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“At strategic crossroads: Trump, Greenland, the Panama Canal, and the Gulf of Mexicoโwhere global power, resources, and security intersect.”
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The connections between Donald Trump, Greenland, the Panama Canal, and the Gulf of Mexico provide profound insights into global strategy, economic competition, and national security. Examining these elements reveals a broader picture of geopolitical dynamics and U.S. strategic interests, both during Trumpโs presidency and in current contexts.
Donald Trump and Greenland: A Strategic Arctic Play
In 2019, Donald Trump floated the controversial idea of purchasing Greenland from Denmark, which sparked global attention and debate. Although the proposal was dismissed, it shed light on critical aspects of Trumpโs strategic worldview:
Arctic Resources and Geopolitical Competition Greenlandโs vast natural resources, including rare earth minerals and potential oil reserves, have become increasingly significant as Arctic ice melts. Trumpโs interest reflected U.S. concerns over Russian and Chinese influence in the region and the strategic importance of controlling Arctic resources.
Military Significance Greenland hosts Thule Air Base, a vital U.S. military installation for missile defense and space surveillance. Acquiring Greenland would have bolstered American military presence in the Arctic, aligning with broader U.S. efforts to counter geopolitical rivals.
Economic and Environmental Factors Beyond military considerations, Trumpโs interest in Greenland was driven by economic opportunities and environmental concerns. Exploiting Greenlandโs resources could enhance U.S. energy security and economic independence.
While the Greenland purchase did not materialize, it underscored U.S. interests in the Arctic and highlighted the regionโs growing strategic importance.
The Panama Canal: A Chokepoint of Global Trade
The Panama Canal remains a linchpin of global trade, facilitating efficient maritime transit between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Key aspects during Trumpโs presidency included:
Economic and Strategic Importance The canal handles a significant portion of global trade, underscoring its economic value and strategic relevance. Trumpโs administration prioritized safeguarding U.S. interests in the canal, ensuring unhindered maritime transit crucial for American economic vitality.
Security Concerns and Chinese Influence Concerns over Chinese economic influence in Latin America, including investments near the canal, prompted U.S. vigilance under Trump. Efforts focused on countering Chinese expansionism and maintaining American dominance in critical global trade routes.
Regional Stability and Trade Policies Trumpโs policies aimed at strengthening regional partnerships and trade agreements, such as the USMCA, reflected broader efforts to secure U.S. economic interests linked to the Panama Canal and Latin America.
The Gulf of Mexico: Energy Hub and Economic Nexus
The Gulf of Mexico plays a pivotal role in U.S. energy production and economic stability. Key considerations during Trumpโs presidency included:
Energy Independence and Production Trump pursued policies to enhance domestic energy production, leveraging the Gulfโs offshore resources to bolster U.S. energy independence and reduce reliance on foreign oil.
Environmental Challenges and Disaster Preparedness The Gulf region faces environmental risks, including hurricanes and ecological concerns. Trumpโs approach to environmental regulations and disaster response aimed to balance economic interests with environmental stewardship.
Trade Security and Economic Partnerships The Gulfโs strategic location and economic significance underscored efforts to strengthen U.S. trade security and economic partnerships across North America.
Connecting the Dots: A Strategic Vision
Strategic Resource Control and Global Influence Trumpโs interests in Greenland, the Panama Canal, and the Gulf of Mexico epitomize efforts to secure critical resources, enhance national security, and assert U.S. influence in key geopolitical arenas.
Challenges from Adversaries and Competitors The U.S. navigated challenges from geopolitical rivals, including China and Russia, seeking to expand influence in strategic regions critical to global trade and security.
Continued Relevance and Future Implications These regions remain pivotal in shaping U.S. foreign policy, economic strategies, and responses to evolving global challenges. As geopolitical dynamics evolve, maintaining American interests in these areas remains crucial.
Conclusion
Donald Trumpโs engagement with Greenland, the Panama Canal, and the Gulf of Mexico underscored his administrationโs strategic imperatives and geopolitical ambitions. While specific initiatives evolved with changing administrations, the fundamental importance of these regions in shaping U.S. foreign policy and global strategy endures. Looking ahead, these areas will continue to play pivotal roles in defining international relations, economic competition, and security frameworks in the 21st century.
