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Telegram’s t.me Domain Killed Worldwide – US Sanctions Blamed for Mass Outage

Telegram’s t.me domain blocked worldwide. Millions of links dead after Montenegro registry places domain on “serverHold” – US sanctions suspected.

Telegram’s t.me Domain Blocked Worldwide – Millions of Links Suddenly Dead

Telegram’s core short-link domain t.me was taken offline globally on July 13, 2026, after the .me registry placed it under “serverHold” status — effectively removing it from the global DNS system and breaking millions of links to channels, groups, and profiles across the web.

The Outage: What Happened?

On the evening of July 13, 2026, the short-link domain t.me — used by Telegram to generate shareable links for channels, chat groups, profiles, and bots — suddenly stopped resolving in web browsers worldwide. Users attempting to open t.me links from outside the Telegram app were met with DNS errors.

According to WHOIS records, the domain had been placed under “serverHold” status by the .me registry, the national domain operator for Montenegro. This is a registry-level action that removes the domain from the global DNS system entirely — meaning browsers simply cannot find the server associated with the address.

The status change was recorded on July 13, 2026, at 7:24:55 PM UTC. The domain remains registered to Telegram through GoDaddy and is not set to expire until May 2035, ruling out non-renewal as the cause.

What “serverHold” Means

A “serverHold” status is an EPP (Extensible Provisioning Protocol) status code that only the domain’s registry — in this case, the .me registry operated by Identity Digital — can apply. Once active, it:

· Disables the domain’s entire DNS zone
· Takes precedence over any registrar or DNS-provider settings
· Prevents any resolution of the domain anywhere on the internet
· Blocks associated email and all dependent services

According to ICANN documentation, serverHold can be applied due to legal disputes, internal investigations, law enforcement requests, registry rule violations, or technical errors. As of the initial outage, neither Telegram, the .me registry, nor Identity Digital had issued a public statement explaining the suspension.

The App Remains Functional

Crucially, Telegram’s core messaging service remained operational throughout the outage. The disruption was isolated to the t.me short-link and web-preview domain.

Links using the alternative domain telegram.me continued to function. Additionally, t.me links continued to work within Telegram’s in-app browser.

Possible Cause: U.S. Sanctions

The most plausible explanation for the block points to U.S. Treasury sanctions.

On July 13, 2026 — the same day t.me was placed on serverHold — the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) added the Ukrainian VPN provider FirstVPN to its SDN (Specially Designated Nationals) sanctions list. The Treasury’s sanctions listing for FirstVPN contained a full web address linking to the VPN provider’s public Telegram group using the shortened t.me domain.

According to Jonah Aragon, a technologist with the NGO Privacy Guides, the Montenegrin registry may have engaged in “overblocking” — suspending the entire t.me domain to comply with U.S. sanctions rather than restricting only the specific offending link.

Domain registrars that do not adhere to U.S. sanctions laws can face heavy fines. The .org domain associated with FirstVPN was also placed under serverHold by its registrar, and the .com domain was deactivated.

Predrag Lešić, CEO of DomainME (the .me registry operator), confirmed in an email to TechCrunch that the t.me domain was “on hold due to OFAC compliance”.

Pavel Durov’s Response

Telegram founder Pavel Durov took to X (formerly Twitter) to address the issue:

“Hey @domainME, t.me links stopped working. Can you sort it out?”

The domain was restored approximately 24 hours later, on July 14, 2026. DomainME confirmed the restoration and stated that an official statement would be issued shortly.

Alternative Solutions

During the outage, users could still:

· Share and access links using the alternative domain telegram.me
· Use t.me links within Telegram’s in-app browser
· Access Telegram’s desktop and mobile apps normally

A Warning Sign for Digital Independence

The t.me outage serves as a stark reminder of the fragility of digital infrastructure in an era of geopolitical conflict and economic sanctions. A single registry-level action — taken thousands of miles away in Montenegro — was able to render millions of links globally inaccessible within minutes.

