years old, according to independent think tank findings.(3) According to one scholastic publication, the average age of United States individuals arrested due to their associations with ISIS was 26. (3) We assess that 14 out of the 15 individuals born outside the United States spent approximately 10 years in the United States prior to their attacks; the remaining foreign born perpetrator was a Canadian resident visiting the United States.
(U) National Origins
(U//FOUO/LES) The national origins of all but six of the perpetrators traced to the Middle East, South Asia or Africa, likely reflecting the long-term difficulty for some Muslim immigrants to integrate into U.S. society. Just over half of the perpetrators were born outside the United States and over four-fifths (86%) of those immigrated as a minor or resided for a significant period of time (approximately 10 years) in the United States, indicating that the radicalization of these individuals likely occurred after immigrating. The remaining perpetrators born outside the United States resided in the country for two years or less, suggesting that they could have arrived in the United States already radicalized. The presence of all of the foreign-born perpetrators in the United States was lawful, highlighting that illegal immigration was not a factor in these cases and that possibly some militants are heeding calls by ISIS and AQ to take up arms in their Western countries of residence as opposed to traveling abroad to participate in foreign conflicts.
• (U//FOUO/LES) Eight of the 14 U.S.-born perpetrators are first-generation descendants of South Asian, Middle Eastern or African immigrants. Of the six other U.S.-born perpetrators, five are of African-American heritage and one is Caucasian.
• (U//FOUO/LES) Among the 14 foreign-born perpetrators who immigrated to the United States, 4 entered the United States before they reached 10 years of age; another 5 perpetrators were between 13 and 17 years of age when they migrated. Four perpetrators migrated to the United States after the age of 18 and were residents for approximately 7 years. Only one perpetrator over 18 years old had been in the United States for a year or less.
(U//FOUO/LES) Fourteen of the foreign-born perpetrators were lawful permanent residents (LPR)2 of the United States and one was a lawful resident of Canada visiting the United States under a U.S.-Canada Trusted Traveler Program. Of the fourteen foreign-born individuals who were residents of the United States, 7 acquired permanent residency in the United States and 7 were naturalized citizens.
(U) Immigration Channel
(U//FOUO/LES) Of the 14 U.S. LPRs, five immigrated to the country as children of asylees; two were refugees; two acquired diversity immigrant visas, one was the child of a U.S. citizen; one was the spouse of a U.S. citizen; one was the child of an alien family member of a U.S. citizen; one was the child of an alien with an advanced professional degree; and one immigrated on a fiancé visa.
(U) International Travel
(U//FOUO/LES) Nine of the perpetrators traveled outside of the United States, within one to two years of the incident, to countries in the Middle East, South Asia or Europe, suggesting the travel may have played a role in their path to radicalization. Four individuals traveled to the Middle East or South Asia within three to four years of their attacks. Five out of the 14 U.S.-born perpetrators traveled to the Middle East or South Asia within 4 years or less of the incidents.
(U) Religious Conversion
(U//FOUO/LES) We assess that only six of the perpetrators-or about 20 percent converted to Islam, which is in line with a 2017 independent think tank that found 23-percent of United States Muslims are converts (4)- despite the prominent role Muslim converts have played in radical Islamist terrorist incidents occurring in the West, according to a body of academic, media and anecdotal reporting. (5) (6) (7)
(U) Outlook
(U//FOUO/LES) CBP/OI assesses that the factors contributing to an individual’s decision to perpetrate an act of terrorism reflect a highly personalized set of circumstances. The cohort of perpetrators represents migrants to the United States, U.S.-born citizens, including six converts to Islam with backgrounds that are comparable to other Sunni Islamist extremist cohorts. Demographic factors such as age, national origin, length of residence, immigration status or travel history can inform evaluations, but are not determinative, when assessing an individual’s susceptibility to violent extremism. While the sense of perceived marginalization of some Muslim immigrants may represent an important factor in the radicalization process, we assess with low confidence that the motivations of at least some of the perpetrators centered on their failure to assimilate in United States society.
TOP SECRET -Vulnerabilities Equities Policy and Process for the US Gov
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This document describes the Vulnerabilities Equities Policy and Process for departments and agencies of the United States Government (USG) to balance equities and make determinations regarding disclosure or restriction when the USG obtains knowledge of newly discovered and not publicly known vulnerabilities in information systems and technologies. The primary focus of this policy is to prioritize the public’s interest in cybersecurity and to protect core Internet infrastructure, information systems, critical infrastructure systems, and the U.S. economy through the disclosure of vulnerabilities discovered by the USG, absent a demonstrable, overriding interest in the use of the vulnerability for lawful intelligence, law enforcement, or national security purposes.
The Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP) balances whether to disseminate vulnerability information to the vendor/supplier in the expectation that it will be patched, or to temporarily restrict the knowledge of the vulnerability to the USG, and potentially other partners, so that it can be used for national security and law enforcement purposes, such as intelligence collection, military operations, and/or counterintelligence. The U.S. Government’s determination as to whether to disseminate or restrict a vulnerability is only one element of the vulnerability equities evaluation process and is not always a binary determination. Other options that can be considered include disseminating mitigation information to certain entities without disclosing the particular vulnerability, limiting use of the vulnerability by the USG in some way, informing U.S. and allied government entities of the vulnerability at a classified level, and using indirect means to inform the vendor of the vulnerability. All of these determinations must be informed by the understanding of risks of dissemination, the potential benefits of government use of the vulnerabilities, and the risks and benefits of all options in between. This document defines the policy and process for evaluating competing considerations to inform U.S. Government decisions.
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4.1. Equities Review Board and VEP Director
The Equities Review Board (ERB) is the primary forum for interagency deliberation and determinations concerning the VEP. The ERB will meet monthly, but may also be convened sooner if an immediate need arises.
The ERB will consist of representatives from the following agencies who are authorized to represent the views of their respective agency head:
- Office of Management and Budget
- Office of the Director of National Intelligence (to include Intelligence Community-Security Coordination Center (IC-SCC))
- Department of the Treasury
- Department of State
- Department of Justice (to include the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the National Cyber Investigative Joint Task Force (NCIJTF))
- Department of Homeland Security (to include the National Cybersecurity Communications and Integration Center (NCCIC) and the United States Secret Service (USSS))
- Department of Energy
- Department of Defense (including the National Security Agency (NSA) (including Information Assurance and Signals Intelligence elements)), United States Cyber Command, and DoD Cyber Crime Center (DC3))
- Department of Commerce
- Central Intelligence Agency
Other USG agencies may participate when demonstrating responsibility for, or identifying equity in, a vulnerability under deliberation. Changes to the name of an agency will not affect its participation in this process.
Each agency participating in the VEP will designate an agency point of contact (POC) to act as the focal point for vulnerability submissions for their respective organization and the primary contact for the VEP Executive Secretariat.
The VEP POC will ensure one or more Subject Matter Experts (SME) from their agency are identified to support equities determinations and discussions as needed.
The VEP Director at the NSC will be responsible for ensuring effective implementation of VEP policies. The VEP Director is the Special Assistant to the President and Cybersecurity Coordinator, or an equivalent successor.
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Chemical Splash and Spray Attacks Potential Tactic for Violent Extremists in Homeland
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We evaluate that fear based oppressors likely view strategies including tossing or showering acids and an assortment of compound fluids, henceforth alluded to as a synthetic shower and sprinkle assault (CSSA), as a feasible strategy to cause damage and disturb basic framework, in light of open source revealing depicting psychological militant online networking posts and fear monger and brutal radical utilization of this strategy abroad. An examination of few episodes portrayed in media announcing uncovered that CSSAs are regularly utilized by criminal performing artists to facilitate criminal exercises and by fierce radical gatherings abroad to make fear, scare, rebuff, and distort people and gatherings that oppose their control or belief system in their general vicinity of operations; the strategy, in any case, has once in a while been operationalized by on-screen characters in the Country. We note, in any case, that homegrown savage radicals (HVEs) and solitary guilty parties likely would discover this strategy engaging and could without much of a stretch adjust it to the Country, as it requires no particular specialized ability and the materials regularly connected with criminal assault are typically unregulated and generally accessible.
(U//FOUO) We evaluate that revolutionary fanatics, other residential fear based oppressors (DTs), and criminal on-screen characters are the probably US-based brutal radicals to utilize CSSAs in light of our examination of over a significant time span DT utilization of this strategy and on open source revealing of unaffiliated criminal performing artists utilizing acids, harmful mechanical chemicals, and other substance crippling specialists in assaults in the Country. They have utilized CSSA strategies against law requirement, foundations, ideological adversaries, dissenters, and mass get-togethers, particularly those related with political or social causes, in light of an assortment of open source announcing. These performing artists once in a while utilized CSSAs to cause fatalities, however past episodes have exhibited that household CSSAs can cause critical substantial damage and upset law authorization and specialist on call operations.
(U//FOUO) While remote psychological oppressor associations (FTO) and brutal fanatic gatherings have operationalized CSSA abroad and have made late calls for such assaults in the Country, we need particular data demonstrating that HVEs or solitary guilty parties would be open to this strategy or would look to fuse CSSAs into assaults inside the Assembled States; we survey, in any case, that huge numbers of the variables likely driving criminal utilization of CSSAs, for example, the capacity to hurt people, cause framework disturbance, perhaps sidestep catch following an assault, or potentially execute rehash assaults—likely would likewise make this strategy appealing to fear based oppressors, particularly fierce radicals lacking preparing, and the entrance or want to utilize explosives or guns.
(U//FOUO) Solid acids and burning chemicals are much of the time utilized as a part of CSSAs, however we evaluate aggressors are similarly prone to pick other monetarily accessible chemicals, for example, pepper splash, blanch, alkali, solvents, and other bothering, putrid, or poisonous mechanical chemicals, in view of the assortment of materials utilized for CSSAs locally and abroad. Specialists on call treating casualties of CSSAs may confront auxiliary dermal and inward breath dangers relying upon the kind of chemicals utilized.
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(U) ISIS Desires CSSA in the Country While Rough Radical Operationalize the Strategy Abroad
(U//FOUO) We evaluate that fear mongers likely view strategies including tossing or showering acids and an assortment of compound fluids, in the future called synthetic splash and sprinkle assaults (CSSAs), as a suitable strategy to cause damage and upset basic foundation, based on open source announcing portraying psychological oppressor online networking posts and fear monger and fierce radical utilization of this strategy abroad. An investigation of few episodes portrayed in media detailing uncovered that CSSAs are regularly utilized by criminal on-screen characters to encourage criminal exercises and by fierce radical gatherings abroad to make fear, threaten, rebuff, and distort people and gatherings that oppose their control or philosophy in their general vicinity of operations; the strategy, in any case, has seldom been operationalized by performing artists ihowever, that HVEs and solitary guilty parties likely would discover this strategy engaging and could without much of a stretch adjust it to the Country, as it requires no particular specialized aptitude and the materials frequently connected with criminal assault are normally unregulated and broadly accessible.
» (U//FOUO) The Islamic State in Iraq and slag Sham (ISIS)- connected “Solitary Mujihad” station on the Europe-based informing application Wire, starting late 2017, asked US-based ISIS-supporters to assault “unbelievers” with sulfuric corrosive on open transportation.