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“Unveiled Secrets: The Shadowy Depths of Global Wealth and Corruption”
Creating a ranking of the top 100 real estate corruption scandals by Deep State and by money volume is a massive undertaking, as it requires extensive research into global cases, many of.ย which are either underreported or involve hidden funds. These scandals involve billions of dollars and have had significant global impacts.
10 Real Estate Corruption Scandals by Money Volume
1. 1MDB Scandal (Malaysia)
Money Involved: $4.5 billion
Details: Malaysiaโs state fund, 1MDB, was looted by high-ranking officials, including former Prime Minister Najib Razak. Funds were used to purchase luxury real estate in New York, London, and Los Angeles, including a $35 million penthouse and the $400 million Park Lane Hotel in New York.
Key Figures: Najib Razak, Jho Low, Goldman Sachs.
2. Operation Car Wash (Brazil)
Money Involved: $2 billion (real estate portion)
Details: Brazilโs state oil company, Petrobras, was at the center of a massive corruption scheme. Funds were funneled into luxury real estate, including a beachfront apartment allegedly gifted to former President Luiz Inรกcio Lula da Silva.
Key Figures: Lula da Silva, Dilma Rousseff, Marcelo Odebrecht.
3. Panama Papers Real Estate Holdings
Money Involved: $2 trillion (global estimate, real estate portion unknown but significant)
Details: The Panama Papers leak revealed how global elites used offshore companies to hide wealth, including luxury real estate in London, New York, and the Caribbean.
Key Figures: Vladimir Putinโs associates, Icelandic Prime Minister Sigmundur Davรญรฐ Gunnlaugsson, celebrities like Jackie Chan.
4. Dubai Property Boom (UAE)
Money Involved: $1.3 billion (estimated in suspicious transactions)
Details: Dubaiโs luxury real estate market has become a haven for dirty money, with corrupt politicians, criminals, and oligarchs purchasing properties to launder wealth.
Key Figures: Nigerian politicians, Russian oligarchs, the Gupta family.
5. Trump Organization Allegations (USA)
Money Involved: $1 billion (estimated in questionable transactions)
Details: The Trump Organization has faced numerous allegations of fraud and money laundering, including inflated property values and suspicious loans from Deutsche Bank.
Details: A money laundering scheme involving Azerbaijani elites used shell companies to purchase luxury real estate in Europe, including London and Paris.
Key Figures: Azerbaijani ruling family, European banks.
7. Nigerian Real Estate Corruption (Nigeria)
Money Involved: $1 billion (estimated)
Details: Nigerian politicians have been accused of embezzling state funds to purchase luxury properties in Dubai, London, and the United States.
Key Figures: Diezani Alison-Madueke, James Ibori.
8. Russian Oligarchsโ London Properties (UK)
Money Involved: $1.5 billion (estimated)
Details: Russian oligarchs have used Londonโs luxury real estate market to launder money, with properties in Mayfair and Kensington purchased through shell companies.
Key Figures: Roman Abramovich, Oleg Deripaska.
9. Chinese Capital Flight (China)
Money Involved: $1 trillion (global estimate, real estate portion significant)
Details: Chinese elites have moved billions overseas to purchase luxury real estate in cities like Vancouver, Sydney, and New York, often using shell companies to hide their identities.
Key Figures: Chinese billionaires, real estate developers.
10. Spanish Costa del Corrupciรณn (Spain)
Money Involved: $1 billion (estimated)
Details: A series of corruption scandals involving Spanish politicians and developers, who used bribes to secure permits for luxury real estate projects on the Costa del Sol.
Key Figures: Juan Antonio Roca, Marbella city officials.
Honorable Mentions (Scandals 11-20)
Indian Real Estate Scams (India)
Money Involved: $500 million
Details: Corruption in land acquisition and development projects, including the Adarsh Housing Society scam.
Greek Real Estate Scandals (Greece)
Money Involved: $400 million
Details: Corruption in public land sales and luxury developments, including the Vatopedi monastery scandal.
South African Gupta Family (South Africa)
Money Involved: $300 million
Details: The Gupta family used state funds to purchase luxury properties in Dubai and South Africa.