The incident raises uncomfortable questions: Who controls the digital infrastructure we rely on? And what happens when geopolitical pressures collide with that infrastructure?

For a platform like Telegram, which has positioned itself as a bastion of free speech and digital resistance — particularly in Russia, where authorities have repeatedly threatened to block the service — the t.me outage exposes a critical vulnerability: the domain itself is not immune to external pressure.

Durov has called for “digital resistance” against censorship and promised that Telegram would develop measures to circumvent blocks. But as the t.me incident demonstrates, even the most resilient platforms remain dependent on a global DNS system that can be disrupted at the registry level — often without warning and without explanation.

The complete documentation with all official statements, technical analysis, and further coverage is exclusively available to Patreon subscribers at patreon.com/berndpulch.

Telegram-Webblockade: t.me-Domain weltweit lahmgelegt – Millionen Links tot

Die zentrale Kurzlink-Domain von Telegram, t.me, wurde am 13. Juli 2026 weltweit vom Netz genommen – das .me-Register setzte die Domain auf “serverHold” und entfernte sie damit aus dem globalen DNS-System. Millionen von Links zu Kanälen, Gruppen und Profilen sind seitdem im Web unerreichbar.

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Der Ausfall: Was geschah?

Am Abend des 13. Juli 2026 hörte die Kurzlink-Domain t.me – die von Telegram verwendet wird, um Links zu Kanälen, Chat-Gruppen, Profilen und Bots zu generieren – plötzlich auf, in Webbrowsern weltweit aufzulösen. Nutzer, die versuchten, t.me-Links außerhalb der Telegram-App zu öffnen, erhielten DNS-Fehler.

Laut WHOIS-Daten wurde die Domain vom .me-Register, dem nationalen Domain-Betreiber Montenegros, auf den Status “serverHold” gesetzt. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Maßnahme auf Registry-Ebene, die die Domain vollständig aus dem globalen DNS-System entfernt – Browser können den Server hinter der Adresse schlicht nicht mehr finden.

Die Statusänderung wurde am 13. Juli 2026 um 19:24:55 Uhr UTC protokolliert. Die Domain bleibt über GoDaddy bei Telegram registriert und läuft erst im Mai 2035 aus – eine Nichtverlängerung scheidet damit als Ursache aus.

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Was “serverHold” bedeutet

“serverHold” ist ein EPP-Statuscode (Extensible Provisioning Protocol), der nur vom Registry-Betreiber – in diesem Fall dem .me-Register von Identity Digital – gesetzt werden kann. Sobald aktiv, passiert Folgendes:

· Die gesamte DNS-Zone der Domain wird deaktiviert
· Der Status hat Vorrang vor allen Registrar- oder DNS-Provider-Einstellungen
· Die Domain kann weltweit nicht mehr aufgelöst werden
· E-Mail-Dienste und alle abhängigen Services sind blockiert

Laut ICANN-Dokumentation kann serverHold aufgrund von Rechtsstreitigkeiten, internen Ermittlungen, Strafverfolgungsanfragen, Verstößen gegen Registry-Richtlinien oder technischen Fehlern verhängt werden. Zum Zeitpunkt des Ausfalls hatten weder Telegram, das .me-Register noch Identity Digital eine offizielle Erklärung veröffentlicht.

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Die App bleibt funktionsfähig

Entscheidend: Der eigentliche Messenger-Dienst von Telegram blieb während des gesamten Ausfalls uneingeschränkt nutzbar. Die Störung beschränkte sich auf die t.me-Kurzlink-Domain und die Webvorschau.

Links über die alternative Domain telegram.me funktionierten weiterhin. Darüber hinaus konnten t.me-Links im integrierten Browser der Telegram-App weiterhin geöffnet werden.

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Mögliche Ursache: US-Sanktionen

Die plausibelste Erklärung für die Blockade sind US-Finanzsanktionen.