» (U) Rough fanatics partnered with ISIS in Iraq and Syria, since in any event mid 2015, were purportedly spreading or tossing corrosive in the characteristics of ladies from the Iraq-based Yazidi religious minority and Kurdish ladies who declined to be sex slaves or submit to constrained relational unions, as indicated by open source announcing. Moreover, ISIS-partnered vicious fanatics freely tormented and executed adversaries, deceivers, and those they regarded n the Country. We note, in any case, that HVEs and solitary wrongdoers likely would discover this strategy engaging and could without much of a stretch adjust it to the Country, as it requires no particular specialized mastery and the materials frequently connected with criminal assault are typically unregulated and generally accessible.
» (U//FOUO) The Islamic State in Iraq and fiery debris Sham (ISIS)- connected “Solitary Mujihad” station on the Europe-based informing application Wire, starting late 2017, encouraged US-based ISIS-supporters to assault “unbelievers” with sulfuric corrosive on open transportation.
» (U) Savage fanatics associated with ISIS in Iraq and Syria, since at any rate mid 2015, were purportedly spreading or tossing corrosive in the characteristics of ladies from the Iraq-based Yazidi religious minority and Kurdish ladies who declined to be sex slaves or submit to constrained relational unions, as indicated by open source detailing. Moreover, ISIS-associated rough radicals freely tormented and executed foes, double crossers, and those they deemedDEPARTMENT OF Country SECURITY, Insight Combination Focuses
(U//FOUO) DHS Announcement: Substance Sprinkle and Splash Assaults Potential Strategy for Brutal Radicals in Country
December 18, 2017
Synthetic Sprinkle and Splash Assault: Uncommon yet Potential Strategy for Brutal Radicals in Country
Page Tally: 10 pages
Date: September 21, 2017
Confinement: For Official Utilize As it were
Starting Association: Branch of Country Security, Office of Knowledge and Appraisal
Record Compose: pdf
Document Estimate: 313,000 bytes
Document Hash (SHA-256): 1444CB27457B1F56A97A074AD2049034AC63AE457A88FB0F6013C7F480736D09
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(U//FOUO) We survey that fear based oppressors likely view strategies including tossing or showering acids and an assortment of synthetic fluids, henceforth alluded to as a concoction splash and sprinkle assault (CSSA), as a suitable strategy to cause damage and disturb basic framework, based on open source detailing portraying psychological militant online networking posts and psychological militant and savage fanatic utilization of this strategy abroad. An examination of few occurrences depicted in media announcing uncovered that CSSAs are ordinarily utilized by criminal performing artists to facilitate criminal exercises and by brutal radical gatherings abroad to make fear, scare, rebuff, and distort people and gatherings that oppose their control or belief system in their general vicinity of operations; the strategy, in any case, has once in a while been operationalized by on-screen characters in the Country. We note, in any case, that homegrown brutal radicals (HVEs) and solitary guilty parties likely would discover this strategy engaging and could undoubtedly adjust it to the Country, as it requires no particular specialized skill and the materials frequently connected with criminal assault are generally unregulated and broadly accessible.
(U//FOUO) We evaluate that rebel radicals, other household fear based oppressors (DTs), and criminal performing artists are the in all likelihood US-based rough fanatics to utilize CSSAs in light of our examination of at various times DT utilization of this strategy and on open source announcing of unaffiliated criminal on-screen characters utilizing acids, poisonous modern chemicals, and other concoction debilitating operators in assaults in the Country. They have utilized CSSA strategies against law authorization, establishments, ideological adversaries, nonconformists, and mass get-togethers, particularly those related with political or social causes, in light of an assortment of open source announcing. These performing artists seldom utilized CSSAs to cause fatalities, however past occurrences have exhibited that local CSSAs can cause huge real damage and upset law authorization and person on call operations.
(U//FOUO) While outside fear based oppressor associations (FTO) and brutal fanatic gatherings have operationalized CSSA abroad and have made late calls for such assaults in the Country, we need particular data showing that HVEs or solitary wrongdoers would be open to this strategy or would try to join CSSAs into assaults inside the Assembled States; we survey, be that as it may, that a significant number of the variables likely driving criminal utilization of CSSAs, for example, the capacity to hurt people, cause foundation interruption, conceivably dodge catch following an assault, and additionally execute rehash assaults—likely would likewise make this strategy appealing to psychological militants, particularly vicious radicals lacking preparing, and the entrance or want to utilize explosives or guns.
(U//FOUO) Solid acids and scathing chemicals are every now and again utilized as a part of CSSAs, however we evaluate assailants are similarly prone to pick other economically accessible chemicals, for example, pepper shower, fade, alkali, solvents, and other chafing, putrid, or lethal modern chemicals, in light of the assortment of materials utilized for CSSAs locally and abroad. People on call treating casualties of CSSAs may confront optional dermal and inward breath perils relying upon the kind of chemicals utilized.
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(U)
{Protection|Secureness|Reliability} Concerns with Kaspersky Labs Products
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On 11 July, the Assembled States Government expelled Moscow-based Kaspersky Lab from two arrangements of endorsed merchants utilized by government offices to buy innovation hardware, in the midst of concerns the digital security association’s items could be utilized by the Kremlin to pick up section into U.S. systems.
(U) A month ago the Senate Furnished Administrations Advisory group passed a resistance spending strategy charge that would restrict Kaspersky items from use in the military. The move came a day after the FBI met a few of the organization’s U.S. workers at their private homes as a feature of a counterintelligence examination concerning its operations.
(U) On 12 July, GSA settled on a strategic choice to expel Kaspersky Labs from two GSA plans, along these lines successfully expelling the merchant as an approved hotspot for buys by any organization utilizing GSA plans.
• (U) The delisting speaks to the most solid move made against Kaspersky following a very long time of mounting doubt among insight authorities and officials that the organization might be too firmly associated with threatening Russian knowledge offices blamed for digital assaults on the Unified States.
• (U) Administrators raised worries that Moscow may utilize the association’s items to assault American PC arranges, an especially touchy issue given affirmations by U.S. knowledge offices that Russia hacked and spilled messages of Fair Gathering political gatherings to meddle in the 2016 presidential decision battle. Russia denies the claims.
(U//FOUO) Per the U.S. General Administrations Organization, “After survey and watchful thought, the General Administrations Organization settled on the choice to expel Kaspersky Lab-fabricated items from GSA IT Timetable 70 and GSA Schedul-67 – Photographic Hardware and Related Supplies and Administrations. GSA’s needs are to guarantee the respectability and security of U.S. government frameworks and organize and assess items and administrations accessible on our agreements utilizing production network hazard administration forms”.
(U//FOUO) State, Neighborhood, Innate and Regional government organizations that utilization GSA contract plans for requesting IT merchandise and ventures and I or Photographic Gear and Related Supplies and Administrations, or generally have Kaspersky Lab-made items ought to consider the hazard related with these items and hold fast to Elected rules.
Security Worries with Kaspersky Labs Items
On 11 July, the Assembled States Government expelled Moscow-based Kaspersky Lab from two arrangements of affirmed merchants utilized by government offices to buy innovation hardware.
The delisting speaks to the most solid move made against Kaspersky following a very long time of mounting doubt among insight authorities and administrators that the organization might be too firmly associated with unfriendly Russian knowledge offices blamed for digital assaults on the Unified States.
• A Senate Equipped Administrations Advisory group part said in an announcement that “ties between Kaspersky Lab and the Kremlin are extremely disturbing.”
• U.S. insight offices trust that the organization and its leader have had close connections to Russian political and knowledge authorities since no less than 2012, when a noteworthy shakeup of the company’s official positions got new individuals
… with binds to Russia’s three primary knowledge offices.
• Kaspersky supplies faculty to go with Russian insight and police on strikes and captures, and planned cybersecurity programming that gives Russian law authorization the area of conceivable programmers, as per squeeze reports.
• The heads of five U.S. knowledge organizations, including the CIA, said they would not be open to utilizing Kaspersky items on their systems.
Kaspersky antivirus arrangements are coordinated in a scope of switches, chip and programming items from such commonly recognized names as Cisco, Amazon and Microsoft.
House Intel Committee passes FY18 Intelligence Authorization
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On July 14, by a consistent voice vote, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence announced the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (H.R. 3180) to the full House of Representatives.
As indicated by the advisory group, this enactment gives the Intelligence Community (IC) the vital assets and specialists to guarantee they stay fit for ensuring and shielding the United States.
The bill underpins basic national security programs, especially those concentrated on countering psychological oppression and cyberattacks. The aggregate financing levels approved by the bill are somewhat underneath the president’s financial plan, adjusting monetary train and national security. This enactment:
Centers the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) on center missions by dispensing with a few DIA segments and works or realigning them to other IC components;
Protects against outside dangers to races by requiring the Director of National Intelligence to electronically distribute an unclassified consultative give an account of remote counterintelligence and cybersecurity dangers to decision battles for government workplaces;
Reinforces insight oversight by guaranteeing that IC contractual workers can meet uninhibitedly with Congress; and
Enhances IC responsibility to Congress by requiring the IC to give gives an account of:
Examinations of breaks of arranged data;
Trusted status handling courses of events;
The procedure for checking on data about PC vulnerabilities for maintenance or potential discharge; and
Russian impact crusades coordinated at remote races and risk back exercises.
The Act rolls out no improvements to any reconnaissance specialists, including those set to terminate in the not so distant future, which will be tended to in isolated enactment.
Director Devin Nunes stated: “when our country confronts significant national security challenges from fear based oppressor bunches and in addition country expresses, it’s vital that the Intelligence Community get every one of the assets it needs to carry out its employment while Congress has the vital instruments to complete thorough oversight of its work. This bill will guarantee that our insight experts have the greatest shot of achievement in ruining outside dangers.”
Positioning Member Adam Schiff stated: “Our country confronts a various and developing exhibit of dangers, and it is more imperative than any other time in recent memory that we give the knowledge offices the assets, experts and capacities they have to secure our country, while additionally guaranteeing we ensure our protection and common freedoms. This bill is the result of months of oversight and examination and a bipartisan sense of duty regarding the country’s security. I anticipate taking the bill up on the House floor and to its inevitable entry.”
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Exposed – Russia s Military Strategy in the New Millenium
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Russia’s Military Strategy: Impacting 21st Century Reform and Geopolitics
Page Count: 460 pages
Date: 2015
Restriction: None
Originating Organization: U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, Foreign Military Studies Office
File Type: pdf
File Size: 4,196,409 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256): 1D27C0FA3C72D201F0DAAA996652F255DA0E77FEAD0A9CEDF16C4E3743E3EA96
Russia is a nation that has always been blessed with creative minds, whether it be literary giants like Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Leo Tolstoy, artists such as Peter Carl Faberge, composers such as Pyotr Tchaikovsky, or the military genius of an Aleksander Svechin or Aleksander Suvorov. Russia also has been blessed with the work of innovators in military equipment, such as Mikhail Kalashnikov, who created the world-renowned AK-47.