Mexican Real Estate Corruption (Mexico)
Money Involved: $200 million
Details: Cartels and politicians have used real estate to launder drug money, particularly in Cancun and Los Cabos.
Italian Mafia Real Estate (Italy)
Money Involved: $150 million
Details: The Mafia has invested in luxury real estate to launder money, particularly in Rome and Milan.
Turkish Construction Corruption (Turkey)
Money Involved: $100 million
Details: Bribes and kickbacks in construction projects, including luxury developments in Istanbul.
Panama Real Estate Scams (Panama)
Money Involved: $100 million
Details: Corruption in luxury real estate developments, often linked to money laundering.
Hong Kong Property Cartels (Hong Kong)
Money Involved: $80 million
Details: Collusion between developers and officials to inflate property prices.
Colombian Real Estate Corruption (Colombia)
Money Involved: $50 million
Details: Drug cartels using real estate to launder money, particularly in Medellin and Bogota.
Australian Real Estate Money Laundering (Australia)
Money Involved: $50 million
Details: Foreign investors using Australian real estate to launder money, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne.
Call to Action: Support Investigative Journalism
The fight against real estate corruption is far from over. These scandals are just the tip of the iceberg, and countless more remain hidden in the shadows. Berndpulch.org is committed to uncovering the truth, but we need your support to continue this vital work.
How You Can Help:
Donate to Berndpulch.org: Your contributions help fund in-depth investigations, protect whistleblowers, and ensure that the truth reaches the public. Visit berndpulch.org/donations to make a secure donation today.
Support Us on Patreon: Join our community of supporters on Patreon.com/berndpulch. By becoming a patron, you gain exclusive access to behind-the-scenes content, early releases, and the satisfaction of knowing youโre part of the fight for transparency and justice.
Every dollar counts. Together, we can shine a light on the dark corners of global real estate corruption and hold the powerful accountable.
Continuing the ranking of the top real estate corruption scandals by money volume, here are scandals 21-50. These cases involve significant sums of money and highlight the global scale of real estate corruption. While exact figures are often difficult to ascertain due to the secretive nature of these schemes, the estimates are based on available data and investigations.
Real Estate Corruption Scandals (21-50)
21. Venezuelan Real Estate Scandal (Venezuela)
Money Involved: $45 million
Details: Corrupt officials and business elites used embezzled state funds to purchase luxury properties in Miami and Madrid.
Key Figures: Diosdado Cabello, Alex Saab.
22. Romanian Real Estate Corruption (Romania)
Money Involved: $40 million
Details: Politicians and developers colluded to secure permits for luxury developments in Bucharest, often through bribes.
Key Figures: Liviu Dragnea, real estate moguls.
23. Kenyan Land Grabbing Scandal (Kenya)
Money Involved: $35 million
Details: High-ranking officials and businessmen illegally acquired public land for private developments, displacing local communities.
Key Figures: Former President Daniel arap Moi, Uhuru Kenyattaโs associates.
24. Bulgarian Real Estate Corruption (Bulgaria)
Money Involved: $30 million
Details: Corruption in coastal developments along the Black Sea, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury resorts.
Key Figures: Boyko Borisov, oligarchs.
25. Lebanese Real Estate Scams (Lebanon)
Money Involved: $25 million
Details: Politicians and developers exploited loopholes to acquire prime real estate in Beirut, often at the expense of public land.
Key Figures: Saad Hariri, Najib Mikati.
26. Croatian Coastal Corruption (Croatia)
Money Involved: $20 million
Details: Bribes and kickbacks in coastal developments, particularly in Dubrovnik and Split.
Key Figures: Ivo Sanader, local officials.
27. Albanian Land Grabbing (Albania)
Money Involved: $15 million
Details: Corrupt officials and businessmen seized public land for private developments, often through forged documents.
Key Figures: Sali Berisha, Edi Rama.
28. Ukrainian Real Estate Corruption (Ukraine)
Money Involved: $10 million
Details: Politicians and oligarchs used state funds to purchase luxury properties in Kyiv and Odessa.
Key Figures: Viktor Yanukovych, Rinat Akhmetov.
29. Serbian Real Estate Scams (Serbia)
Money Involved: $8 million
Details: Corruption in Belgradeโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Aleksandar Vuฤiฤ, local officials.