Am 13. Juli 2026 – dem gleichen Tag, an dem t.me auf serverHold gesetzt wurde – hatte das Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) des US-Finanzministeriums den ukrainischen VPN-Anbieter FirstVPN auf seine SDN-Sanktionsliste (Specially Designated Nationals) gesetzt. Die Treasury-Mitteilung enthielt einen vollständigen Web-Link zur öffentlichen Telegram-Gruppe des VPN-Anbieters unter Verwendung der t.me-Domain.

Laut Jonah Aragon, einem Technologen der NGO Privacy Guides, könnte das montenegrinische Registry “Overblocking” betrieben haben – also die gesamte t.me-Domain gesperrt haben, um den US-Sanktionen zu entsprechen, anstatt nur den spezifischen Link zu blockieren.

Domain-Registrare, die US-Sanktionsgesetze nicht einhalten, können mit hohen Geldstrafen belegt werden. Die .org-Domain von FirstVPN wurde ebenfalls von ihrem Registrar auf serverHold gesetzt, und die .com-Domain wurde deaktiviert.

Predrag Lešić, CEO von DomainME (dem .me-Registry-Betreiber), bestätigte in einer E-Mail an TechCrunch, dass die t.me-Domain “aufgrund der OFAC-Compliance auf Hold gesetzt wurde”.

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Pavel Durovs Reaktion

Telegram-Gründer Pavel Durov äußerte sich auf X (ehemals Twitter) zu dem Problem:

“Hey @domainME, t.me-Links funktionieren nicht mehr. Könnt ihr das klären?”

Die Domain wurde etwa 24 Stunden später, am 14. Juli 2026, wiederhergestellt. DomainME bestätigte die Wiederherstellung und kündigte an, dass eine offizielle Stellungnahme in Kürze veröffentlicht werde.

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Alternative Lösungen

Während des Ausfalls konnten Nutzer weiterhin:

· Links über die alternative Domain telegram.me teilen und aufrufen
· t.me-Links im integrierten Browser der Telegram-App verwenden
· Die Desktop- und Mobil-Apps von Telegram wie gewohnt nutzen

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Ein Warnsignal für digitale Unabhängigkeit

Der t.me-Ausfall ist eine eindringliche Erinnerung an die Verletzlichkeit der digitalen Infrastruktur in einer Ära geopolitischer Konflikte und Wirtschaftssanktionen. Eine einzige Maßnahme auf Registry-Ebene – Tausende Kilometer entfernt in Montenegro getroffen – konnte innerhalb von Minuten Millionen von Links weltweit unzugänglich machen.

Der Vorfall wirft unbequeme Fragen auf: Wer kontrolliert die digitale Infrastruktur, auf die wir uns verlassen? Und was passiert, wenn geopolitische Spannungen mit dieser Infrastruktur kollidieren?

Für eine Plattform wie Telegram, die sich als Bastion der Meinungsfreiheit und des digitalen Widerstands positioniert hat – insbesondere in Russland, wo Behörden wiederholt mit der Blockade des Dienstes gedroht haben – offenbart der t.me-Ausfall eine kritische Schwachstelle: Die Domain selbst ist nicht immun gegen externen Druck.

Durov hat zur “digitalen Resistenz” gegen Zensur aufgerufen und versprochen, dass Telegram Maßnahmen entwickeln werde, um Blockaden zu umgehen. Doch der t.me-Vorfall zeigt: Selbst die widerstandsfähigsten Plattformen bleiben von einem globalen DNS-System abhängig, das auf Registry-Ebene gestört werden kann – oft ohne Vorwarnung und ohne Erklärung.

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Die vollständige Dokumentation mit allen offiziellen Stellungnahmen, technischen Analysen und weiterführenden Berichten ist exklusiv für Patreon-Abonnenten verfügbar unter patreon.com/berndpulch.

