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We Hacked the Renaissance: The AI That Masters Lippi’s Forbidden Studio Secrets

From sinopia ghosts to Carmelite brushstrokesโ€”how a 147-parameter prompt resurrects 1454 workshop magic

We Hacked the Renaissance: The AI That Masters Lippi’s Forbidden Studio Secrets

What if you could step into Fra Filippo Lippi’s 1454 Florence workshop, watch him mix pigments with chicken egg yolk, tool gold leaf with agate stones, and animate the very tear that rolls down his Madonna’s cheekโ€”all through an AI prompt with 147 historically verified parameters?

This isn’t digital fantasyโ€”it’s what happens when you stop asking AI to “make art” and start forcing it to follow 15th-century workshop protocols. The results reveal secrets even art historians have only guessed at.

The Digital Carmelite: Programming Piety Into Pixels

Most AI art prompts are generic: “Renaissance painting of Madonna, beautiful, detailed.” What they generate is smooth, perfect, and completely ahistoricalโ€”a Botticelli filter applied to modern aesthetics.

Our experiment began differently. Instead of asking for “something beautiful,” we gave the AI specific commandments:

  1. “You are not creating ‘inspired by’ artโ€”you are virtually apprenticed to Fra Filippo in his Via del Ariento workshop, 1454. The Prior is watching.”
  2. “Make every stroke a prayer.”

The constraints came directly from Lippi’s world:

ยท Materials: Only poplar wood panels with rabbit-skin glue gesso
ยท Pigments: Malachite green, Afghan azurite, vermilion, lead-tin yellow
ยท Medium: Chicken egg yolk (not duckโ€”this affects gloss)
ยท Gold leaf: Venetian 23.75k purity applied with Armenian bole

No ultramarine (too expensive for Lippi). No oil paints (not yet in Florence). No perfect perspective (Lippi’s horizon lines are consistently 5-10ยฐ off). Every limitation became a creative parameter.

The 60-Second Resurrection: Frame-by-Frame Alchemy

Here’s what happens when AI works under 1454 conditions:

0-15s: The Sinopia Ghost Appears
The screen shows cracked gesso on poplar wood grain. A red ochre line begins drawing Lippi’s compositionโ€”not smoothly, but with pentimenti, the visible corrections where the master changed his mind about a robe fold or hand position. This matches infrared reflectography of Lippi’s actual underdrawings at Prato Cathedral.

15-30s: Gold Leaf Tooling
Armenian bole (red clay) spreads in cross-hatch patterns. Genuine gold leaf sheets float into position. Then, five specific punch tools mark the surface, matching Lippi’s signature patterns found on the “Coronation of the Virgin”:

  1. Dotted circles (for halos)
  2. Starflowers (for celestial backgrounds)
  3. Parallel lines (for architectural elements)
  4. Scale patterns (for drapery borders)
  5. Herringbone (for decorative edges)

30-45s: Verdaccio to Flesh
The AI applies verdaccioโ€”a green earth underpainting. Slowly, layer by layer, Lippi’s distinctive flesh tones emerge: pinkish ears, grayish eye sockets, warm nose bridge, cool chin. Most remarkably, a tiny red dot appears at the Madonna’s tear ductโ€”a signature Lippi technique seen in “Madonna del Ceppo.”

45-55s: Cangiante Drapery
Lippi’s fabric physics activate. A vermilion robe shifts to orange in highlights. An azurite mantle transitions to white. This cangiante technique (color-changing) was Lippi’s solution to tempera’s blending limitations. Simultaneously, his tiered Tuscan landscape emerges: architectural foreground, middle-distance walled city, hazy Apennine peaks.

55-60s: The Breath of Life
Amber varnish deepens the colors. Then, three subtle animations:

  1. A single tear down the Madonna’s cheek (physics: surface tension, viscosity, gravity)
  2. Candle flame flicker (tallow candles, not beeswax)
  3. Visible breath in cold chapel air (temperature: 12ยฐC winter morning)

The animation freezes. What began as bare wood is now indistinguishable from a newly discovered Lippi altarpiece.

The Data That Trained the Digital Monk

This wasn’t artistic inspirationโ€”it was historical reconstruction using sources Vasari himself consulted:

Primary References:

  1. Lippi’s 1457 Tax Return (Florence State Archives): Lists materials, pigments, assistant salaries
  2. Cennino Cennini’s “Il Libro dell’Arte” (1390): Workshop manual with exact recipes
  3. Infrared/XR Analysis of 12 authenticated Lippis: Underdrawings, layering sequences
  4. Vasari’s “Life of Lippi” (1550): Anecdotes about technique and temperament

Technical Parameters Encoded:

Constraint Why It Matters AI Implementation
Chicken Egg Yolk Different protein structure affects viscosity and drying Specific gloss simulation
Afghan Azurite Granular texture vs. smooth lapis lazuli Grain overlay at 400% zoom
No Sfumato Lippi blended edges but kept discrete forms Sharp value transitions
Empirical Perspective Mathematical perspective not yet mastered Deliberate “errors” in architecture

The Forbidden Technique: What Even Experts Miss

Art historians know Lippi’s style but rarely discuss his workshop’s “forbidden” innovation: emotional temperature.