Today’s military innovators are the modern-day scientists and engineers who assist in the creation of contemporary and new concept weaponry; and the military theorists who study changes in the character of war. Digital specialists understand how to develop and employ the capabilities of electronic warfare equipment, satellite technology, and fiber optic cables. While Kalashnikov’s fame is imbedded in Russia’s culture, it may be harder to find a current digital entrepreneur whose legacy will endure as long as his: there are simply too many of them, and their time in the spotlight appears to be quite short, since even now we are about to pass from the age of cyber to that of quantum. It is difficult to predict whose discoveries will be the most coveted by tomorrow’s military-industrial complex, not to mention the decision-making apparatus of the Kremlin and General Staff. Military theorists are playing an important role as well. They are studying how new weaponry has changed the correlation of forces in the world, the nature of war, and the impact of weaponry on both forecasting and the initial period of war.
Russian Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov noted in March 2015 that the military’s main tasks are to maintain the combat readiness of the Armed Forces and to ensure the Russian Federation’s defensive capability. Russia’s military heritage will assist this process tremendously. Combat readiness includes updated strategic thought, new equipment revelations, and future-war projections. Defensive capability includes not just protecting Russia’s territory, but also the security of the nation’s national interests and conduct of geopolitics. Capturing the essence of these developments is the goal of this book. In the process a few templates for understanding Russian military thought and actions are offered for further consideration and use.
The work is divided into three parts. They address Russian methods of approaching strategy, future war (focusing on new weapons and organizations), and geopolitics. All three are important for foreign analysts to consider when attempting to predict the vector (s) in which Russian military capabilities and actions are heading. It is vital to remember that events that have transpired over the past 25 years have greatly affected Russia’s view of the world today and its strategic thought. Both the military and President Vladimir Putin’s colleagues in the Russian security complex are keen to overcome what they perceive as feelings of national humiliation and insecurity that they say were imposed upon them by the West.
Part One of this book contains three chapters. They are focused on the personality of President Vladimir Putin, the development of Russian strategic thought over the past several decades, and contemporary military thought on the use or non-use of force, to include how Russian military officers think. Chapter One provides details on how Putin thinks and how he has been affected by specific issues. Ideology, politics, and military issues affecting his decision-making are discussed. Included in the assessment are several thoughts from some US and Russian specialists with key insights into political thought in Moscow. Chapter Two represents a detailed look at the development of Soviet and now Russian military strategy. The chapter examines strategic thought from the time of Svechin to the present, highlighting, in particular, those elements of strategic thought that continue to influence how forces will be used even today. Chapter Three offers a look at how Russia utilizes indirect, asymmetric, and nonmilitary operations, as well as how this differs from most Western interpretations of the General Staff’s use of strategy. In particular, the chapter examines how Russian military officers think and offers commentary on cross-domain deterrence thinking in Russia, which is a topic usually discussed only as a nuclear issue. Here several other potential adaptations of deterrence theory are reviewed. The chapter offers a differing view than some on the issue of hybrid war as a Russian concept and ends with a look at Russian reflexive control theory.
Part Two examines Russia’s preparation for future wars. Included in the discussion are new military equipment and aerospace developments, future-war organizations, and digital expertise. Chapter Four deals with several new items of equipment that are now in the Russian inventory, including an extensive look at Russian unmanned aerial vehicles and electronic warfare equipment. Chapter Five is dedicated to the new Aerospace Force and the Strategic Rocket Forces. Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu has stated, “Their creation was prompted by a shift of the ‘center of gravity’ in combat struggle to the aerospace sphere.” The discussion includes the rationale behind Russia’s decision to integrate the Air Force, Air Defense Forces, and Space Forces into an Aerospace Force and to declare aerospace a new theater of military operations. The continued development of the Strategic Rocket Forces is covered, since it has found new impetus from the strategic guidance of President Putin. Chapter Six considers several organizational aspects of future-war thought, including equipment under development, organizational and doctrinal changes, and future-war thinking. Equipment under development includes robotics and laser research. Organizationally there is a look at Russia’s new science companies and the Advanced Research Foundation (the Russian military’s DARPA equivalent), followed by a summary of several articles discussing the future contours of conflict and the changing character or war. Chapter Seven discusses Russia’s cyber thinking and organizational development. This includes a review of a Russian-authored cyber book, recent cyber developments in Russia, treaties that Russia has made with other nations, and several policy efforts directed by the Kremlin and the Federal Security Service (FSB) to monitor cyber compliance. A section on military thinking on cyber issues is included, along with Russian efforts to control the international cyber environment. China is a main partner of Russia in this regard.
Part Three is an examination of the application of military power and strategy to Putin’s geopolitical goals, specifically as applied to military operations in the Arctic and Ukraine. Chapter Eight investigates the ongoing militarization of the Arctic. The two goals of the military in the region appear to be to establish an overarching monitoring capability and a quick response, powerful military deterrent. Russia has continued to improve its military presence and infrastructure in the region. The buildup includes two light brigades, two airborne divisions that are on-call, new Borei- and Yasen-class nuclear missile submarines, rebuilt airfields, and new aerospace defense units. Meanwhile, Russian administration officials are working feverishly with the United Nations and other organizations to establish legal claims to the Arctic. Putin has made the Arctic a region of his personal interest, noting that the Arctic has been under “our sovereignty for several years. This is how this will be in the future.” This does not bode well for the future of the Arctic’s peaceful development. Chapter Nine discusses how and why Russia became engaged in the conflict in Ukraine, to include the interventions into both Crimea and eastern Ukraine. Russia’s strategy and use of new concepts (new reality, self-determination, use of surrogates, nonmilitary issues, indirect and asymmetric thinking, etc.) are examined.
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Virginia Police Domestic Terrorism and Extremist Groups Presentation
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Domestic Terrorism and Extremist Groups
Page Count: 41 pages
Date: 2016
Restriction: Law Enforcement Sensitive
Originating Organization: Unknown
File Type: pdf
File Size: 17,464,838 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):537FFDC427AAB04020F4927A11266F2319AA395C805C3CA627B534F1C45A6340
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Heroin and Fentanyl in the United States
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Heroin and Fentanyl in the United States
Page Count: 22 pages
Date: November 2016
Restriction: None
Originating Organization: Drug Enforcement Administration
File Type: pdf
File Size: 1,666,389 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):9AFEAD5D69F929AF77F41CC7460CBF4B52F89B17726974CB9B67EF8BAF19748C
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Revealed – U.S. Army Commanders Guide to Human Intelligence (HUMINT)
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Commanders Guide to Human Intelligence (HUMINT)
Page Count: 42 pages
Date: August 20, 2012
Restriction: For Official Use Only
Originating Organization: U.S. Army, Center for Army Lessons Learned
File Type: pdf
File Size: 1,549,236 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):16CD07D4EAB8CD147387C726471A2581DE67622689B1C14324D68FE208DD54D4
Army commanders rely upon timely, relevant, and accurate combat information and intelligence in order to successfully plan, prepare, and execute operations. Human intelligence (HUMINT) and counterintelligence (CI) are two critical assets commanders have, either organic to their unit’s table of organization and equipment (TOE) or through attachment from a supporting command, which can provide input to both combat information and intelligence. While there are similarities between the methodology and tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) used by HUMINT and CI, their training and missions are separate and distinct.
This publication serves as a guide to U.S. Army commanders with organic or attached HUMINT elements supporting their unit at the tactical level. This guide is designed to provide the supported commander with an understanding of the mission, capabilities, and effective employment of HUMINT personnel.
HUMINT MISSION AND CAPABILITIES
1-1. HUMINT collection capabilities include the ability to—
- Collect information and cue from an almost endless variety of potential sources, including friendly forces, civilians, detainees, and source-related documents.
- Focus on the collection of detailed information not available by other means. This includes information on threat intentions, and local civilian and threat force attitudes and morale. It also includes building interiors and facilities that cannot be collected on by other means due to restrictive terrain or environmental conditions.
- Corroborate or refute information collected from other reconnaissance and surveillance assets.
- Operate with minimal equipment and deploy in all operational environments in support of offensive, defensive, stability and reconstruction operations, or civil support operations. Based on solid planning and preparation, HUMINT collection can provide timely information if deployed forward in support of maneuver elements. Additional equipment and resources may be required for controlled source operations (CSO) due to mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil considerations (mission variables) and operational environment considerations.
…
HUMAN INTELLIGENCE VERSUS COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
1-15. Some U.S. Army and MI leaders often misunderstand the differences between the HUMINT and CI disciplines or try to use the two interchangeably. While both disciplines utilize similar methodologies (talking to a human source) and TTP (used to collect and exploit the information), the overriding differences between the two collection activities are the type of information targeted and the objective of the collection. Both HUMINT and CI disciplines require specific training and certification criteria for those agents and collectors allowed to conduct these operations. Additionally, both disciplines have legal restrictions on who is authorized to conduct these operations, as well as when and where.
…
USE OF HUMINT COLLECTORS
A-26. All U.S. Army commanders, especially commanders of MI units, must understand the capabilities and how to employ their HUMINT Soldiers to avoid misusing and wasting a valuable asset. HUMINT Soldiers are limited and valuable resources providing singular capabilities no one else can. The 2X can greatly assist the commander in understanding the full range of HUMINT capabilities and how to employ them in a manner which best assists the commander in obtaining PIRs, greater situational awareness, and a better understanding of the operational environment.
A-27. HUMINT collectors are Soldiers and are expected to conduct additional duties (for example, guard duty, escort duty, and others) like all unit Soldiers. However, HUMINT activities require significant time to establish and develop to fully support the commander. Even during times between significant operational activities (for example, patrols, raids, cordon and searches, and others), HCTs should be identifying and developing potential sources of information. The commander must balance assigning additional duties with their need for information to support current or future operations.
A-28. HUMINT collectors interact with and question other human beings and will often be a qualified linguist in the target area language. Based upon these skill sets, commanders may assign HUMINT collectors missions similar to activities often associated with civil affairs, MP, criminal investigative command, or interpreters or translators. However, this may be a misuse and potentially illegal. Requiring, or allowing, HUMINT collectors to perform functions outside their MOS can substantially degrade the HUMINT mission and the overall intelligence mission. This significantly reduces the amount of intelligence the commander receives and limits the commander’s situational awareness and situational understanding of the operational environment.
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Summary of Report on Snowden Disclosures
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Executive Summary of Review of the Unauthorized Disclosures of Former National Security Agency Contractor Edward Snowden
Page Count: 4 pages
Date: September 15, 2016
Restriction: None
Originating Organization: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
File Type: pdf
File Size: 764,355 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):9D2E808E8281494BA8F6FEB6A3CDA09A8A86E8C83C88F3883939A8155007DD70
In June 2013, former National Security Agency (NSA) contractor Edward Snowden perpetrated the largest and most damaging public release of classified information in U.S. intelligence history. In August 2014, the Chairman and Ranking Member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI) directed Committee staff to carry out a comprehensive review of the unauthorized disclosures. The aim of the review was to allow the Committee to explain to other Members of Congress–and, where possible, the American people–how this breach occurred, what the U.S. Government knows about the man who committed it, and whether the security shortfalls it highlighted had been remedied.
Over the next two years, Committee staff requested hundreds of documents from the Intelligence Community (IC), participated in dozens of briefings and meetings with IC personnel, conducted several interviews with key individuals with knowledge of Snowden’s background and actions, and traveled to NSA Hawaii to visit Snowden’s last two work locations. The review focused on Snowden’s background, how he was able to remove more than 1.5 million classified documents from secure NSA networks, what the 1.5 million documents contained, and the damage their removal caused to national security.