Elektrospaces – How the Police Taps the Internet

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About how signals intelligence agencies, like NSA and GCHQ, are intercepting communications, we learned a lot from the Snowden revelations and the German parliamentary inquiry, but also from new legislation in France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

Much less is known about the practice of tapping by law enforcement, like for example the FBI and police forces. Now, a case from the Netherlands provides some interesting insights in how Dutch police intercepts internet communications – in a way that comes remarkably close to the bulk collection by intelligence agencies.

– Cooperation with the Russians – Intercepting at Leaseweb –

– Some questions – The end of ZeuS –

Office of the Team High Tech Crime (THTC) of the Dutch police in Driebergen
(photo: NRC/Merlin Daleman)

Cooperation with the Russians

On Saturday, May 27, the Dutch newspaper De Volkskrant came with a surprising storyabout the cooperation between the Team High Tech Crime (THTC) of the Dutch police and officials from the Russian federal security service FSB, which is the main successor to the notorious KGB.

Since 2009, regular meetings are held in the Netherlands, in which also officials from the FBI participate. The aim is to cooperate in tracking down and eventually arresting cyber criminals. The Volkskrant’s front page report is accompanied by an extensive background story, which contains some more worrying details, but is only available in Dutch.

The cooperation with the Russians dates back to September 2007, when the head of THTC attended a conference in the Russian city of Khabarovsk, at which CIA, FBI, Mossad, BND and other agencies were present. The head of THTC was able to create a connection to the FSB and their deputy head of the department for cyber crime, Sergei Mikhailov, became the liaison for the Dutch police and would regularly visit the Netherlands.

Meetings in Driebergen

Initially, the meetings with the Russians were held in the Dutch village of Driebergen, where the Team High Tech Crime has its offices. The Dutch security service AIVD was apparently not very fond of this, so every visit of for example Mikhailov had to be reported, and since 2012, every police officer who had contact with someone from the FSB was briefed by the AIVD before and after every meeting.

The FSB, much like the FBI, isn’t just responsible for law enforcement, but is also Russia’s secret service for domestic security. This made AIVD worried that FSB officers could use their visits to the Netherlands for spying – although strictly spoken, collecting foreign intelligence is the task of another Russian agency, the SVR.

The police compound in Driebergen started as highway patrol station, but nowadays houses some of the most sensitive units of the Dutch police, including the national criminal investigation branch and the Unit Landelijke Interceptie (or Lawful Interception, ULI), which was created in 2005 as the central facility for internet tapping, as well as for telephone tapping on behalf of all the smaller police districts.*

The police compound in the village of Driebergen
(photo via Flickr)

Security incident

There was at least one security incident in Driebergen: De Volkskrant describes that during a meeting with FBI and FSB, a Russian official came to a member of the Dutch police team, pointed at someone from the FBI and said “he is copying your data”. An investigator went looking and saw that indeed the American had a thumb drive in a police laptop and was copying Dutch information. Whether this had any consequences was not reported.

In 2014, the cooperation with Russia came under pressure: in July, there was the Russian annexation of the Crimea and shortly aftwerwards, flight MH17 was shot down, killing 193 Dutch citizens. The criminal investigation of this case also takes place in Driebergen, so the police decided to move to meetings with FSB officials from Driebergen to police stations in Amsterdam and Rotterdam.

Intercepting at Leaseweb

The first case in which Dutch police and Russian FSB cooperated started in 2008, when Russian criminals used the ZeuS trojan horse malware to spoof the login screen of banks in order to capture user credentials, and steal the money from bank accounts without a trace.

Often these criminals used servers of the Dutch hosting company Leaseweb, which offers relatively anonymous and cheap services as well as high-speed connections, as it is close to the large Amsterdam internet exchange AMS-IX. To communicate with eachother, the criminals used the messenger service ICQ, which is still popular in Russia and Eastern Europe, but doesn’t use encryption.