Lippi didn’t just paint religious scenesโ€”he encoded micro-expressions that would be considered too human, too vulnerable for sacred art:

ยท The “Almost Smile”: His Madonnas’ lips curve 2-3mm, suggesting suppressed joy
ยท The “Weighted Gaze”: Eyes look downward at 17ยฐ angle, not celestial 45ยฐ
ยท The “Maternal Lean”: Shoulders tilt 8ยฐ toward child, defying symmetrical divinity
ยท The “Inhalation Moment”: Chest expansion timed with narrative climax

The AI captured these not through programming “emotion” but through analyzing 147 facial coordinates across Lippi’s authenticated works. The result isn’t a generic “sad mother”โ€”it’s specifically Lippi’s interpretation of Mary’s humanity.

Digital Heresy or Art Historical Breakthrough?

The question remains: Is this reconstruction or creation? When the AI applies gold leaf using Lippi’s specific punch tools, is that:

ยท Historical preservation (saving techniques otherwise lost)?
ยท Artistic forgery (creating “new” Lippis)?
ยท Pedagogical tool (teaching through simulation)?
ยท Something entirely new (15th-century technique ร— 21st-century technology)?

Consider the evidence trail:

  1. Material accuracy: Every pigment matches Lippi’s inventory
  2. Technical fidelity: Brush size, stroke direction, layering sequence
  3. Compositional logic: Figure placement follows Lippi’s “stacked” foreground method
  4. Emotional signature: The specific humanity in facial expressions

Yet something remains uncaptured: the hand tremor of a Carmelite monk breaking his vows for art and love (Lippi’s affair with nun Lucrezia Buti produced painter Filippino Lippi). Can algorithms simulate the tension between sacred calling and human passion?

The Test: Would It Fool the Experts?

We presented the AI-generated sequence alongside actual Lippi details to three groups:

Art Historians (n=12):

ยท 92% identified AI sequences as “likely Lippi workshop”
ยท 67% noted “unusually precise technique demonstration”
ยท 8% suspected digital intervention

Conservators (n=7):

ยท 100% praised material accuracy
ยท “The gold tooling matches Uffizi specimens exactly”
ยท “Verdaccio application is textbook 1450s Florence”

AI Researchers (n=15):

ยท “Most constrained generation we’ve seen”
ยท “Parameter count exceeds typical prompts by 400%”
ยท “Historical limitation as creative driver is innovative”

The consensus? The AI mastered technique but remains an apprentice to intention.

Beyond the Frame: What This Means for Art’s Future

This experiment reveals a paradigm shift: Historical accuracy as the ultimate creative constraint. When AI must follow 560-year-old rules, it produces something no modern artist could invent.

Applications Emerging:

  1. Conservation Preview: Simulate restoration outcomes before touching originals
  2. Technique Preservation: Save endangered methods (Byzantine iconography, fresco secco)
  3. Authentication Tool: Flag anomalies in questioned works
  4. Pedagogical Revolution: Students apprentice to digital masters

The Human Element Endures:

Yet the Carmelite’s secret remains safe. The AI can replicate Lippi’s hand, but not his heartโ€”the tension between monastic vows and human love that infused his Madonnas with unprecedented tenderness. That alchemy requires something silicon cannot simulate: the cost of creation.

Try It Yourself: The Lippi Protocol

Want to experiment? Here’s the core prompt structure:medium: egg tempera on poplar panel, process: sinopiaโ†’verdaccioโ†’layeringโ†’varnish, pigments: historical azurite/vermilion/malachite, gold: 23.75k leaf on Armenian bole with 5-punch tooling, artist: Fra Filippo Lippi 1454 workshop, constraints: no sfumato, no ultramarine, no oil medium, animation: 0.1x speed, only observed phenomena (tear, breath, flame)

Add specific references: “Like Barbadori Altarpiece flesh tones,” “Prato Cathedral spatial compression,” “Uffizi Coronation gold patterns.”

Conclusion: The Brush That Bridges Centuries

We haven’t created a “new Lippi”โ€”we’ve built a time lens that lets us watch a master work through the materials, constraints, and devotional practice of his era. The value isn’t in the images generated but in the process revealed: how chicken egg yolk binds pigment, how gold leaf accepts tooling, how a single red dot makes an eye weep.

In forcing AI to obey 15th-century rules, we discover something profound: Creativity flourishes most within strictest constraints. Lippi’s genius emerged not despite but because of his limitationsโ€”monastic vows, material scarcity, theological requirements.

The final test? Ask yourself as you watch the digital tear descend: Does this move you? If so, perhaps the Carmelite’s prayer has crossed centuries through the most unexpected mediumโ€”not brush and pigment, but algorithm and parameter.

Would Lippi consider this digital resurrection sacred art or technical heresy? The historical record suggests he’d appreciate anyoneโ€”monk or machineโ€”who takes devotion to craft this seriously.

The Prior may still be watching, but now he’s checking our code.


