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DRAFT WORKING PAPER
Eagle and Swastika:
CIA and Nazi War Criminals and Collaborators (U)
Kevin Conley Ruffner
DECLASS IF I ED
AND RELEASED BY
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SOURCES METHOOSEXEMPT ION
3020
VAN WAR CR IMESOISCLOSURE ACT
DATE 2007
History Staff
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, DC
April 2003
CL BY:
2196985
CL REASON:
1.5 (b), (c), (d)
DECLAS ON:
XI
DRV FROM:
MULTIPLE
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DRAFT WORKING PAPER
During the first three decades after the war, however, the Soviet threat and the
possibility of a cold war turning into world Armageddon muted public scrutiny. The
presence of former Nazis and their collaborators in the United States generated little
interest from the American public, and even less from the Federal government. In this
environment, the Central Intelligence Agency simply avoided any discussion of its roles
as having used America’s former enemies as intelligence sources and operational assets.
(U)
Criticism by various observers takes a broad approach. In particular, the Agency
comes under attack for the following activities:
1.
CIA, and its predecessor organizations, including the Office of Strategic
Services (OSS 1942-45), the Strategic Services Unit (SSU 1945-46), and the
Central Intelligence Group (CIG 1946-47), employed German intelligence
personnel as sources of information.
2.
CIA sponsored the new West German intelligence service, an organization
under the control of officers of the defeated German general staff. The ranks of
the Gehlen Organization sheltered many officers of the German SS and SD whose
loyalty to the new West German government remained in doubt.
3.
CIA, and its predecessor organizations, employed former collaborators of the
Third Reich, primarily from Eastern and Southern Europe, initially as sources of
information and later as the operational assets for activities behind the Iron
Curtain.
4.
CIA, including the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC 1948-1952), brought
German and Eastern European individuals to the United States to provide detailed
information on the Soviet Union.
5.
CIA, including OPC, formed “secret armies” from various emigre groups in
Europe and trained them in the United States. The ranks of these groups included
numerous former collaborators of Nazi Germany and some of these people
remained active in other CIA projects.
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6.
CIA evacuated Nazi war criminals through “rat lines” in Southern Europe,
allowing these people to escape justice by relocating them
incognito
in South
America.
7.
CIA abused its legal authority to bring Soviet and Soviet Bloc defectors and
other persons of interest to the United States.
8.
CIA covered up these activities from Congressional and other Federal
government investigators. (U)
The Agency’s involvement with Nazis and their collaborators as well as the
impact that these relationships had on both American foreign and domestic policies is the
subject of numerous books and articles over the years. In his 1988 book,
Blowback:
America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War,
Christopher Simpson
asserts that:
US intelligence agencies did know – or had good reason to
suspect—that many contract agents that they hired during the cold
war had committed crimes against humanity on behalf of the
Nazis. The CIA, the State Department, and US Army intelligence
each created special programs for the specific purpose of bringing
selected former Nazis and collaborators to the United States.
Other projects protected such people by placing them on US
payroll overseas.
5
(U)
Simpson believes that the US Government’s willingness to work with some of the
Third Reich’s worst elements “did contribute to the influence of some of the most
reactionary trends in American political life.”
6
(U)
Allan A. Ryan, Jr., a former director of Office of Special Investigations (OSI), is
skeptical about claims that American intelligence deliberately brought Nazi war criminals
to the United States. While he acknowledges that the government assisted in the
5
Simpson,
Blowback,
p. xiv. (U)
6
Ibid, p. 10. (U)
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