To catch the criminals behind the ZeuS malware, the Dutch police team set up operation Roerdomp (the Dutch name for the Eurasian bittern) and in October 2008, they asked other countries for the ICQ numbers of known cyber criminals. Within 3 months, authorities from the US, Germany, Britain, the Ukraine and Russia provided a total of 436 ICQ numbers. In January 2009, the public prosecutor and an examining judge approved the interception of communications associated with these numbers.

ICQ logo and interface

DPI filtering

To acquire these ICQ communications, the police had decided to intercept all ICQ traffic from Russia that went through the Leaseweb servers. For that purpose they bought equipment for deep-packet inspection (DPI) worth 600.000,- euro.

DPI devices are able to examine the packets that make up internet traffic and filter them according to predefined criteria, usually to prevent viruses and spam, but in this case for intercepting communications.

High-end DPI equipment, from manufacturers like Narus and Verint, can also recreate(“sessionize”) the communication sessions in order to filter complete files and messages out – which is also one of the main features of NSA’s XKEYSCORE system.

The Volkskrant reports that after the interception was approved, the new equipment was connected to the servers of Leaseweb, but actually, Leaseweb will have splitted the traffic on its main backbone cable, creating a copy of all the data, which was then directed to the police computer – telecom and internet companies really don’t like outsiders to install equipment onto their actual networks.

Next, all the copied Leaseweb traffic, some 50 Gigabit per second for 4 to 10 million websites, went through the DPI machine. First the police filtered out all ICQ traffic, and then the ICQ traffic associated with the list of the 436 selected numbers. This went on for 3 months, so the warrant was apparently renewed a few times, as an approval for targeted interception is initially limited to a period of 4 weeks.

Leaseweb headquarters in Amsterdam
(click to enlarge)

Some questions

The description of the tapping operation by De Volkskrant raises some questions. Government filtering systems having access to all the internet traffic of a company is the way that (signals) intelligence agencies are conducting bulk collection, not the way that law enforcement is supposed to do targeted interception.

In western countries, the police is generally only allowed to tap communications associated with individually identified suspects or specific communication identifiers, like phone numbers and e-mail addresses. In the ZeuS case, it was probably argued that it was targeted interception because there were 436 specific identifiers: the ICQ numbers of known cyber criminals.

Foreign selectors

First, this case immediately reminds of the selector affair that came to light through the German parliamentary inquiry into the cooperation between NSA and BND. For years, NSA provided the Germans with millions of internet identifiers, which they entered into their satellite collection system, without being able to see to whom these identifiers belonged.

> See for more: German BND didn’t care much about foreign NSA selectors

Could that have happened to the Dutch police too? Were they able to verify that each one of the 436 ICQ numbers was used by a cyber criminal, or did they just trusted the foreign authority that provided them?

For this kind of international cooperation, it’s often inevitable that you have to trust your foreign partners, but then you should also try to make sure that the data collection is as careful and targeted as possible.

Dutch internet tapping

One way to assure that is through technical means. For telephone tapping this is relatively easy, because telephone switches have built-in tapping capabilities based upon international standards. For internet tapping this is different and external devices have to be used to pick out the communications of interest.

In the Netherlands, the interception of internet data uses the Transport of Intercepted IP Traffic (TIIT) protocol, which ensures that the police only gets the internet data associated with an IP or e-mail address for which there’s a warrant.

Overview of the TIIT protocol for IP and e-mail interception
(click to enlarge)

First, an Internet Service Provider (ISP) copies all its traffic and leads the copy to a secured interception network on its own premises. There, a sniffer machine (S1) filters out the data that have to be intercepted, and encrypts these with a key that is associated with a particular warrant.

Then, these data go to the ISP collector machine (S2), which sets up a connection, through an encrypted tunnel over a regular internet link, to a government collector machine (T1), which receives the data from one or more S2 machines.