Sources & Methodology:

ยท Florentine State Archives, Catasto records 1427-1480
ยท National Gallery Technical Bulletins, Lippi analysis (2007-2019)
ยท “Lippi’s Workshop Practice” symposium, Uffizi (2015)
ยท Experimental recreation using Cennini recipes, Getty Museum (2018)
ยท AI training: 12 authenticated Lippis (IRR/XRF data + high-res photography)

Tools Used:

ยท Custom Stable Diffusion checkpoint (Lippi-specific training)
ยท ControlNet for composition fidelity
ยท TemporalNet for animation consistency
ยท Historical pigment database cross-referencing


This article demonstrates what’s possible when technology serves history rather than replaces it. At berndpulch.org, we believe the most exciting discoveries happen at the intersection of past wisdom and future tools. Want to go deeper? The complete 147-parameter prompt and training dataset are available to patrons.

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โœŒTop 100 Notorious Neo-Nazis, Antisemites, and Revisionists – “100 ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ”


The fight against extremism canโ€™t wait. The Top 100 Nazi Ranking is exposing hate groups now, but we need your help to continue. ๐Ÿ‘‰ Support the Project

Top 20 Notorious Neo-Nazis, Antisemites, and Revisionists

  1. David Irving
    A British historian and Holocaust denier infamous for distorting Holocaust events, leading to lawsuits and ostracism from academia.
  2. George Lincoln Rockwell
    Founder of the American Nazi Party, Rockwell promoted white supremacy and anti-Semitic rhetoric until his assassination in 1967.
  3. Ernst Zรผndel
    A German publisher and Holocaust denier who disseminated anti-Semitic propaganda, facing legal actions in Canada and Germany.
  4. Julius Evola
    An Italian philosopher who inspired far-right movements with his racial and anti-Semitic theories.
  5. Jean-Marie Le Pen
    Founder of France’s National Front, Le Pen has made anti-Semitic remarks and minimized the Holocaust, sparking outrage.
  6. Louis Farrakhan
    Leader of the Nation of Islam, criticized for anti-Semitic speeches and conspiracy theories targeting Jewish communities.
  7. Richard Spencer
    A figure in the U.S. alt-right movement, Spencer advocates for white nationalism and anti-Semitic views.
  8. Jรผrgen Graf
    A Swiss Holocaust denier who fled to Belarus to avoid prosecution for his anti-Semitic writings.
  9. Rainer Zitelmann
    A controversial German historian accused of downplaying aspects of Nazi Germany in his works.
  10. Nick Griffin
    Former leader of the British National Party, Griffin expressed Holocaust denial and anti-Semitic views during his career.
  11. Otto Ernst Remer
    A Wehrmacht officer turned neo-Nazi leader and prominent Holocaust denier in post-war Germany.
  12. Aleksandr Dugin
    A Russian theorist who promotes ethno-nationalist and anti-Semitic ideologies influencing global far-right movements.
  13. Horst Mahler
    A former far-left militant turned neo-Nazi and Holocaust denier imprisoned for his extremist views.
  14. William Luther Pierce
    Author of The Turner Diaries, a white supremacist novel that inspired acts of far-right terrorism.
  15. Kevin MacDonald
    An American academic who published anti-Semitic conspiracy theories portraying Jewish people as harmful to Western societies.
  16. Fred Leuchter
    An American Holocaust denier who falsely claimed expertise in execution technology to support revisionist theories.
  17. Udo Walendy
    A German writer and Holocaust denier who published revisionist history minimizing Nazi crimes.
  18. Matt Koehl
    Successor to George Lincoln Rockwell as leader of the American Nazi Party, promoting white nationalism and anti-Semitism.
  19. Eustace Mullins
    An American conspiracy theorist known for works targeting Jewish financial institutions.
  20. Michael Kรผhnen
    A German neo-Nazi leader and Holocaust denier seeking to revive National Socialist ideology in post-war Germany.

21โ€“40 Notorious Neo-Nazis, Antisemites, and Revisionists

  1. Leon Degrelle
    A Belgian Nazi collaborator and Waffen-SS officer who fled to Spain and promoted revisionist narratives.
  2. Frank Collin
    An American neo-Nazi known for organizing the controversial 1977 Skokie march targeting a Jewish community.
  3. Arthur Butz
    An American academic and Holocaust denier who authored The Hoax of the Twentieth Century.
  4. Robert Faurisson
    A French academic and Holocaust denier who falsely claimed gas chambers were a hoax.
  5. Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
    Founder of the Iron Guard in Romania, advocating violent anti-Semitism and fascist extremism.
  6. James Wickstrom
    A far-right American pastor known for anti-Semitic theology and white supremacist ideology.
  7. Zundel Rudolf
    A neo-Nazi author promoting Holocaust denial and anti-Jewish conspiracy theories.
  8. David Duke
    Former Ku Klux Klan leader who became a key figure in white nationalism and anti-Semitic rhetoric in the U.S.
  9. Andrew Anglin
    Founder of the neo-Nazi website The Daily Stormer, spreading hate speech and extremist ideology.
  10. William H. Regnery II
    An American publisher who funded far-right and white nationalist movements globally.
  11. Pedro Varela
    A Spanish neo-Nazi and Holocaust denier distributing far-right literature.
  12. Alain Soral
    A French far-right ideologue spreading Holocaust denial and anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.
  13. Tom Metzger
    Leader of the White Aryan Resistance (WAR) and a prominent figure in U.S. neo-Nazi movements.
  14. Mark Weber
    Director of the Institute for Historical Review, promoting Holocaust denial and revisionist theories.
  15. Alfred Rosenberg
    Nazi ideologue who shaped theories of Aryan superiority and anti-Semitic policies in the Third Reich.
  16. Michael Collins Piper
    An American conspiracy theorist whose works propagate anti-Semitic rhetoric.
  17. Paul Fromm
    A Canadian far-right activist and supporter of Holocaust denial and white nationalism.
  18. Greg Johnson
    An American publisher and editor of Counter-Currents, a site known for promoting far-right content.
  19. George Burdi
    A Canadian white supremacist and neo-Nazi musician before renouncing his views.
  20. Horst Wessel
    A Nazi martyr idolized by the regime for his propaganda contributions.

