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Growing Trend of Ransomware Attacks Targeting Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities
Page Count: 5 pages Date: July 21, 2016 Restriction: For Official Use Only Originating Organization: Department of Homeland Security, Office of Intelligence and Analysis, Oregon Terrorist Information and Threat Analysis Network, Kentucky Intelligence Fusion Center File Type: pdf File Size: 700,582 bytes File Hash (SHA-256):7C06327003FC391E7C97CE2B86E7E07EAF9B04768EB4C793D3409A81F61192C0
(U) Key Judgments: An uptick in ransomware attacks directed against the healthcare community in the first four months of 2016 underscores the potential vulnerability of all hospital and healthcare provider computer systems.
(U//FOUO) TITAN, KIFC, and I&A have not identified any specific impending or future threats to hospitals or healthcare providers in Oregon or Kentucky.
(U//FOUO) Recent incidents in the United States, Canada, and New Zealand, however, indicate that hospitals and healthcare providers could become victims. There have been six reported ransomware attacks on healthcare organizations in the United States, affecting at least 16 hospitals during the first four months of 2016.
(U) End-user training and education about cybersecurity, threats such as ransomware, and systems vulnerabilities could mitigate such attacks in the future.
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(U//FOUO) The healthcare sector has been a desirable target for hackers due to the sensitive nature of patient information contained in their systems. The stakes are very high in the healthcare industry because any disruption in operations and care can have significant repercussions for patients. As such, this industry offers an ideal victim for ransomware, and these attacks are likely to continue—disrupting employee access to important documents and patient data and hampering the ability to provide critical services—creating a public safety concern.
(U//FOUO) Locky will likely decline in the coming months as a new ransomware strain known as SamSam begins to emerge. According to researchers, SamSam, which exploits server vulnerabilities to spread across and infect enterprise networks, may be a precursor to a new generation of ransomware known as “cryptoworms.” Cryptoworms are predicted to penetrate networks through previously known vulnerabilities, blending modern network intrusion tactics based off SamSam with past computer worms that targeted unpatched server vulnerabilities, such as the Conficker and SQL Slammer worms. Organizations that operate on typically less-secure networks should remain especially diligent in prevention efforts.
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FBI MSIL/Samas.A Ransomware Flash Alerts
Page Count: 6 pages Date: March 25, 2016 Restriction: TLP: GREEN Originating Organization: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Cyber Divison File Type: zip File Size: 775,199 bytes File Hash (SHA-256): AFF6B13256C8E0FE9A67F2F2E80C5AB337AF95F018104BA5CBC15FD093A1D8A9
The FBI previously identified that the actor(s) exploit Java-based Web servers to gain persistent access to a victim network and infect Windows-based hosts. The FBI also indicated that several victims have reported the initial intrusion occurred via JBOSS applications. Further analysis of victim machines indicates that, in at least two cases, the attackers used a Python tool, known as JexBoss, to probe and exploit target systems. Analysis of the JexBoss Exploit Kit identified the specific JBoss services targeted and vulnerabilities exploited. The FBI is distributing these indicators to enable network defense activities and reduce the risk of similar attacks in the future.
FBI indicators based on an ongoing investigation:
The JexBoss tool, publicly available on GitHub.com, prompts attackers to input the target URL for JexBoss to check for any of three vulnerable JBoss services: web-console, jmx-console, and JMXInvokerServlet. Depending on which vulnerabilities are detected, the tool then prompts the user to initiate corresponding exploits. The tool’s exploits are collectively effective against JBoss versions 4, 5, and 6. The payload of each exploit is a Web application Archive (.war) file, “jbossass.war”. A successful exploit results in unpackaging the .war file and utilizing jbossass.jsp to deploy an HTTP shell for the attacker.
Following initial infection of the network with MSIL/Samas.A, the actor(s) connect via RDP sessions. An open source tool, known as reGeorg, is used to tunnel the RDP traffic over the established HTTP connection. The actors use the Microsoft tool csvde.exe to determine the hosts reporting to the active directory. A list of all hosts found in the directory is compiled into a .csv file or other similar file type. Finally, the actor(s) distribute the ransomware to each host in the network using a copy of Microsoft’s psexec.exe.
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Defending Against Ransomware Generally
Precautionary measures to mitigate ransomware threats include:
• Ensure anti-virus software is up-to-date.
• Implement a data back-up and recovery plan to maintain copies of sensitive or proprietary data in a separate and secure location. Backup copies of sensitive data should not be readily accessible from local networks.