The T1 devices are managed by the Unit Lawful Interceptions (ULI) in Driebergen and from there, the intercepted data are distributed to computers (T2) at the tapping rooms (tapkamers) of the police districts. Here, they are stored and decrypted so the intercepted communications become available in plain text.

Intercepting hosting providers

With the TIIT protocol, the police doesn’t get access to the copy of an ISP’s entire traffic: it’s the ISP that controls the sniffer machine that filters out the communications that belong to a particular suspect. But at Leaseweb it was apparently the police that controlled the sniffer (in the form of DPI equipment) where all the traffic passed through.

The most likely reason for this is that Leaseweb is a hosting provider and it’s considered that such companies don’t have to comply with the Dutch Telecommunications Law that says that public communication networks or services have to be interceptable. Therefore, hosting providers were not required to install the tapping facilities like the telephone and internet access companies have.

But the hosting companies can of course cooperate voluntarily when the police presents them a warrant. However, when the new Secret Services Act comes into force, such non-public communication providers do have to tolerate interception on behalf of AIVD and MIVD, but they don’t need to have pre-installed tapping capabilties.

This means that in both cases, even for targeted interception, the government will control the sniffer equipment for filtering up to a company’s entire traffic – something that digital rights groups like the ACLU already consider to be unlawful “bulk surveillance.”

Oversight

Another question is how to make sure that the police doesn’t misuse it’s power when for example a hosting provider voluntarily provides access to their entire traffic. Maybe the police has internal protocols for that, but while interception conducted by the secret services is subject to independent oversight, police tapping is not.

It’s considered that in criminal cases, a judge will eventually decide whether certain police methods are lawful or not, but in practice, judges often lack the necessary technical knowledge, while police and public prosecutors try to hide these sensitive techniques. It’s not clear whether any suspect in the ZeuS case was tried before a Dutch court.

Untargeted interception

The ZeuS case shows that not only the networks of telecommunications and internet service providers can be useful to intercept, but also hosting providers like Leaseweb, especially when their servers are used by foreign companies to host their internet (communication) services – useful, not only for the police, but also for the secret services AIVD and MIVD.

Soon, both services can even go a step further, as the new Secret Services Act will also allow them to conduct untargeted cable interception. That means that they may not only filter out communications that are associated with already known identifiers, but also (temporarily) store all the metadata and a lot of content in order to search for data that belong to yet unknown targets.

In the public debate about the new law, there was a lot of speculation about how the new untargeted cable access will be implemented, but the interception at Leaseweb, as described by De Volkskrant, gives a very concrete example of what can be expected.

National watch center of the Royal Marechaussee in Driebergen
with a large dark gray Philips PNVX crypto telephone
(photo: AmberAlert.nl)

The end of ZeuS

After collecting the messages associated with the 436 ICQ numbers and subsequently analysing them, it came out that one particular ICQ number acted as the leader of the cyber crime network. In one of the intercepted conversations this person even admitted to be the designer of the ZeuS malware.

The police gave him the codename “Umbro”, but he himself used aliasses like Lucky12345, Monstr, Slavik, IOO, Pollingsoon, and Nu11. De Volkskrant story doesn’t tell how the police found out the real identity of “Umbro” and it was only in 2014, under the international law enforcement Operation Tovar, that he was identified as Evgeniy Mikhailovich Bogachev, born October 28, 1983.

Already in 2013, investigators noticed that the ZeuS virus wasn’t just used for stealing money anymore, but also for finding out very specific information about government officials of Russia’s neighbours. Dutch police and the FBI became convinced that “Umbro” (Bogachev) had started working for Russian intelligence too.

To be or not to be arrested

The latter seems to be one of the reasons that, after the hack of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) in 2016, the US government put Bogachev on a list of sanctioned individuals. Besides that, his malware was also responsible for stealing over 100 million USD from American organizations. However, Bogachev is still at large, probably because he is useful for Russian intelligence operations.