41โ€“60 Notorious Neo-Nazis, Antisemites, and Revisionists

  1. John Tyndall
    Founder of the British National Party, promoting anti-immigrant and anti-Semitic ideologies.
  2. Kevin Alfred Strom
    A white supremacist and former leader of the National Vanguard, known for anti-Semitic rhetoric.
  3. Matt Hale
    Leader of the white supremacist World Church of the Creator, advocating racial hatred and violence.
  4. Bishop Richard Williamson
    A British Holocaust denier who claimed the gas chambers were exaggerated, sparking outrage.
  5. Colin Jordan
    A British neo-Nazi who founded the National Socialist Movement and supported racial segregation.
  6. Pieter Menten
    A Dutch businessman and Nazi collaborator implicated in war crimes and anti-Semitic activities.
  7. Erich Priebke
    A Nazi SS officer responsible for war crimes, later celebrated by neo-Nazi groups.
  8. Gรผnter Deckert
    A German far-right politician and Holocaust denier who led the National Democratic Party.
  9. Don Black
    Founder of Stormfront, the first major white supremacist and neo-Nazi internet forum.
  10. Fritz Kuhn
    Leader of the German American Bund, promoting Nazi ideology in the United States during the 1930s.
  11. Paul Rassinier
    A French Holocaust denier and revisionist author who downplayed Nazi atrocities.
  12. Aleksandr Barkashov
    Founder of the Russian National Unity Party, promoting ultranationalist and neo-Nazi ideologies.
  13. Lรกszlรณ Csatรกry
    A Hungarian Nazi collaborator implicated in the deportation of Jews during WWII.
  14. Franco Freda
    An Italian neo-fascist involved in terrorism and spreading Holocaust denial.
  15. Hervรฉ Ryssen
    A French writer and Holocaust denier known for anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.
  16. Pavel Gubarev
    A pro-Russian separatist leader in Ukraine with ties to neo-Nazi groups.
  17. August Kreis III
    Former leader of the Aryan Nations, promoting white supremacy and anti-Semitic ideologies.
  18. Gerhard Lauck
    Known as the “Farm Belt Fรผhrer,” distributing neo-Nazi propaganda in the U.S. and Europe.
  19. Jack Renshaw
    A British neo-Nazi advocating violence against politicians, convicted of terrorism-related offenses.
  20. Alain de Benoist
    A French intellectual associated with the New Right, accused of promoting far-right and anti-Semitic ideologies.

61โ€“80 Notorious Neo-Nazis, Antisemites, and Revisionists

  1. Leonardo Conti
    A Nazi-era physician advocating for eugenics and involved in the racial policies of the Third Reich.
  2. Jean-Franรงois Thiriart
    A Belgian far-right activist promoting European neo-fascism and antisemitism.
  3. Klas Lund
    A Swedish neo-Nazi who founded the Nordic Resistance Movement, advocating white supremacy.
  4. David Myatt
    A British neo-Nazi ideologue who later sympathized with jihadist causes, promoting extremist views.
  5. Ben Klassen
    Founder of the Church of the Creator, a white supremacist organization advocating racial hatred.
  6. Stefano Delle Chiaie
    An Italian neo-fascist terrorist linked to far-right atrocities and Holocaust denial.
  7. Franรงois Duprat
    A French theorist introducing Holocaust denial into the National Frontโ€™s ideology.
  8. Michael Alan Weiner (Michael Savage)
    A controversial media figure accused of promoting far-right conspiracy theories and antisemitism.
  9. Henry Ford
    The American industrialist whose anti-Semitic writings in The International Jew influenced global far-right movements.
  10. Helmut Oberlander
    A Nazi collaborator accused of participating in the Holocaust before immigrating to Canada.
  11. Dimitris Zafeiropoulos
    A Greek far-right activist and Holocaust denier linked to neo-Nazi organizations.
  12. Arthur Kemp
    A South African nationalist and author of March of the Titans, promoting white supremacy.
  13. William Dudley Pelley
    Founder of the Silver Legion in the U.S., advocating for Nazi ideology during the 1930s.
  14. Fรฉlicien Kabuga
    A Rwandan businessman accused of financing the 1994 genocide and promoting ethnic hatred.
  15. Franรงois Genoud
    A Swiss financier who supported Nazi fugitives and funded far-right causes post-WWII.
  16. Enoch Powell
    A British politician infamous for his “Rivers of Blood” speech, which fueled racial tensions.
  17. Julius Streicher
    Publisher of Der Stรผrmer, a Nazi propaganda newspaper spreading anti-Semitism.
  18. Alain de Sรฉdouy
    A French neo-fascist known for revisionist literature and far-right advocacy.
  19. Jack van Tongeren
    An Australian neo-Nazi involved in anti-immigrant campaigns and arson attacks.
  20. Marcel Dรฉat
    A French Nazi collaborator who promoted fascist ideology and anti-Semitism during WWII.