The Committee,s review was careful not to disturb any criminal investigation or future prosecution of Snowden, who has remained in Russia since he fled there on June 23, 2013. Accordingly) the Committee did not interview individuals whom the Department of Justice identified as possible witnesses at Snowden’s trial, including Snowden himself, nor did the Committee request any matters that may have occurred before a grand jury. Instead, the IC provided the Committee with access to other individuals who possessed substantively similar knowledge as the possible witnesses. Similarly, rather than interview Snowden’s NSA coworkers and supervisors directly, Committee staff interviewed IC personnel who had reviewed reports of interviews with Snowden’s co-workers and supervisors. The Committee remains hopeful that Snowden will return to the United States to face justice.
The bulk of the Committee’s 36-page review, which includes 230 footnotes, must remain classified to avoid causing further harm to national security; however, the Committee has made a number of unclassified findings. These findings demonstrate that the public narrative popularized by Snowden and his allies is rife with falsehoods, exaggerations, and crucial omissions, a pattern that began before he stole 1.5 million sensitive documents.
First, Snowden caused tremendous damage to national security, and the vast majority of the documents he stole have nothing to do with programs impacting individual privacy interests-they instead pertain to military, defense? and intelligence programs of great interest to America,s adversaries. A review of the materials Snowden compromised makes clear that he handed over secrets that protect American troops overseas and secrets that provide vital defenses against terrorists and nation-states. Some of Snowden’s disclosures exacerbated and accelerated existing trends that diminished the IC’s capabilities to collect against legitimate foreign intelligence targets, while others resulted in the loss of intelligence streams that had saved American lives. Snowden insists he has not shared the full cache of 1.5 million classified documents with anyone; however, in June 2016, the deputy chairman of the Russian parliaments defense and security committee publicly conceded that “Snowden did share intelligence” with his government. Additionally, although Snowden’s professed objective may have been to inform the general public, the information he released is also available to Russian, Chinese, Iranian, and North Korean govemment intelligence services; any terrorist with Internet access; and many others who wish to do harm to the United States.
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Counter-Da’esh Influence Operations Cognitive Space Narrative Simulation Insights
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Counter-Da’esh Influence Operations Cognitive Space Narrative Simulation Insights
Page Count: 69 pages
Date: May 2016
Restriction: None
Originating Organization: Joint Staff J39
File Type: pdf
File Size: 3,665,757 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):D7EC7D64E98A8B16FBA01D8D46A3AE74CC83DB19378C9EC6C6D5D3F23AAB18E4
When planning to deal with any adversary or potential adversaries, it is essential to understand who they are, how they function, their strengths and vulnerabilities, and why they oppose us. Events over the course of the last year and a half highlight the importance of those factors as they relate to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL or Da’esh). One of Da’esh’s obvious strengths is its ability to propagate tailored messages that resonate with its audiences. If the US Government and our allies are to counter Da’esh effectively, we must attack this center of gravity.
The Joint Staff J-39 Strategic Multilayer Assessment (SMA) branch has been evaluating options in “Cognitive Space” to conduct Information Operations to disrupt Da’esh’s ability to command and control forces, neutralize its ability to maintain or increase moral, political, and financial support as well as recruit foreign fighters. This SMA effort continues to identify methods to psychologically isolate Da’esh leaders from one another and their respective constituencies inside and outside of the organization. Furthermore, this SMA effort has been assessing the value of “integrated neuro-cognitive-narrative maneuver” approaches to develop messages and actions that are more likely to have intended effects and less likely to have undesirable unintended or collateral effects, as well as to evaluate message delivery methods more effectively and efficiently by developing campaigns that achieve undercutting effects.
The cornerstone of the effort was the execution of a simulation facilitated by the University of Maryland ICONS team, which sought to
a. support the Psychological Operations (PSYOP) community in meeting training requirements in ways that reinforce the PSYOP process and enhance counter-Da’esh messaging.
b. support the PSYOP community in integrating neuro-cognitive and social science concepts to refine counter-Da’esh message content and increase the effectiveness of the Information Operations (IO) campaign.
c. assist the PSYOP community with understanding the operational environment (OE) and the human networks operating in the OE: friendly, threat, and neutral. Possible examples include providing a (Political, Military, Economic, Social, Information, and Infrastructure) PMESII-framed OE analysis and center of gravity analysis.
This white paper is a compilation of the key findings from the simulation.
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Homegrown Terrorists Increasingly Prioritizing Civilian Targets
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A chart from the August 2016 bulletin issued by the Department of Homeland Security, FBI, and National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) shows the increasing number of plots focusing on civilian targets.
A joint intelligence bulletin issued in late August by the Department of Homeland Security, FBI, and National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) assesses that homegrown violent extremists (HVEs) are “increasingly favoring civilian targets” as part of a wider “variety of targeting choices.” Previous assessments have found that HVEs are most likely to prioritize attacks on “law enforcement personnel, military members, and US Government-associated targets.” However, a recent shift towards civilian targets has likely been driven by the accessibility of “soft targets” that are often less secure than government facilities and provide greater opportunities for conducting mass casualty attacks.
Over the last year, seventy-seven percent of the “thirteen HVE attacks and disruptions . . . focused on civilian targets, in contrast to eleven percent of the eighteen HVE attacks and disruptions in the first seven months of 2015.” Three separate HVE plots in 2016 targeted religious institutions, the “first such cases since a 2009 plot against a New York-based synagogue” according to the bulletin. Since 2015, HVEs have “plotted against or attacked restaurants, a nightclub, a concert, a public ceremony, a place of employment, and a college classroom, demonstrating the variety of targeting choices.” The bulletin was issued prior to the recent bombings in New York and New Jersey which also targeted civilian locations including a train station, charity race, and numerous public streets.
The bulletin states that a combination of factors ranging from “perceived lower levels of security” as well as “violent extremist messaging glorifying recent attacks on civilians” have motivated this shift in tactics. The bulletin also highlights a newer trend which has led HVEs to select “familiar targets of personal significance to simplify plotting,” often capitalizing on preexisting grievances or a desire for revenge. This is particularly relevant to cases such as the December 2015 attack on the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, during which Syed Rizwan Farook and his wife Tashfeen Malik killed fourteen people at a training event and Christmas Party hosted by the San Bernardino County Department of Public Health. Farook, who worked for the county as a health inspector, had been attending the event earlier in the day prior to conducting the attack. In another example cited in the bulletin, an eighteen-year-old freshman at the University of California at Merced named Faisal Mohammad stabbed a classmate and three other individuals at the college before being shot by a campus police officer. The FBI later stated that Mohammad had been viewing extremist material online and they believe the attack was inspired by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).
To help prevent HVE attacks, the bulletin recommends that state and local authorities be vigilant and “report suspicious activities related to potential mobilization to violence in the Homeland by US-based individuals inspired by foreign terrorist organizations.”
Exposed – FBI National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) Presentation
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National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS)
Page Count: 25 pages
Date: 2016
Restriction: Law Enforcement Sensitive
Originating Organization: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Systems Division
File Type: pdf
File Size: 1,343,832 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):0E6448F6CF16E5046871E1CDFA3DEDCCCA00237DD2B507AD0EB5ADAE1DA6A0D6
- NICS Overview
- Federal Firearm Prohibitions
- NICS Access
- Disposition of Firearm and Permit Checks
- Conducting a Query with all NICS Protection Orders Returned (QNP)
- Law Enforcement Enterprise Portal (LEEP)
- NICS Denied Transaction File (DTF)
- Contact Information
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Title 18, United States Code, Section 922
- (g)(1) Convicted of a crime punishable by more than one year or a misdemeanor punishable by more than two years
- (g)(2) Fugitives from justice
- (g)(3) Unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance
- (g)(4) Adjudicated/committed to a mental institution
- (g)(5) Illegal/unlawful aliens
- (g)(6) Dishonorable discharge from military
- (g)(7) Renounced U.S. Citizenship
- (g)(8) Protection/restraining order
- (g)(9) Misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence
- (n) Under indictment/information for a crime punishable by more than one year or a misdemeanor punishable by more than two years
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Exposed – FBI Report on Hillary Clinton E-Mail Investigation for Mishandling of Classified Information
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Clinton E-Mail Investigation Mishandling of Classified – Unknown Subject or Country (SIM)
Page Count: 58 pages
Date: July 2016
Restriction: None
Originating Organization: Federal Bureau of Investigation
File Type: pdf
File Size: 37,829,437 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):E9ACBA18350499CE6CE739D165D5BE18C7C27B96C8F474CFABE315F6DC5BCAD4
On July 10, 2015, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) initiated a full investigation based upon a referral received from the US Intelligence Community Inspector General (ICIG), submitted in accordance with Section 811 (c) of the Intelligence Authorization Act of 1995 and dated July 6, 2015, regarding the potential unauthorized transmission and storage of classified information on the personal e-mail server of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (Clinton). The FBI’s investigation focused on determining whether classified information was transmitted or stored on unclassified systems in violation of federal criminal statutes and whether classified information was compromised by unauthorized individuals, to include foreign governments or intelligence services, via cyber intrusion or other means.
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The FBI’s investigation and forensic analysis did not find evidence confirming that Clinton’ s e-mail accounts or mobile devices were compromised by cyber means. However, investigative limitations, including the FBI’s inability to obtain all mobile devices and various computer components associated with Clinton’s personal e-mail systems, prevented the FBI from conclusively determining whether the classified information transmitted and stored on Clinton’s personal server systems was compromised via cyber intrusion or other means. The FBI did find that hostile foreign actors successfully gained access to the personal e-mail accounts of individuals with whom Clinton was in regular contact and, in doing so, obtained e-mails sent to or received by Clinton on her personal account.
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Prior to January 21, 2009, when she was sworn in as the US Secretary of State, Clinton used a personally-acquired BlackBerry device with service initially from Cingular Wireless and later AT&T Wireless, to access her e-mail accounts. Clinton initially used the e-mail addresses hr15@mycingular.blackberry.net and then changed to hr15@att.blackberry.net. According to Cooper, in January 2009, Clinton decided to stop using her hr15@att.blackberry.net e-mail address and instead began using a new private domain, clintonemail.com, to host e-mail service on the Apple Server. Clinton stated to the FBI that she directed aides, in or around January 2009, to create the clintonemail.com account, and as a matter of convenience her clintonemail.com account was moved to an e-mail system maintained by President Clinton’s aides. While Cooper could not specifically recall registering the domain, Cooper was listed as the point of contact for clintonemail.com when the domain was registered with a domain registration services company, Network Solutions, on January 13, 2009. Clinton used her att.blackberry.net e-mail account as her primary e-mail address until approximately mid-to-late January 2009 when she transitioned to her newly created hdr22@clintonemail.com account. The FBI did not recover any information indicating that Clinton sent an e-mail from her hr15@att.blackberry.net e-mail after March 18, 2009.
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Revealed – FBI Cyber Bulletin: Targeting Activity Against State Board of Election SystemsFBI Cyber Bulletin: Targeting Activity Against State Board of Election Systems
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Targeting Activity Against State Board of Election Systems
Page Count: 4 pages
Date: August 18, 2016
Restriction: TLP: AMBER
Originating Organization: Federa; Bureau of Investigation, Cyber Divison
File Type: pdf
File Size: 524,756 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):1EE66D31C46FF1F4DE98D36012E705586D6DFF6800B7F051F564D1A7CED58B3E
The FBI received information of an additional IP address, 5.149.249.172, which was detected in the July 2016 compromise of a state’s Board of Election Web site. Additionally, in August 2016 attempted intrusion activities into another state’s Board of Election system identified the IP address, 185.104.9.39 used in the aforementioned compromise.