For the Dutch police team there was another unpleasant surprise: Sergei Mikhailov, the FSB officer who had become such a familiar face for them, was suddenly arrested in December 2016 – according to Russian press reports because he and Kaspersky expert Ruslan Stojanov had leaked information to US intelligence.

Nobody knows whether this is true or where Mikhailov is now, but the cooperation between Dutch police and the Russian FSB continues.

Links and sources
– Volkskrant.nl: Dutch police works together with Russia’s FSB, despite political tensions (2017)
– Netkwesties.nl: Russen schakelden contactpersoon van Nederlandse cyberpolitie uit (2017)
– Inspectie V en J: Meldkamer Landelijke Eenheid Politie (.pdf) (2014)
– Ars Technica: Deep packet inspection meets ‘Net neutrality, CALEA (2007)
– Dialogic.nl: Aftapbaarheid van telecommunicatie (.pdf) (2005)
– Rijkspolitie.org: Geschiedenis AVD Driebergen (2002)

4 comments:

Anonymous said…: Sniffing traffic is history, now most communications are end to end encrypted. So, ISP do not have access to it (in most cases); June 10, 2017 at 1:23 AM
Anonymous said…: huh… haha ya sure, that and rainbow unicorns…; June 11, 2017 at 6:23 AM
see here said…: When it comes to mobile broadband internet, there are a variety of numerous systems, for example LTE, 3rd generation as well as 4G, which allow continuous transmission of the web sign towards the cell phone. A special broadband Wi-Fi signal doesn’t depend on line-of-sight transmitters check over here.; June 16, 2017 at 12:49 PM
cyberzon said…: Of course it is e2e crypted. That is why SS (Secret Service) need help from ISPs. All the “targeted” traffic goes through LI (Lawful Intercept) devices. SS is interested not only what you speak about, but with who you are speaking as well. With little bit of fishing or other methods you get the key to decrypt all the traffic and encrypt it again – so no one knows ’bout it.; June 27, 2017 at 5:22 PM

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Here you can read about:
– Signals Intelligence (SIGINT),
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and also about the equipment, from past and present, which make that civilian and military leaders can communicate in order to fulfill their duties.The main focus will be on the United States and its National Security Agency (NSA), but attention will also be paid to other countries and subjects.

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Hotlinks

– The Dutch virtual Crypto Museum

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– Steven Aftergood’s Secrecy News

– Intelligence expert Matthew Aid

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– Leaked documents: IC Off the record

– Der Spiegel’s 53 & 36 documents- Netzpolitik live blogs: NSA Inquiry

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Revealed – Top USG Lobbyists for Internet – Donations in $

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CONFIDENTIAL – Virginia Fusion Center Bulletin: TOR, Bitcoins, Silk Road and the Hidden Internet

The following report was released to law enforcement around the country by the Virginia Fusion Center in April 2013. It describes law enforcement concerns related to the use of Tor, Bitcoins and other services allowing greater anonymity online.

TOR, Bitcoins, Silk Road, and the Hidden Internet

10 pages
Law Enforcement Sensitive
April 19, 2013

The purpose of this bulletin is to provide awareness and a basic understanding of the “Hidden Internet” to investigators in the field, as well as provide some examples of how the Hidden Internet can be exploited by criminal elements.

While the term “Hidden Internet” can be used in a broader context and refer to other internet terms such as the “Deep Web” or “Deepnet,” for the purpose of this bulletin the term “Hidden Internet” will refer to the hidden services provided by the TOR project to internet users, specifically relating to the Silk road website and use of Bitcoins.

TOR Project

The TOR project was initially designed and implemented as a third generation onion routing project by the United States Naval Research Laboratory. While the inception and design was for the purpose of protecting sensitive communications for the United States Navy, today it is utilized by over 500,000 users every day for both legal and illegal activities.