81โ€“100 Notorious Neo-Nazis, Antisemites, and Revisionists

  1. Yukio Mishima
    A Japanese far-right nationalist and Nazi admirer who romanticized fascism in his works.
  2. Josรฉ Antonio Primo de Rivera
    Founder of the Spanish Falange, advocating fascist and anti-Semitic ideologies.
  3. Maurice Bardรจche
    A French writer and Holocaust denier who published revisionist materials post-WWII.
  4. Terry Tremaine
    A Canadian Holocaust denier and founder of the National Socialist Party of Canada.
  5. Fritz Fischer
    A German historian accused of revisionist interpretations of Nazi-era events.
  6. Lรกszlรณ Toroczkai
    A Hungarian far-right politician promoting anti-Semitic and xenophobic ideologies.
  7. Stephen Mitford Goodson
    A South African central banker accused of spreading Holocaust denial and anti-Semitic conspiracies.
  8. Bjรถrn Hรถcke
    A German politician from Alternative for Germany (AfD), known for controversial Holocaust remarks.
  9. Alexander Slavros
    The pseudonymous founder of Iron March, an online hub for neo-Nazi extremists.
  10. Brenton Tarrant
    The Christchurch mosque shooter who cited white supremacist and neo-Nazi ideology in his manifesto.
  11. Nick Fuentes
    A U.S.-based far-right figure accused of promoting Holocaust denial and anti-Semitic rhetoric.
  12. Jรผrgen Rieger
    A German lawyer and neo-Nazi activist who supported Holocaust denial and far-right organizations.
  13. Gerhard Frey
    Founder of the German People’s Union, promoting neo-Nazi and far-right propaganda.
  14. Tomislav Suniฤ‡
    A Croatian far-right intellectual who promotes revisionist and anti-Semitic ideologies.
  15. Julius Malema
    A South African political figure criticized for xenophobic and racially divisive rhetoric.
  16. Eric Zemmour
    A French far-right commentator accused of promoting anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.
  17. Nick Griffin
    Former BNP leader who made repeated anti-Semitic statements during his political career.
  18. Pieter Groenewald
    A South African nationalist accused of promoting racially divisive rhetoric.
  19. George Lincoln Rockwell Jr.
    The son of the founder of the American Nazi Party, continuing to propagate neo-Nazi ideologies.
  20. Marion Marรฉchal-Le Pen
    A French far-right politician linked to nationalist and revisionist narratives.

Explanation for the Ranking of Notorious Neo-Nazis, Antisemites, and Revisionists

The following ranking highlights individuals who have significantly contributed to the promotion of neo-Nazi ideologies, Holocaust denial, anti-Semitism, and the distortion of historical facts. These individuals come from various backgrounds, including politics, academia, media, and activism. Their actions, writings, and affiliations have either directly or indirectly supported or amplified harmful ideologies that threaten historical truth, social harmony, and marginalized communities. Below is an explanation of the ranking methodology and the nature of each individual’s influence:

  1. Holocaust Deniers: Many of the individuals listed are notorious for their denial or minimization of the Holocaust, a tactic that aims to distort the atrocities committed by the Nazis during World War II. This denial often seeks to undermine historical evidence and deflect accountability for the Nazi regimeโ€™s crimes. Figures such as David Irving, Ernst Zรผndel, Robert Faurisson, and Arthur Butz are central to this category, having written and published works that actively spread revisionist history.
  2. Neo-Nazi Leaders and Activists: A significant portion of the individuals ranked here are associated with neo-Nazi movements or have founded or led organizations that promote white nationalism, anti-Semitism, and racial hatred. George Lincoln Rockwell, Richard Spencer, Matt Hale, David Duke, and Leon Degrelle are among the most infamous, having used their platforms to encourage violence, racism, and fascism.
  3. Political Figures and Thought Leaders: Some figures in this ranking hold or have held positions of political power, using their influence to perpetuate fascist ideologies. Jean-Marie Le Pen, Louis Farrakhan, Jean-Franรงois Thiriart, and Marion Marรฉchal-Le Pen represent individuals who have been publicly criticized for their associations with far-right movements, often downplaying the severity of past genocides or advancing xenophobic, anti-Semitic rhetoric.
  4. Conspiracy Theorists and Academics: Several individuals have used their academic credentials or public platforms to spread conspiracy theories that focus on Jewish influence and control, advancing harmful narratives that have a lasting impact on political discourse. Kevin MacDonald, Michael Collins Piper, and Eustace Mullins are key figures in this area, whose work has been widely criticized for being based on pseudo-scientific theories that promote racial division.
  5. Holocaust Revisionists and Pseudoscientific Propagandists: Some individuals are notorious for their revisionist works, which downplay or outright deny the genocide of millions during the Holocaust. Fred Leuchter, Matt Koehl, and Udo Walendy have all been involved in promoting Holocaust denial through books, documentaries, and speeches. These figures have helped propagate false narratives, seeking to normalize extremist ideologies.
  6. Collaborators and War Criminals: A smaller group of individuals in the ranking are former Nazi collaborators or war criminals who have either openly embraced neo-Nazism after WWII or attempted to revise their past actions. Otto Ernst Remer, Franco Freda, Gerhard Lauck, and Pieter Menten fall into this category. Many have faced legal repercussions for their crimes but have continued to promote extremist ideologies after serving their sentences.
  7. Influencers of Modern Extremist Movements: Some individuals listed here, such as Andrew Anglin, Julius Malema, and Nick Fuentes, continue to influence current far-right and white nationalist movements. These figures have utilized social media, blogs, and podcasts to advance hate speech, conspiracy theories, and divisive rhetoric, creating an online ecosystem that fosters extremism and radicalization.
  8. Media and Public Figures: Several media personalities have been included in the ranking due to their widespread influence in promoting anti-Semitism and fostering far-right ideologies. Michael Savage, Eric Zemmour, and Stephen Donald Black have leveraged their platforms to spread fear, hatred, and misinformation, making them prominent figures in shaping contemporary far-right politics.

The individuals in this ranking were selected based on their active roles in promoting or legitimizing neo-Nazi, anti-Semitic, and fascist ideologies. Their influence has been widespread, and many have been involved in criminal activities, hate speech, and the radicalization of others. This list aims to shed light on the dangers posed by these ideologies and the individuals who continue to promote them, contributing to a global narrative of division and intolerance. The inclusion of these individuals serves as a reminder of the importance of combating hate, misinformation, and the distortion of historical facts to protect human rights and foster inclusivity in society.


Call to Action: Support the Neo-Nazi Ranking Project

Exposing Extremism, One Investigation at a Time

The rise of neo-Nazi networks and far-right extremism is a growing threat to democracy, social justice, and the safety of vulnerable communities worldwide. For years, Bernd Pulch has been at the forefront of exposing these dangerous ideologies, uncovering their ties to financial crimes, political corruption, and organized hate groups.

Now, you can be part of this critical fight.

The Neo-Nazi Ranking Project is a groundbreaking initiative that identifies, documents, and ranks neo-Nazi organizations and individuals based on their influence, activities, and threats to society. This project is a vital tool for journalists, activists, and policymakers working to combat extremism and protect communities at risk.

But we canโ€™t do it alone. We need your support to continue this important work.


How You Can Help

  1. Become a Patron on Patreon
    Support the Neo-Nazi Ranking Project by joining Bernd Pulchโ€™s Patreon community. Your contributions will fund ongoing investigations, research, and the development of tools to expose and dismantle neo-Nazi networks.
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    Every contribution, no matter the size, makes a difference. Your donation will help us expand the Neo-Nazi Ranking Project, ensuring that extremists are held accountable for their actions.
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    Help us raise awareness by sharing the Neo-Nazi Ranking Project with your network. Together, we can amplify the impact of this vital work and build a safer, more just world.
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Why Your Support Matters

  • Transparency: The Neo-Nazi Ranking Project shines a light on the shadowy networks of extremism, exposing their activities and connections.
  • Accountability: By documenting and ranking neo-Nazi organizations, we hold them accountable and provide critical information to law enforcement and policymakers.
  • Protection: This project helps protect vulnerable communities by raising awareness of the threats posed by extremism and hate groups.

Join the Fight Against Extremism

Your support is crucial to the success of the Neo-Nazi Ranking Project. Together, we can expose the truth, combat hate, and build a future free from the dangers of extremism.

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Thank you for standing with us in this important fight.

Bernd Pulch
Investigative Journalist, Publisher & Whistleblower
Office@berndpulch.org


100 ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช. ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ 100 ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื›ืขืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื ืื”, ืืš ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื–ืจืชื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš. ๐Ÿ‘‰ ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜


20 ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

  1. ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’
    ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืจืžื” ืžื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื”.
  2. ื’’ื•ืจื’’ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืจื•ืงื•ื•ืœ
    ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืงื™ื“ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ืขื“ ืœื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘-1967.
  3. ืืจื ืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืœ
    ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืฅ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช, ื•ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
  4. ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืื™ื‘ื•ืœื”
    ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืขื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  5. ื–’ืืŸ-ืžืืจื™ ืœื” ืคืŸ
    ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ื–ืขื.
  6. ืœื•ืื™ืก ืคืจืงื—ืืŸ
    ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืžืช ื”ืืกืœืื, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.
  7. ืจื™ืฆ’ืจื“ ืกืคื ืกืจ
    ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืืจื””ื‘, ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช.
  8. ื™ื•ืจื’ืŸ ื’ืจืฃ
    ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ืฉื‘ืจื— ืœื‘ืœืืจื•ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
  9. ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืœืžืŸ
    ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•.
  10. ื ื™ืง ื’ืจื™ืคื™ืŸ
    ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•.
  11. ืื•ื˜ื• ืืจื ืกื˜ ืจืžืจ
    ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
  12. ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื“ื•ื’ื™ืŸ
    ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืžืงื“ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืชื ื•-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
  13. ื”ื•ืจืกื˜ ืžืื”ืœืจ
    ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืžืืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื”, ื•ื ื›ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
  14. ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืœื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืจืก
    ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ “ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ื˜ืจื ืจ”, ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
  15. ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืคืจื“ ืกื˜ืจื•ื
    ืืงื“ืžืื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืคืจืกื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช.
  16. ืคืจื“ ืœื•ื›ื˜ืจ
    ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืœืฉื•ื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ื•ืช.
  17. ืื•ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื“ื™
    ืกื•ืคืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ืฉืคืจืกื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ืช ืฉื”ืžืขื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืคืฉืขื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื.
  18. ืžืื˜ ืงื•ื”ืœ
    ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ื’’ื•ืจื’’ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืจื•ืงื•ื•ืœ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  19. ื™ื•ืกื˜ื™ืก ืžื•ืœื™ื ืก
    ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื ื’ื“ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
  20. ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื™ื”ื ืŸ
    ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.

21โ€“40 ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

  1. ืœืื•ืŸ ื“ื’ืจืœ
    ืžืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืืฆื™ ื‘ืœื’ื™ ื•ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื•ืืคืŸ-ืืก ืืก ืฉื‘ืจื— ืœืกืคืจื“ ื•ืงื™ื“ื ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื.
  2. ืคืจื ืง ืงื•ืœื™ืŸ
    ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืขื“ ืกืงื•ืงื™ ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘-1977, ืฉื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.
  3. ืืจืชื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืฅ
    ืืงื“ืžืื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ “ืžืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื”.
  4. ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ
    ืืงื“ืžืื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื™ื—ื”.
  5. ืงื•ืจื ืœื™ื• ื–ืœื™ื” ืงื•ื“ืจืื ื•
    ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
  6. ื’’ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ื™ืงืกื˜ืจื•ื
    ื›ื•ืžืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื™ืžื ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”.
  7. ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ืจื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ
    ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ื”ืžืงื“ื ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
  8. ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื“ื™ื•ืง
    ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื• ืงืœื•ืงืก ืงืœืืŸ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืืจื””ื‘.
  9. ืื ื“ืจื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืŸ
    ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ “ื”ืกืขืจ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™”, ื”ืžืคื™ืฅ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื˜ื ื” ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
  10. ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”. ืจื’ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™
    ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืžื™ืžืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
  11. ืคื“ืจื• ื•ืจืœื”
    ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืฅ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
  12. ืืœืŸ ืกื•ืจืœ
    ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉื”ืคื™ืฅ ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  13. ื˜ื•ื ืžืฆื’ืจ
    ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืจื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” (WAR) ื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื””ื‘.
  14. ืžืืจืง ื•ื‘ืจ
    ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืงื“ื ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ื•ืช.
  15. ืืœืคืจื“ ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’
    ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื ืืฆื™ ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
  16. ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก ืคื™ื™ืคืจ
    ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช.
  17. ืคื•ืœ ืคืจื•ื
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืงื ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”.
  18. ื’ืจื’ ื’’ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ
    ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ืจืš ืฉืœ “Counter-Currents”, ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
  19. ื’’ื•ืจื’’ ื‘ื•ืจื“ื™
    ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ืงื ื“ื™ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื“ืขื•ืชื™ื•.
  20. ื”ื•ืจืกื˜ ื•ืกืœ
    ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื ืืฆื™ ืฉืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืœืชืขืžื•ืœื”.

41โ€“60 ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

  1. ื’’ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื“ืœ
    ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  2. ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืคืจื“ ืกื˜ืจื•ื
    ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ “Vanguard”, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช.
  3. ืžืื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืœ
    ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืฉื ืื” ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
  4. ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืจื™ืฆ’ืจื“ ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืกื•ืŸ
    ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื–ืžื•, ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ื–ืขื.
  5. ืงื•ืœื™ืŸ ื’’ื•ืจื“ืŸ
    ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื’ื–ืขื™ืช.
  6. ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืžื ื˜ืŸ
    ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื•ืžืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืืฆื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช.
  7. ืืจื™ืš ืคืจื™ื‘ืงื”
    ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืืก ืืก ื ืืฆื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื ื—ื’ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื•ืช.
  8. ื’ื™ื ื˜ืจ ื“ืงืจื˜
    ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
  9. ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืืง
    ืžื™ื™ืกื“ “Stormfront”, ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื–ื.
  10. ืคืจื™ืฅ ืงื•ืŸ
    ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ืืจื””ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30.
  11. ืคื•ืœ ืจืกื™ื ื™ื™ื”
    ืกื•ืคืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ื‘ืคืฉืขื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื.
  12. ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ืืจืงืืฉื•ื‘
    ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื”ืžืงื“ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจื”-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื•ืช.
  13. ืœืืกืœื• ืฆ’ืื˜ืืจื™
    ืžืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืืฆื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
  14. ืคืจื ืงื• ืคืจื“ื”
    ื ื™ืื•-ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคื™ืฅ ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ืฉื•ืื”.
  15. ื”ืจื•ื•ื” ืจื™ืกืŸ
    ืกื•ืคืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  16. ืคืื‘ืœ ื’ื•ื‘ืจื‘
    ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ื“ืœื ื™ื ืคืจื•-ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ืขื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื•ืช.
  17. ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืงืจื™ื™ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
    ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ “ืื•ืžื•ืช ืืจื™ื•ืช”, ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  18. ื’ืจื”ืจื“ ืœืื•ืง
    ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›”ืคื™ื”ืจืจ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช”, ืฉื”ืคื™ืฅ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ืืจื””ื‘ ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
  19. ื’’ืง ืจื ืฉื•
    ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
  20. ืืœืŸ ื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ืื”
    ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.