• Scrutinize links contained in e-mails, and do not open attachments included in unsolicited e-mails.
• Only download software – especially free software – from sites you know and trust.
• Enable automated patches for your operating system and Web browser.
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Statewide Information Analysis Center
6 pages
For Official Use Only
June 1, 2014
(U//FOUO) This product addresses the recent wave of CryptoWall (not to be confused with “CryptoLocker”) ransomware infections throughout the United States. Included are prevention and incident response mitigation strategies, as well as a description of the malware and helpful sources. This product is U//FOUO TLP: GREEN and should be shared as widely as possible with all partners.
(U) Key Points
• (U//FOUO) CryptoWall is a new form of ransomware that has impacted numerous organizations across the United States, including municipal agencies.
• (U) The primary infection vectors for CryptoWall are spear--phishing emails, made to look like communications from legitimate companies, and compromised advertisements displayed on highly trafficked websites.
• (U) Upon executing on a system CryptoWall immediately begins to encrypt any files the user has access to, including data on shared drives.
• (U) The damage done to affected files by CryptoWall is irreversible and typically requires restoring locked files from existing back--ups.
• (U//FOUO) Currently, while some (but not all) major anti--virus software companies can now detect the attack after--the--fact, CryptoWall can still encrypt files on the infected computer before being discovered.
(U) Background
(U//FOUO) CryptoWall is a new ransomware discovered in late April 2014 that affects all versions of Windows. The most common infection vectors for CryptoWall are spear--phishing e--mails with malicious attachments (e.g. PDFs which, when opened, executes CryptoWall) or compromised advertisements on highly trafficked websites, such as news or social media sites.
(U//FOUO) Upon execution, CryptoWall immediately encrypts all user--accessible files on the local drive and any mapped networks or storage devices. After encrypting the accessible files CryptoWall displays a message giving victims a 100-‐ hour countdown while demanding a payment of approximately $500 in bitcoins in exchange for the decryption key – though this amount has varied according to open source reporting. If the user does not pay within the demanded timeframe, the amount of the ransom increases.
(U//FOUO) Several CryptoWall spear-‐phishing e-‐mails identified to this point have been crafted to look like communications from legitimate companies and requested the user download or open an “EFAX”. Other malicious emails may be disguised as notifications sent from UPS or the “Payroll Department”.
(U//FOUO) Open source reporting indicates that the actors behind CryptoWall are utilizing an off-‐the-‐shelf exploit kit3 known as “RIG”, which hijacks advertising on high profile websites to redirect visitors to other malware-‐laden sites.
(U//FOUO) Per incident reports shared by analysts across the country, CryptoWall has done damage to numerous organizations in the past month:
• (U//FOUO) In late May 2014, local fire department in Northern California was infected by CryptoWall, resulting in the compromise of at least one computer and one server, destroying vital information. The agency was able to restore their systems and the data from a backup.
• (U//FOUO) In early June 2014, several local public safety agencies in Southern California were infected by CryptoWall, resulting in the compromise of over one hundred computers and ten servers. The agencies were able to restore their systems from backup with assistance from the MS-‐ISAC.
• (U//FOUO) In late May 2014, a municipal agency in Virginia found that two of their computers had been infected with CryptoWall.
(U//FOUO) Thus far, the majority of victims are located in the United States, though numerous victims have been affected across multiple sectors. In at least one incident, CryptoWall masqueraded as a program that claims the user needs to decrypt a file before being able to read it. Once the user tries to open the file, CryptoWall replicates itself across multiple locations on the user’s machine and demands payment. CryptoWall may also b disguised as legitimate software updates such as (but not limited to) Abode Reader, Flash Player, and Java Runtime Environment updates.iv
(U//FOUO) Due to the strength of the encryption, which uses unique RSA--2048 bit keys generated in each infection, the private decryption key is necessary to decrypt the affected files. A number of the victims have had to wipe the affected files and restore them from back--ups. Because CryptoWall can encrypt across the network (i.e. anything the user has access to, including anything on accessible mapped networks) it is possible the malicious actors are targeting organizations that would be most damaged by the malware.
(U//FOUO) The success of CryptoWall is likely due to the widespread spear--phishing campaign, the effective spear–phishing lures used by the malicious actors, the diversity in infection vectors – including spear–phishing and malicious advertisements, the fact that numerous anti-‐virus providers still cannot detect CryptoWall, and the rapidity with which CryptoWall activates upon execution and begins causing damage.
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