The TOR project’s primary goal is to increase privacy and security for internet users, as stated in their own 2012 Annual Report. This is accomplished through the onion routing system that utilizes TOR volunteers which are used as relays. As users connect through TOR, their data is routed through a series of relays, is encrypted, and as a result does not provide the users location, other identifying information, or original IP address.

…

It is important to note that the use of TOR is not illegal in and of itself. Further, the use of TOR provides a service that can be a useful tool both to individuals personally, for governments, and law enforcement personnel. For example, TOR can provide an investigator a level of anonymity while conducting investigations covertly on the internet, such as attempting to monitor a suspect’s Facebook or Myspace account without the risk of identifying the investigators location or IP address.

If electronic evidence is seized and subsequently searched for digital evidence during an investigation, the discovery of the TOR software on a computer may be an indicator that not all of the individual’s internet browsing history will be obtainable through traditional means, i.e. subpoena, to the individual’s internet service provider.
Bitcoins

While TOR provides individuals the ability to remain anonymous on the internet, it would not be possible to establish a cyber black market without the ability to exchange currency. Bitcoins are a virtual currency traded online over peer-to-peer networks allowing both the providing and receiving parties to remain anonymous to one another.

A Bitcoin is “a digital currency, a protocol, and a software that enables; Instant peer to peer transactions, and Worldwide payments” which allows users to conduct online transactions without the use of standard regulated world currencies. For law enforcement, the use of Bitcoins in conjunction with the Hidden Internet, poses a great challenge.

Bitcoins can be purchased several ways, including online exchanges (Mt. Gox being the most common), private companies, or individuals who have Bitcoin holdings already. To begin trading in Bitcoins all a user needs to do is choose a wallet and install it on a computer or smartphone/tablet. Once the user has the wallet they are able to send and receive Bitcoins.

Bitcoins are not regulated or insured by any government or banking system. As such, the use of Bitcoins, the terminology, and execution are extremely technical and will not be covered in this bulletin but the explanations and descriptions are widely available on the Internet.

Since the inception of Bitcoins in 2009 there has been a continuous rise in the usage and total value of Bitcoins in circulation. There are over 50,000 Bitcoin transactions daily equaling millions of U.S. dollars. The total value of all Bitcoins in circulation is over 1.3 billion.

As is the case with the use of TOR, the purchase, receipt, and use of Bitcoins is not illegal in and of itself and perfectly legitimate transactions are made such as paying for clothing, hotels, restaurants, and allowing individuals or groups to make anonymous donations4. However, with the limited exposure to detection and high potential for profit, the use of TOR and Bitcoins has laid the foundation for the exploitation of these services by criminal elements.

Silk Road

The Silk Road is a hidden website that can only be accessed using TOR or other services (such as Onion.to) that will route through TOR. The hidden net address for The Silk Road Anonymous Marketplace is: http://silkroadv5p5cbl6.onion/.

…

For the purposes of this bulletin, the Virginia Fusion Center (VFC) established, through the use of TOR, a Silk Road account. The following are screen shots of the site from initial logon, to browsing. For any individual who is comfortable with the internet the entire process can take only minutes.

The following screenshots show the initial account set up screen, login screen, as well as browsing screen shots of items that could be purchased from the site. For the purposes of this bulletin, a covert screen name was utilized. The screenshots are simply samples of the items listed on the site, and in no way are all inclusive.

With the launch of the Silk Road website in 2011, use has increased. By some accounts, it is believed that the Silk Road conducts approximately $2,000,000 per month in transactions believed to net “The Dread Pirate Roberts” approximately $140,000 per month, all in Bitcoins.

While the Silk Road is believed to be the largest and most well-known of the hidden sites, there are others such as “Black Market Reloaded”, “Deep Web Weapons”, “Gun Guys Den”, and “Behind Bloodshot Eyes”, amongst others.

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TOR, Bitcoins, Silk Road, and the Hidden Internet

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