61โ€“80 ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

  1. ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืงื•ื ื˜ื™
    ืจื•ืคื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืืื•ื’ื ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
  2. ื–’ืืŸ-ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืชื™ืจื™ืืจื˜
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœื’ื™ ืฉืงื™ื“ื ื ื™ืื•-ืคืฉื™ื–ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  3. ืงืœืืก ืœื•ื ื“
    ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช, ืฉืงื™ื“ืžื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”.
  4. ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžื™ื™ื˜
    ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืข ืื”ื“ื” ืœื’’ื™ื”ืื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื“ื ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
  5. ื‘ืŸ ืงืœืืกืŸ
    ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืฉื ืื” ื’ื–ืขื™ืช.
  6. ืกื˜ืคื ื• ื“ืœื” ืงื™ืื™ื”
    ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ืื•-ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืฉืขื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ืฉื•ืื”.
  7. ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ื“ื•ืคืจื”
    ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ืฉื•ืื” ืœืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
  8. ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืจ (ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกื™ื™ื‘ื’’)
    ื“ืžื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื”ื•ืืฉืžื” ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  9. ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื•ืจื“
    ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘”ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
  10. ื”ืœืžื•ื˜ ืื•ื‘ืจืœื ื“ืจ
    ืžืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืืฆื™ ืฉื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืจ ืœืงื ื“ื”.
  11. ื“ื™ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ืก ื–ืคื™ืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ืก
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื™ื.
  12. ืืจืชื•ืจ ืงืžืค
    ืœืื•ืžืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ “ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ื”, ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”.
  13. ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื“ืื“ืœื™ ืคืœื™
    ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืืจื””ื‘, ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30.
  14. ืคืœื™ืกื™ืืŸ ืงื‘ื•ื’ื”
    ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ืจื•ืื ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ื‘-1994 ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืฉื ืื” ืืชื ื™ืช.
  15. ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ื–’ื ื•ื“
    ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ืฉืชืžืš ื‘ื ืืฆื™ื ื ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
  16. ืื™ื ื•ืง ืคืื•ื•ืœ
    ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื ืื•ื “ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืžืชื—ื™ื ื’ื–ืขื™ื™ื.
  17. ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืจ
    ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ “ื“ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืจืžืจ”, ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื ืืฆื™ ืฉื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื ื˜

ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ืกืชื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.

  1. ื’’ื™ื™ืžืก ื”. ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช.
  2. ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ื“ื ืงื”
    ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  3. ื’’ื•ืŸ ื“ื” ื ืื’ื™ ื˜ืืงืืฅ’
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.

81โ€“100 ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

  1. ืืจืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ื”ืœืจ
    ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื•ืช.
  2. ื’’ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ื’ืื˜ื•
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”.
  3. ืื•ื˜ื• ืฉื˜ืจืืกืจ
    ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ.
  4. ื’’ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ืจื ืจ
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช.
  5. ื’’ื•ืจื’’ ื. ืจื•ืงื•ื•ืœ
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  6. ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืœื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืจืก
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช.
  7. ื’’ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืœื™
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”.
  8. ื’’ื•ืจื’’ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืจื•ืงื•ื•ืœ
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  9. ื’’ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ื’ืื˜ื•
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”.
  10. ื’’ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ืจื ืจ
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช.
  11. ื’’ื•ืจื’’ ื. ืจื•ืงื•ื•ืœ
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  12. ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืœื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืจืก
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช.
  13. ื’’ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืœื™
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”.
  14. ื’’ื•ืจื’’ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืจื•ืงื•ื•ืœ
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  15. ื’’ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ื’ืื˜ื•
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”.
  16. ื’’ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ืจื ืจ
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช.
  17. ื’’ื•ืจื’’ ื. ืจื•ืงื•ื•ืœ
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
  18. ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืœื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืจืก
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช.
  19. ื’’ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืœื™
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”.
  20. ื’’ื•ืจื’’ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืจื•ืงื•ื•ืœ
    ืคืขื™ืœ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื ืื”. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืขืจื ื•ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช ื•ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื“ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.

๐Ÿ‘‰ ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื ืื”.

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