Technical Details
The following information was released by the MS-ISAC on 1 August 2016, which was derived through the course of the investigation.
In late June 2016, an unknown actor scanned a state’s Board of Election website for vulnerabilities using Acunetix, and after identifying a Structured Query Language (SQL) injection (SQLi) vulnerability, used SQLmap to target the state website. The majority of the data exfiltration occurred in mid-July. There were 7 suspicious IPs and penetration testing tools Acunetix, SQLMap, and DirBuster used by the actor, detailed in the indicators section below.
Indicators associated with the Board of Elections intrusion:
- The use of Acunetix tool was confirmed when “GET /acunetix-wvs-test-for-some-inexistent-file – 443” and several requests with “wvstest=” appeared in the logs;
- The user agent for Acunetix was identified in the logs –”Mozilla/5.0+(Windows+NT+6.1;+WOW64)+AppleWebKit/537.21++(KHTML,+like+Gecko)+Chrome/41.0.2228.0+Safari/537.21″;
- The use of SQLMap was confirmed after “GET /status.aspx DLIDNumber=1′;DROP TABLE sqlmapoutput” appeared in the logs;
- The user agent for SQLMap is “Mozilla/5.0+(Macintosh;+U;+Intel+Mac+OS+X+10.7;+en-US;+rv:1.9.2.2)+ Gecko/20100316+Firefox/3.6.2 200 0 0 421” (These are easily spoofed and not inclusive of all SQLMap activity);
- The user agent for the DirBuster program is “DirBuster-1.0- RC1+(http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_DirBuster_Project<http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_DirBuster_Project> )”;
IP Addresses:
- 185.104.11.154
- 185.104.9.39
- 204.155.30.75
- 204.155.30.76
- 204.155.30.80
- 204.155.30.81
- 89.188.9.91
- 5.149.249.172 (new, per FBI)
Recommendations
The FBI is requesting that states contact their Board of Elections and determine if any similar activity to their logs, both inbound and outbound, has been detected. Attempts should not be made to touch or ping the IP addresses directly.
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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DoD Online Privacy and Operational Security Smart Cards: Photo Sharing Services
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Photo Sharing Services Smart Card
Page Count: 2 pages
Date: March 10, 2015
Restriction: None
Originating Organization: Novetta, Department of Defense
File Type: pdf
File Size: 521,533 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):E5222AEE1B80005CBDAF60F44139F5C47404BFD20B2E605BC185535972F22A06
Photo Sharing – Do’s and Don’ts
• Only share photos with people you know and trust. Assume that ANYONE can see, copy, and forward photos you post and share.
• Ensure that your family takes similar precautions with their photos; their privacy and sharing settings can expose your images.
• Avoid posting or tagging images that clearly show your face. Select pictures taken at a distance, at an angle, or otherwise concealed.
• Do not use your face as a profile photo, and do NOT enable Location Services for your smart phone camera or photo sharing app.
Choosing the Right Photo Sharing Service
Choosing the right photo sharing service for your needs depends both on your intent and your audience. Key questions to ask are:
• Are you sharing photos primarily for yourself, your friends and family, or for public use?
• Are your contacts or viewers already using a specific service?
• How much control do you need to maintain over your images? Is the retention of EXIF data problematic?
Your choice of photo sharing service determines the amount of control you retain over your images. All services allow you to remove images, but not all
services allow for account deletion. However, deleting your content or your account does not ensure removal from the internet.
Nine popular photo sharing services are described below. Default settings are in bold.
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Revealed – Restricted U.S. Army Geospatial Intelligence Handbook
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The following, previously unpublished training circular was superseded by ATP 2-22.7 in 2015.
TC 2-22.7 Geospatial Intelligence Handbook
Page Count: 130 pages
Date: February 18, 2011
Restriction: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies only because it requires protection in accordance with AR 380-5 or as specified by DCS G-3 Message DTG 091913Z Mar 04.
Originating Organization: Department of the Army
File Type: pdf
File Size: 32,687,748 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):901B2E4FF2EB798C51BBC38BCF5961BA1C9E1E42B32FBCD48E9813174EFFAF0B
This training circular provides GEOINT guidance for commanders, staffs, trainers, engineers, and military intelligence personnel at all echelons. It forms the foundation for GEOINT doctrine development. It also serves as a reference for personnel who are developing doctrine; tactics, techniques, and procedures; materiel and force structure; and institutional and unit training for intelligence operations.
…
1-1. Geospatial intelligence is the exploitation and analysis of imagery and geospatial information to describe, assess, and visually depict physical features and geographically referenced activities on the Earth. Geospatial intelligence consists of imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial information (10 USC 467).
Note. TC 2-22.7 further implements that GEOINT consists of any one or any combination of the following components: imagery, IMINT, or GI&S.
1-2. Imagery is the likeness or presentation of any natural or manmade feature or related object or activity, and the positional data acquired at the same time the likeness or representation was acquired, including: products produced by space-based national intelligence reconnaissance systems; and likenesses and presentations produced by satellites, aircraft platforms, unmanned aircraft vehicles, or other similar means (except that such term does not include handheld or clandestine photography taken by or on behalf of human intelligence collection organizations) (10 USC 467).
1-3. Imagery intelligence is the technical, geographic, and intelligence information derived through the interpretation or analysis of imagery and collateral materials (10 USC 467).
1-4. Geospatial information and services refers to information that identifies the geographic location and characteristics of natural or constructed features and boundaries on the Earth, including: statistical data and information derived from, among other things, remote sensing, mapping, and surveying technologies; and mapping, charting, geodetic data, and related products (10 USC 467).
…
FEATURE DATA
4-44. Feature data, also referred to as vector data, provides digital representations of natural or manmade objects as points, lines, or polygons (such as wells, roads, and forests). Each feature can include embedded information (attribution), such as bank heights for bodies of water, type of road surface, road width, and bridge load-bearing classification. Fully attributed feature data can be used to perform automated terrain analysis.
DYNAMIC TERRAIN VISUALIZATION
4-45. Dynamic terrain visualization, for example fly-throughs, is created by fusing imagery and elevation data, producing a dynamic, free flying environment to provide terrain visualization. It may also be used as tactical decision aids to support planning and execution of military operations. Dynamic terrain visualization can be displayed as urban environment overlays on high-resolution imagery or maps.
MOTION IMAGERY AS A PRODUCT
4-46. Video imagery systems collect and transmit, edit, store, archive, or disseminate digital video for realtime, near real-time, or for other end-user product distribution. The most common FMV encountered by an imagery analyst is the IMINT product of UAS platforms employed to support daily IMINT collection activities. In contrast, motion imagery—anything less than standard FMV (30 frames per second)—is associated with wide-area surveillance systems, typically collecting at two or six frames per second. Motion imagery is usually exploited in a forensic mode and helps develop pattern of life activities for a target.
4-47. UAS imagery analysis can be used to create IMINT products, or the actual UAS FMV may be disseminated to an end user for analysis or provided in combination with IMINT products. Strategic- and theater-level FMV and motion-imagery collection platform data are disseminated to the NSG architecture via the Community Airborne Library Architecture (CALA), a central repository for unexploited digital aircraft imagery. Aircraft, still, and motion imagery are currently accessible through CALA to the greater GEOINT community.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING CAPABILITY
4-48. The process of developing a mathematical representation of any 3D object via specialized software is 3D modeling capability. Models may be created automatically or manually. Manual models are created similarly to fly-throughs or by extracting manmade features for display in a 3D environment. Imagery organizations are capable of creating 3D models or finished products can be ordered through commercial software products. These products are merged, high-resolution, satellite imagery and digital elevation models that provide the user a rich interactive 3D viewing capability.
…
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TOP-SECRET – Asymmetric Operations Working Group Ambiguous Threats and External Influences
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Ambiguous Threats and External Influences in the Baltic States Phase 2: Assessing the Threat
Page Count: 68 pages
Date: November 2015
Restriction: None
Originating Organization: Asymmetric Operations Working Group, Asymmetric Warfare Group, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
File Type: pdf
File Size: 3,554,802 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):89C66F94CEAEB07F31B2CB6A25556413763706FD02CDA06347D785CB7BCE3C9E
• Russia’s strategic objectives in the Baltic region do not focus on the Baltic States as final targets, but on using the Batlic States to discredit and dismantle the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and undermining the European Union (EU) by using the Baltic States. Experts in Russia and European security from the United States and the Baltic region agree that Russia could use the Baltic States toward this end by employing any one of a spectrum of actions, to include direct invasion with conventional forces, an incursion and occupation using irregular forces like the one witnessed in Crimea in 2014, or longterm fostering of social, political, and economic instability. Disagreement existed among experts as to which approach was more likely.
• NATO’s Article 5 commitment to collective defense in the case of an armed attack makes a direct invasion with conventional forces highly unlikely, though not without its proponents. More likely, according to several experts, are longterm efforts to destabilize the Baltic States through social, economic, and political levers because the Kremlin does not wish to risk a conventional armed conflict with NATO.
• Russia stands to gain little by taking Baltic territory, with the exception of a land corridor to Kaliningrad through Lithuania. The prospect of a more unified and reinvigorated NATO in response to Russian annexation of Baltic territory deters Russian invasion and occupation.
• Internal unrest aimed at changing the government in Moscow continues to be one of the Putin administration’s chief concerns. This and other domestic concerns can prompt and drive Russian foreign policy. For instance, taking bold actions in its near abroad is used to support arguments for preserving the current regime.
• From an energy perspective, Lithuania stands in the most vulnerable position after losing its status as a net exporter of energy, but certain interdependencies between Russia and all three Baltic States decrease the potential efficacy of energy as a lever of influence. Russia has demonstrated, however, that it is willing to suffer economic losses for political gain.
• Regarding economic relations, Russia could leverage the actual economic marginalization of Russian compatriot populations, who earn less and have higher unemployment rates than ethnic Balts. However, the Baltic investment and export/import environments are increasingly insulated from Russian interference by greater ties with the Nordic countries and the rest of the EU, as well as the ability to find and tap into alternative markets when Russia has imposed embargoes in recent months. The logistics and transit sectors remain vulnerable because of heavy Russian involvement and ownership.
• Russian media dominate the information space with programming superior in quality, variety, and quantity in part because it receives extensive funding and support from the Kremlin. Russian compatriot populations typically choose to engage in this information space, and youth tend to eschew all TV and printed media in favor of Internet sources for news and entertainment. Russian media present a perspective that derides the Baltic States and its allies and exalts Russia and its predecessor, the Soviet Union. Laws and regulations have proven ineffective at tempering Russian messaging or holding Russian media companies accountable.
• Moscow supports and organizes non-government organizations (NGOs) in each Baltic State that enforce Russia’s compatriots policy, a program intended to foment social and political tension in countries where Russian compatriots reside by calling attention to alleged human rights violations and advocating interpretations of history that vilify that country and make the Soviet Union heroic. A popular position among Russian compatriot groups in the Baltic States continues to be that those countries support the rise of neo-fascism and neo-Nazism targeting Russian residents. Russian agents and provocateurs have attempted to organize protests and demonstrations against the Baltic governments but have been able to mobilize few people.
• Citizenship and language reforms in Estonia and Latvia remain contentious issues, but the percentages of stateless persons continues to decrease, and youth whose first language is Russian increasingly acquire Estonian and Latvian as a second language to gain better education and employment prospects.
• The Russian compatriot populations in the Baltic States are diverse and complex and do not represent unified segments of those national populations. The Polish minority in Lithuania is more organized and united in its support of Russian policies and deserves greater attention than it currently receives. Among the Russian compatriot populations, there appears to be a psychological crisis wherein many support Russia emotionally as their homeland, but struggle to rationally explain or reconcile Russia’s actions in eastern Ukraine with their idea of a benevolent Russia. Many reported a Crimea-like scenario could not occur in the Baltic States. A large contributor to that perception is that the standard of living in the EU incentivizes Russian compatriots not to repatriate and not to desire Russian interference, though they may desire certain policy changes by the Baltic governments.
• From a military perspective, the Baltic States depend on the NATO alliance to deter and, if necessary, answer military threats. Individually, the Baltic militaries remain too small to defend themselves against a full-scale Russian invasion, but the relatively high levels of professionalism and capability of their border guards and law enforcement provide protection from border incursions and internal disturbances growing out of control. Recent legislation in Latvia and Lithuania, as well as 2007/2008 legislation in Estonia, clarifies the circumstances in which national militaries can be mobilized internally and how they are to support law enforcement bodies.
• Overall, the Russian threat to the Baltic States resides much more in efforts to divide their societies than it does in efforts to annex their territory. A conventional invasion by Russian armed forces risks a revitalized NATO newly unified against it without acquiring significant gain, while Russian-sponsored NGOs and political parties could potentially sow sufficient discord in each country as to make them liabilities for NATO and the EU without incurring an Article 5 response.
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Revealed – U.S. Army Cultural Assessment of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)
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Cultural Assessment of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)
Page Count: 74 pages
Date: May 31, 2016
Restriction: None
Originating Organization: U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, TRADOC G-20
File Type: pdf
File Size: 7,113,430 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):05053BE458B21A87EE8BC5FD889B36BEF89A494EF0681D027579068E49DB86E5
What follows is an assessment of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) from a socio-cultural perspective. We have employed a modified PMESII-PT framework for analysis (Political, Military, Economic, Social, Infrastructure, Information, Physical Terrain, Time). We have modified PMESII-PT in three ways to emphasize the socio-cultural aspect of this analysis. First, we have expanded the concept of Military to cover all coercive forces in the area of interest. The expanded category includes law enforcement, pro and anti-government paramilitaries, militias, external forces, etc. Second, we added Population and Culture as separate categories. Arguably, these categories could be covered in PMESII-PT under Society, but we saw them as sufficiently important to merit separate chapters. Third, we have expanded the concept of Information, which we have titled Communications, to account for both how information is communicated and how it is received within the society under analysis. With that as background, here is a synopsis of our major findings by category in our modified PMESII-PT framework.
POLITICAL: ISIL has developed a political system in the image of the 7th Century Islamic Caliphate, which includes executive and judicial branches of government, but not a legislative branch. The legislative branch was unnecessary because Sharia is interpreted from the original religious sources, not created. In the ISIL system the executive branch interprets Sharia and communicates its interpretation to the greater organization. The judicial branch oversees the implementation of the executive’s interpretation of Sharia law by means of multilayered security and legal systems.
SECURITY: ISIL has concentrated power in its military and state security apparatus in order to expand its dominion to areas outside its current control and enforce its interpretation of Sharia within its territories. In order to weaken resolve in areas outside its control and to gain compliance in areas it controls, ISIL has created a culture of terror through the institutionalized use of local and media based public spectacles of primordial violence.
ECONOMIC: ISIL has a rentier economy, which derives a significant portion of its revenues from the sale of oil and gas to external clients. ISIL’s total cash and assets are estimated in the billions of dollars. Despite recent financial setbacks, ISIL has sufficient funds to maintain, or even expand, its security forces. As long as its security forces are effective, and in the absence of outside opposition, ISIL will continue to control its current territory. At its current funding rate ISIL can fight a holding action in the Levant while continuing to export terror to the rest of the world.
POPULATION: The population of ISIL-controlled territories is estimated at between six and eight million people. An estimated ten to twelve million people have fled from ISIL territory and adjacent regions affected by the Syrian Civil War. The conflict in the region has been devastating to the population, which is suffering excessive unemployment, food scarcity, economic paralyses, and generalized poverty. The vast amount of displaced persons is straining Iraqi and international humanitarian relief efforts.
SOCIETY: ISIL is an autocracy superimposed on top of tribal society, which by its nature is the antithesis of an autocracy. Social identity in ISIL-controlled areas is derived from three identity parameters (Arab, Muslim, and Sunni) shared by the general population. Historically, tribal affiliation has been the primary determinant of social status in both Syria and Iraq, but ISIL has altered this by elevating its members, many of whom are former Baathists, and foreign fighters to the upper echelons of ISIL society. ISIL further undermined the Sunni tribal leaders by usurping the economic means of production and distribution.
CULTURE: ISIL’s cultural folklore envisions a return to a 7th Century Islamic “Golden Age” when the original “pure” Caliphate ruled the Arabian Peninsula. The past is portrayed as an Islamic Eden unspoiled by infidels or apostates. ISIL narratives describe a final apocalypse in which the retrogressive forces of Islam triumph over the progressive, corrupted, non-believers of modernity, creating a new world order. This vision animates ISIL’s actions. ISIL justifies its brutality, deviation from traditional Islamic values regarding women, and crimes against humanity as service to the state. Because the Islamic State is everything, it follows that survival of the Islamic State is paramount. Based on ISIL’s actions when threatened with defeat in Iraq, if the situation in the Levant becomes untenable, ISIL leaders will most likely seek to relocate to a location, such as Libya, where they can continue their jihad.
INFRASTRUCTURE: To date, ISIL has shown the ability to maintain its physical infrastructure at an acceptable level of functionality, although its infrastructure has certainly deteriorated due to years of war and neglect. How long ISIL can continue to maintain its infrastructure is uncertain, particularly in light of ISIL’s recent drop in revenue and Coalition bombing. ISIL has employed a “scorched-earth” policy by destroying the infrastructure when driven out of urban or rural areas. ISIL will most likely continue this policy, if and when it has to cede more territory.
COMMUNICATIONS: ISIL has developed an almost textbook information operations campaign using all mediums of communications at its disposal to further its strategic goal of establishing a Caliphate. Using symbols and assorted media, ISIL is employing a multi-layered communications strategy to promote its ideology, secure its base, attract foreign fighters, create affiliates, and turn Muslim public opinion against the West.
GEOGRAPHY: In terms of the physical geography, ISIL occupies an area with very narrow and linear habitable areas generally surrounded by vast expanses of desert. Because of the desert terrain and lack of significant rainfall, life in the region is almost entirely dependent on the Tigris-Euphrates river system.
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Procedures for Direct Actions Against Terrorists Outside U.S. and Areas of Active Hostilities
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The following procedures were released under the Freedom of Information Act following a lawsuit from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
Procedures for Approving Direct Action Against Terrorist Targets Located Outside the United States and Areas of Active Hostilities
Page Count: 18 pages
Date: May 22, 2013
Restriction: None
Originating Organization: Department of Justice
File Type: pdf
File Size: 4,404,933 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256): 39338F40B0AC227C15429417B7C8D012330852111B87B44C34D6171662CFBBEC
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This Presidential Policy Guidance (PPG) establishes the standard operating procedures for when the United States takes direct action, which refers to lethal and non-lethal uses of force, including capture operations, against terrorist targets outside the United States and areas of active hostilities.
Capture operations offer the best opportunity for meaningful intelligence gain from counterterrorism (CT) operations and the mitigation and disruption of terrorist threats. Consequently, the United States prioritizes. as a matter of policy. the capture of terrorist suspects as a preferred option over lethal action and will therefore require a feasibility assessment of capture options as a component of any proposal for lethal action. Lethal action should be taken in an effort to prevent terrorist attacks against U.S. persons only when capture of an individual is not feasible and no other reasonable alternatives exist to effectively address the threat. Lethal action should not be proposed or pursued as a punitive step or as a substitute for prosecuting a terrorist suspect in a civilian court or a military commission. Capture is preferred even in circumstances where neither prosecution nor third-country custody are availab le disposition options at the time.
CT actions, including lethal action against designated terrorist targets. shall be as discriminating and precise as reasonably possible. Absent extraordinary circumstances, direct action against an identified high-value terrorist (HVT) will be taken only when there is near certainty that the individual being targeted is in fact the lawful target and located at the place where the action will occur. Also absent extraordinary circumstances, direct action will be taken only if there is near certainty that the action can be taken without injuring or killing non-combatants. For purposes of this PPG. non-combatants are understood to be individuals who may not be made the object of attack under the law of armed conflict. The term ·’non-combatant” does not include an individual who is targetable as part of a belligerent party to an armed conflict, an individual who is taking a direct part in hostilities, or an individual who is targetable in the exercise of national self-defense. Moreover, international legal principles. including respect for a state’s sovereignty and the laws of war, impose important constraints on the ability of the United States to act unilaterally-and on the way in which the United States can use force-in foreign territories.
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Unveiled – FBI Cyber Bulletin: Malware Targeting Foreign Banks
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A-000073-MW
Page Count: 19 pages
Date: May 23, 2016
Restriction: TLP: GREEN
Originating Organization: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Cyber Division
File Type: pdf
File Size: 751,757 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):B10AF987BF17BA217DED942BA847D9CF6DB8B38A0AE40B937FA4B031CB79EFC8
The FBI is providing the following information with HIGH confidence:
The FBI has obtained information regarding a malicious cyber group that has compromised the networks of foreign banks. The actors have exploited vulnerabilities in the internal environments of the banks and initiated unauthorized monetary transfers over an international payment messaging system. In some instances, the actors have been present on victim networks for a significant period of time. Contact law enforcement immediately regarding any activity related to the indicators of compromise (IOCs) in the attached appendix that are associated with this group.
Technical Details
The FBI is providing the following information with HIGH confidence:
The enclosed IOCs have been employed by a cyber group linked to intrusions at foreign banks. Malicious insiders or external attackers have managed to submit international payment messages from financial institutions’ back-offices, PCs or workstations connected to their local interface to the international payment messaging system network. The group utilized malware that appears to have been customized for each victim environment. The malware is designed to hide evidence by removing some of the traces of the fraudulent messages. The observed malware samples were designed to securely delete themselves once they completed their tasks, removing evidence of their existence. Additionally, the intruders appear to have performed extensive network reconnaissance using remote access Trojans, keyloggers, screen grabbers, and a variety of legitimate Windows system administration utilities. In addition to these IOCs, the FBI recommends recipient organizations be alert to any changes to directories where international payment messaging system software has been installed.
…
Recommended Mitigations for Institutions with Connections to Payment Messaging Systems
Logically Segregate Your Operating Environment
- Use firewalls to divide your operating environment into enclaves.
- Use access control lists to permit/deny specific traffic from flowing between those enclaves.
- Give special consideration to segregating enclaves holding sensitive information (for example, systems with customer records) from enclaves that require Internet connectivity (for example, email systems)
Isolate Payment Messaging Platforms
- For institutions that access payment messaging platforms through private networks, confirm perimeter security controls prevent Internet hosts from accessing the private network infrastructure.
- For institutions that access payment messaging platforms over the Internet, confirm perimeter security controls prevent Internet hosts other than payment messaging platform endpoints from accessing the infrastructure used for payment system access.
Routinely Confirm the Integrity of Secondary Security Controls
- Perform monthly validation of transactional integrity systems, such as printers or secondary storage systems.
- Perform monthly validation of payment messaging activity by performing telephone confirmation of transfer activity.
Routinely Test Operating Protocols
- Confirm staffing plans for non-business, non-critical operating hours.
- Ensure staff members understand payment messaging transfer protocols, along with emergency transfer protocols.
Monitor for Anomalous Behavior as Part of Layered Security
- Develop baseline of expected software, users and logons. Monitor hosts running payment applications for unusual software installations, updates, account changes, or other activities outside of expected behavior.
- Develop baseline of expected transaction participants, amounts, frequency and timing. Monitor and flag anomalous transactions for suspected fraudulent activity.
Recommended Mitigations for All Alert Recipients
The FBI is providing the following information with HIGH confidence:
- Prepare Your Environment for Incident Response
- Establish Out-of-Band Communications methods for dissemination of intrusion response plans and activities, inform NOCs/CERTs according to institutional policy and SOPs.
- Maintain and actively monitor centralized host and network logging solutions after ensuring that all devices have logging enabled and their logs are being aggregated to those centralized solutions.
- Disable all remote (including RDP) access until a password change has been completed.
- Implement full SSL/TLS inspection capability (on perimeter and proxy devices).
- Monitor accounts and devices determined to be part of the compromise to prevent reacquisition attempts.
- Implement core mitigations to inhibit re-exploitation (within 72 hours)
- Implement a network-wide password reset (preferably with local host access only, no remote changes allowed) to include:
A patch management process that regularly patches vulnerable software remains a critical component in raising the difficulty of intrusions for cyber operators. While a few adversaries use zero-day exploits to target victims, many adversaries still target known vulnerabilities for which patches have been released, capitalizing on slow patch processes and risk decisions by network owners not to patch certain vulnerabilities or systems.
After initial response activities, deploy and correctly configure Microsoft’s Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET). EMET employs several mitigation techniques to combat memory corruption techniques. It is recommended that all hosts and servers on the network implement EMET, but for recommendations on the best methodology to employ when deploying EMET, please see NSA/IAD’s Anti-Exploitation Slick sheet – https://www.nsa.gov/ia/_files/factsheets/I43V_Slick_Sheets/Slicksheet_AntiExploitationFeatures_Web.pdf
Implement Data-At-Rest (DAR) Protections.
- The goal for DAR protections is to prevent an attacker from compromising sensitive data when the End User Device (EUD) is powered off or unauthenticated.
- The use of multiple encryption layers that meet IAD and CNSSP-15 guidance, implemented with components meeting the Commercial Solution for Classified (CSfC) vendor diversity requirements, reduces the likelihood that a single vulnerability or failure can be exploited to compromise EUDs, move laterally through a network, and access sensitive data.
- Receiving and validating updates or code patches for these components only through direct physical administration or an NSA approved Data in Transit (DIT) solution mitigates the threat of malicious attempts to push unverified updates or code updates.
- Procure products that have been validated through NIAP’s DAR Protection Profiles (PPs) and utilize the DAR Capability Package (CP) that provides configurations allowing customers to independently implement secure solutions using layered Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) products. The CP is vendor-agnostic and provides high-level security and configuration guidance for customers and/or Solution Integrators.
Implement long-term mitigations to further harden systems
1. Protect Credentials: By implementing the following credential protections, the threat actor’s ability to gain highly privileged account access and move throughout a network is severely hampered.
a. Implement Least Privilege: Least privilege is the limiting of rights assigned to each group of accounts on a network to only the rights required for the user, as in a normal user is only granted user level privileges and cannot perform any administrative tasks such as installing software.
b. Restrict Local Accounts: By restricting the usage of local accounts, especially local administer accounts, you are able to reduce the amount of usable credentials found within a network. When utilizing local accounts, passwords and their corresponding hashes are stored on the host and are more readily available for harvesting by an adversary who seeks to establish persistence. Adversaries are known to use this information to move across the network through Pass the Hash.
c. Limit lateral movement: This mitigation reduces the adversary’s ability to go from exploiting one machine to taking over the entire network. Host firewall rules, Active Directory structuring, and/or Group Policy settings, can be tailored to stop communications between systems and increase the survivability and defensibility of a network under attack.
d. Admin Access Segregation: Once an adversary gains administrator credentials, especially domain administrator credentials, the network becomes wide open to their malicious activity. By decreasing the surface area where administrator credentials can be stolen, through restricting where administrators can use their accounts and what they can use their accounts for, the threat actor will have a much harder time fully compromising a network. Having different passwords and credentials for user, local administrator, and domain administrator accounts prevents an adversary from reusing a stolen credential from one to gain more access.
e. Admin Access Protection: Using encrypted protocols across the network where credentials especially administrative credentials, are sent in the clear enables an adversary to grab them in transit and reuse them. Be sure to use encrypted protocols (e.g. HTTPS, SSH, RDP, SFTP, etc.) for all management connections where credentials are passed, and disable the use of unencrypted protocols (e.g. Telnet, FTP, HTTP, etc.).
f. Ensure Administrative Accounts do not have email accounts or Internet access.
g. Utilize Strong Authentication: By enforcing multi-factor authentication (e.g., using smart cards), especially for privileged account and remote access (e.g. VPNs), you dramatically reduce when and where stolen credentials can be reused by an adversary. Until then, create, enforce, and maintain strong password policies across the organization. The use of strong password policies must be mandated for all users and is especially critical for administrator accounts and service accounts. Passwords should be complex and contain a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters, and they should be of a sufficient length (greater than 14 characters); require regular password changes for all administrative and other privileged account; and prevent the reuse of usernames and passwords across multiple domains and/or multiple systems.
h. Log and Monitor Privileged Admin Account Usage: Implementing logging and monitoring capabilities on privileged accounts can provide insight to system owners and incident response professionals of account misuse and potential compromise by malicious actors. For instance it may be discovered that a domain admin is logging in at 2200 every night even though that admin is done working for the day and gone from the building. This mitigation would also enable discovery of any privileged admin accounts that were created by the actor for persistence.
i. Log and Monitor Use of Administrative Tools: Non-administrative use of built-in OS administrative tools should be locked down in accordance with applicable guidance and hardening policies. Use of these tools, such as Windows® PowerShell® and Windows Management Instrumentation Command-line (WMIC), should be logged and monitored to help enable early detection of a compromise. Though administration activities take place on a constant basis, certain behaviors, or sets of activities, in concert with others, are suspicious and can lead to a discovery of intrusion. For example, the ‘ping’ command by itself has legitimate uses. However, the ‘ping’ command followed by a PowerShell command from one workstation to another is very suspicious.
2. Segregate Networks and Functions:
a. Know Your Network: Enterprise networks often become unmanageable leading to inefficient administration and ineffective security. In order to have any sort of control over your network, you first need to know what and where everything is and does. Ensure information about your networks is documented and is updated regularly. Create an accurate list of ALL devices and ALL protocols that are running on your network. Identify network enclaves and examine your network trust relationships within and between those enclaves as well as with external networks to determine whether they are really necessary for your organization’s mission.
b. DMZ Isolation: By ensuring that the DMZ is properly segregated both through physical and logical network architecture and admin/user accounts, a network owner can greatly decrease the external attack surface. Since webservers and corresponding databases usually sit in this location and are also externally accessible, they regularly are the first target during CNO. If these systems are compromised and the DMZ is not configured properly or at all, it could mean the loss of the entire enterprise.
c. Network Function Segregation: A network owner should implement a tiered system when determining the switching within a network. This way the lower security systems, like user workstations or machines with email and internet access, cannot insecurely communicate with higher security systems like domain controllers and other member servers. This can be achieved through multiple methods including VLANs, physical network topologies, and firewall rule sets. In the same vein, networks need to apply the same segregation principle to the various tiers of accounts within a network, ensuring highly privileged accounts cannot access lower security tiered systems and low privilege accounts cannot access higher security tiered systems.
d. Limit Workstation-to-Workstation Communications: Pass-the-Hash (PtH) and other forms of legitimate credential reuse are serious vulnerabilities existing in all environments that implement Single Sign-on. PtH allows an attacker to reuse legitimate administrator or user credentials to move from system to system on a network without ever having to crack password. Once an attacker compromises a single host, s/he will typically reuse stolen hashed credentials to spread to other systems on the network, gain access to a privileged user’s workstation, grab domain administrator credentials, and subsequently take control of the entire environment. Limiting workstation-to-workstation communication will severely restrict attackers’ freedom of movement via techniques such as PtH. In general, limiting the number and type of communication flows between systems also aids in the detection of potentially malicious network activity. Because there are fewer allowed communication paths, abnormal flows become more apparent to attentive network defenders.
e. Perimeter Filtering: Perimeter filtering refers to properly implementing network security devices, such as proxies, firewall, web content filters, and IDS/IPS. The intent is to block malicious traffic from reaching a user’s machine and provide protection against data exfiltration and command and control.
f. Use Web Domain Name System (DNS) Reputation: Various commercial services offer feeds rating the trustworthiness of web domains. Enterprises can protect their hosts by screening web accesses against such services and redirecting dangerous web requests to a warning page. Inspection can be implemented at either the web proxy or browser level.
g. Restrict or Prevent Remote Admin Access: Prior to an intrusion, remote access should be severely restricted and highly monitored. Once an intrusion is detected, all remote administration should be completely disallowed. Not only does this clear up the network traffic coming and going from a network, it also allows the network defenders to determine that the remote administration activities are malicious and better track and block them.
3. Implement Application Whitelisting: Application whitelisting is the configuring of host system to only execute a specific, known set of code. Basically, if a program or executable code, such as a piece of malware, is not included in the whitelist it’s never allowed to run.
4. Install and correctly use EMET: One of the frequently used tactics by an adversary is to initially infect a host through spear-phishing and drive-by’s/water-holing websites. The best way to counter this initial exploitation is through the implementation of an anti-exploitation tool, such as Microsoft’s Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET). These tools can render useless entire classes of malware and malicious TTP instead of eliminating one piece of malware at a time; an enormous boon to a network’s security.
5. Implement Host Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) Rules: Standard signature-based host defenses are overwhelmed by exploit kits that continually morph attack components. HIPS technology focuses on threat behaviors and can better scale to entire sets of intrusion activities. For an enterprise with a well-configured and managed network, HIPS can be tuned to learn and allow normal network functionality while flagging anomalies characteristic of intrusions.
6. Centralize logging of all events: By pulling all of the system logs (such as Windows Event or Error logs, and any logs from security devices, such as SNORT, HIPS or firewall rule hits, as a few examples) into a centralized location that protects it from tampering and enables analytics, the network admin and intrusion response team would be able to more efficiently detect and understand the tools, tactics, and procedures of the adversary. This paper does not detail the entirety of logs that could be aggregated, however, specific recommendations of particular logs that should be targeted for aggregation can be obtained via consultation with the network’s Computer Network Defense-Service Provider (CND-SP) or with any of the organizations listed in the introduction of this section.
7. Take Advantage of Software Improvement: Apply patches for vulnerabilities as soon as they are released by the vendor. Upgrade as new versions of applications, software and operating systems become available. Delaying or ignoring patches for vulnerabilities considerably increases the chance of systems being exploited, in particular Internet/public facing systems (VPN, web, email servers). Open source research has shown that a working exploit is often available on the same day vulnerabilities are publicly disclosed, making it imperative to patch immediately. Vendors typically perform extensive testing of patches prior to release so misconceptions about negative effects on systems are often overstated. The cost of pre-deployment testing by the enterprise is miniscule compared to the potential costs incurred from a security breach. Application deployment and updating is becoming increasingly automated. Many operating systems and applications provide automatic update features to minimize the human factor.
8. Public Services Utilization: Enterprises are embracing the use of public services such as Cloud Storage and Social Networking Sites (SNS) as they offer capabilities not available with traditional software. These services also introduce a new set of vulnerabilities that must be considered. Open source reporting has shown these services to be an increasingly used vector for both malware delivery and data exfiltration. Establish a comprehensive public services policy and framework. Discover and document all the Cloud and Social Networking Services used and establish a policy that includes IT sanctioned sites permitted and prohibited within the enterprise as well as what is considered acceptable use. Integrate traffic logs to/from these sites into your centralized logging environment and implement analytics to detect and alert on potentially suspicious or abnormal traffic that could be indicative of a compromise.
9. Use a Standard Baseline: Implementing a uniform image with security already baked in and standardized applications affords the incident response team the ability to look at exploited machines and distinguish what is malicious vs. allowed. It also ensures that each machine on network is at least at a certain level of security prior to further customization for a user’s needs. Within the DoDIN this can be satisfied through the Unified Master Gold Disk, maintained and distributed through DISA.
10. Centralize logging of all events: By pulling all of the system logs, such as Windows Event or Error logs, and any logs from security devices, such as SNORT or firewall rule hits, into a centralized location, the network admin and intrusion response team would be able to more efficiently detect and understand the tools, tactics, and procedures of the adversary. Using this information then increases the responder’s ability to effectively corner and expel the adversary.
11. Data-at-Rest and Data-in-Transit Encryption: Implementing encryption for both data at rest and data in transit ensures that what is meant to be kept private stays private, whether it is stored on a disk or moving across a network. It means that exfiltration and espionage attempts can be thwarted since a threat actor cannot access the information.
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TOP SECRET – Joint Improvised-Threat Defeat Agency Global IED Reports 2016
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The following is a collection of all Combat Integration Support Team (CIST) Global IED Reports for the month of June 2016. The reports are produced by the Joint Improvised-Threat Defeat Agency, formerly the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization (JIEDDO).
Combat Integration Support Team (CIST) Global IED Report
Page Count: 163 pages
Date: June 2016
Restriction: Distribution Restricted
Originating Organization: Joint Improvised-Threat Defeat Agency
File Type: zip
File Size: 9,754,901 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):B310E284A3084E3DB77709558FF97C33586EAB68D15A75207CA2A70B68E3F29A
This document was prepared in order to facilitate a greater understanding of the nature and scope of threats and hazards related to the estimated 500+ monthly IED events worldwide. It is provided to aid in the timely identification and development of appropriate actions, priorities and follow-on measures.
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TOP SECRET – U.S. Army Special Operations Command Primer on Russian Unconventional Warfare in Ukraine 2013-2014
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Little Green Men: A Primer on Modern Russian Unconventional Warfare, Ukraine 2013-2014
Page Count: 78 pages
Date: June 2015
Restriction: None
Originating Organization: U.S. Army Special Operations Command
File Type: pdf
File Size: 8,767,432 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):2F98D69E0550FB86FB8820C6C936948C0B6B0E3B81C788C4B061A2B6244D93AA
This document is intended as a primer—a brief, informative treatment—concerning the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. It is an unclassified expansion of an earlier classified version that drew from numerous classified and unclassified sources, including key US Department of State diplomatic cables. For this version, the authors drew from open source articles, journals, and books. Because the primer examines a very recent conflict, it does not reflect a comprehensive historiography, nor does it achieve in-depth analysis. Instead, it is intended to acquaint the reader with the essential background to and course of the Russian intervention in Ukraine from the onset of the crisis in late 2013 through the end of 2014. The document’s key points are summarized below.
Part I. Context and Theory of Russian Unconventional Warfare
- Key Principles
- Strategy to deal with states and regions on the periphery of the Russian Federation
- Primacy of nonmilitary factors: politics, diplomacy, economics, finance, information, and intelligence
- Primacy of the information domain: use of cyberwarfare, propaganda, and deception, especially toward the Russian-speaking populace
- Persistent (rather than plausible) denial of Russian operations
- Use of unidentified local and Russian agents
- Use of intimidation, bribery, assassination, and agitation
- Start of military activity without war declaration; actions appear to be spontaneous actions of local troops/militias
- Use of armed civilian proxies, self-defense militias, and imported paramilitary units (e.g., Cossacks, Vostok Battalion) instead of, or in advance of, regular troops
- Asymmetric, nonlinear actions
- For the purpose of clarity and uniformity within this study, the authors use the term unconventional warfare to embrace the wide variety of military, informational, political, diplomatic, economic, financial, cultural, and religious activities Russia employed in Ukraine.
- Evolution of Russian unconventional warfare. Russian intervention in Ukraine has featured refined and modernized techniques evolved through observation and analysis of Western methods (the color revolutions, Arab Spring) and Russian experiences since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Specifically, they drew lessons from interventions in:
- Lithuania, 1991
- Transnistria, 1990–1992
- Chechnya (and Dagestan), 1994–1996 (1999–2009)
- Georgia, 2008
- Russian information warfare has emerged as a key component of Russian strategy. Igor Panarin and Alexandr Dugin are the primary theorists.
- Russian Chief of Staff Valery Gerasimov’s model for interstate conflict reflects the growing importance of nonkinetic factors in Russian strategy.
Part II. Russian Unconventional Warfare in Ukraine, 2013–2014
- Historical Context
- Ukraine’s historical, cultural, religious, and economic ties to Russia make it a vital interest to Moscow.
- Western encroachment into the Russian sphere of influence, primarily through North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) expansion and European Union (EU) economic ties, stimulated a reactionary movement among Russian conservatives to stop the loss of peripheral states to the West.
- The Crimean peninsula, with a majority of ethnic Russians, includes Russia’s Black Sea naval base of Sevastopol and is a vital interest to Moscow.
- The Maidan movement is viewed as a product of Western—especially American—conspiracy.
- Vladimir Putin has boosted his popularity by portraying himself as the defender of Russian nationalism and Russian Orthodoxy in Ukraine.
- Russian Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures in Ukraine, 2013–2014
- Political organization within the conflict region to create and sustain pro-Russian political parties, unions, and paramilitary groups
- Recruitment and support of regional SPETSNAZ
- Importation of “little green men”—unidentified Russian agents (usually SPETSNAZ) to organize and lead protests and paramilitary operations
- Importation of Cossack, Chechen, Serbian, and Russian paramilitary “volunteers”
- Persistent (rather than plausible) denial of Russian operations, even in the face of photographic evidence and firsthand testimonials
- Domination of television, radio, and social media through the use of highly trained operatives, including “hacktivists” and seemingly independent bloggers; use of Russia Today television as a highly effective propaganda tool; use of professional actors who portray themselves as pro-Russian Ukrainians
- Use of blackmail, bribery, intimidation, assassination, and kidnapping against regional political opponents and government officials, including police and military officials
- Use of “relief columns” to import weapons, soldiers, equipment, and supplies to pro-Russian forces
- Small-scale invasion and precision operations by conventional Battalion Tactical Groups (BTGs) based along the Russian border
- Issuing Russian passports to pro-Russian populations and touting Moscow’s need to defend the Russian diaspora against alleged abuses
Conclusion
- Driven by a desire to roll back Western encroachment into the Russian sphere of influence, the current generation of Russian leaders has crafted a multidisciplinary art and science of unconventional warfare. Capitalizing on deception, psychological manipulation, and domination of the information domain, their approach represents a notable threat to Western security.
- The new forms of Russian unconventional warfare challenge the structure of the NATO Charter, because they obviate the appearance of “armed invasion.”
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Revealed – INTERPOL Facial Images Best Practices Guide
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INTERPOL Facial Images Best Practices Guide
August 1, 2016
INTERPOL Facial Images Best Practices Guide
Page Count: 4 pages
Date: October 2015
Restriction: None
Originating Organization: International Criminal Police Organization
File Type: pdf
File Size: 278,336 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):8DEBCD1F00E65A887A8703F3B08F3D241843FA25A8C861CBB76C5DF30F6A72F9
In 2015 INTERPOL will introduce a facial recognition system to further enhance its forensics capabilities to its members countries. In this context the images used to populate the facial database as well as to submit for facial query be of a high quality in order to ensure consistent match performance.
The purpose of this document is to recommend a simple set up for taking frontal face (mugshot) images.
Different cameras will obviously produce different results but there are other important factors to take into consideration which can have a big impact on the effectiveness of facial recognition software.
…
The subject’s face shall:
Be in focus and stationary
Be shown clearly in a full frontal profile
Not be covered
Not be tilted up, down, left or right
Not be ‘rolled’ (i.e. tilted from a 90° angle)
Include the subject’s full head with hair, as well as neck and top of shoulders
The subject should not be wearing head covering(s).
The subject’s eyes should be clearly visible and not obscured, meaning glasses should always be removed.
The subject’s ears should also be clearly visible (hair pulled or tied back).
The subject must not be:
Smiling/frowning
Raising eyebrows
Closing eyes
Opening mouth
Looking away from the camera
The subject should be at least 2m from the camera.
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FBI New Orleans Alert: Violence Against Law Enforcement and Riots Planned for July 8-10 2016
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The following situational information report was originally obtained and published by Judicial Watch.
Violenee Against Law Enforeement Offieers and Riots Planned for 8-10 July 2016
Page Count: 7 pages
Date: July 7, 2016
Restriction: For Official Use Only
Originating Organization: Federal Bureau of Investigation, New Orleans Division
File Type: pdf
File Size: 1,546,442 bytes
File Hash (SHA-256):E4BB8AA9ABDE69C0F33B94E8437A9ACF0A70FAB2A5BC7293DA01AF921FE46D53
(U//FOUO) The purpose of this Situational Information Report (SIR) is to alert first responders of threats to law enforcement and potential threats to the safety of the general public. The threats stem from an officer involved shooting in Baton Rouge, Louisiana on 5 July 2016.
…
(U//FOUO) According to information forwarded to FBI New Orleans, multiple groups are calling for or planning riots and/or violence against law enforcement in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Shreveport, Louisiana beginning Friday, 8 July 2016 and continuing through at least 10 July 2016.
(U//FOUO) FBI New Orleans Comment: The Louisiana Fusion Center confirmed additional protests are also planned in multiple locations throughout Louisiana, but cannot confirm additional threats of violence at this time.
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