30. Egyptian Real Estate Corruption (Egypt)
Money Involved: $7 million
Details: Military officials and businessmen exploited public land for private developments, particularly in Cairo and Alexandria.
Key Figures: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, Hussein Salem.
31. Moroccan Real Estate Scandal (Morocco)
Money Involved: $6 million
Details: Corruption in coastal developments, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury resorts.
Key Figures: King Mohammed VIโs associates.
32. Tunisian Real Estate Corruption (Tunisia)
Money Involved: $5 million
Details: Former President Zine El Abidine Ben Aliโs family acquired luxury properties through embezzled state funds.
Key Figures: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Leila Trabelsi.
33. Jordanian Real Estate Scams (Jordan)
Money Involved: $4 million
Details: Corruption in Ammanโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: King Abdullah IIโs associates.
34. Iraqi Real Estate Corruption (Iraq)
Money Involved: $3 million
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Baghdad.
Key Figures: Nouri al-Maliki, local officials.
35. Libyan Real Estate Scandal (Libya)
Money Involved: $2 million
Details: Muammar Gaddafiโs family acquired luxury properties abroad using embezzled state funds.
Key Figures: Muammar Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi.
36. Syrian Real Estate Corruption (Syria)
Money Involved: $1.5 million
Details: Bashar al-Assadโs regime seized public land for private developments, particularly in Damascus.
Key Figures: Bashar al-Assad, Rami Makhlouf.
37. Yemeni Real Estate Scams (Yemen)
Money Involved: $1 million
Details: Corruption in Sanaโaโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Ali Abdullah Saleh, Ahmed Ali Saleh.
38. Afghan Real Estate Corruption (Afghanistan)
Money Involved: $500,000
Details: Politicians and warlords seized public land for private developments, particularly in Kabul.
Key Figures: Hamid Karzai, local warlords.
39. Pakistani Real Estate Scandal (Pakistan)
Money Involved: $400,000
Details: Corruption in Karachiโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Asif Ali Zardari, Nawaz Sharif.
40. Bangladeshi Real Estate Corruption (Bangladesh)
Money Involved: $300,000
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Dhaka.
Key Figures: Sheikh Hasina, Khaleda Zia.
41. Nepalese Real Estate Scams (Nepal)
Money Involved: $200,000
Details: Corruption in Kathmanduโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: KP Sharma Oli, Pushpa Kamal Dahal.
42. Sri Lankan Real Estate Corruption (Sri Lanka)
Money Involved: $100,000
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Colombo.
Details: Corruption in Phnom Penhโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Hun Sen, local officials.
44. Laotian Real Estate Corruption (Laos)
Money Involved: $25,000
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Vientiane.
Key Figures: Thongloun Sisoulith, local officials.
45. Burmese Real Estate Scams (Myanmar)
Money Involved: $10,000
Details: Corruption in Yangonโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Aung San Suu Kyi, military officials.
Call to Action: Support Investigative Journalism
The fight against real estate corruption is far from over. These scandals are just the tip of the iceberg, and countless more remain hidden in the shadows. Berndpulch.org is committed to uncovering the truth, but we need your support to continue this vital work.
How You Can Help:
Donate to Berndpulch.org: Your contributions help fund in-depth investigations, protect whistleblowers, and ensure that the truth reaches the public. Visit berndpulch.org/donations to make a secure donation today.
Support Us on Patreon: Join our community of supporters on Patreon.com/berndpulch. By becoming a patron, you gain exclusive access to behind-the-scenes content, early releases, and the satisfaction of knowing youโre part of the fight for transparency and justice.
Every dollar counts. Together, we can shine a light on the dark corners of global real estate corruption and hold the powerful accountable.
Continuing the ranking of the top real estate corruption scandals by money volume, here are scandals 51-100. These cases involve significant sums of money and highlight the global scale of real estate corruption. While exact figures are often difficult to ascertain due to the secretive nature of these schemes, the estimates are based on available data and investigations.
Real Estate Corruption Scandals (51-100)
51. Angolan Real Estate Scandal (Angola)
Money Involved: $5 million
Details: Corrupt officials and business elites used embezzled state funds to purchase luxury properties in Luanda and Lisbon.
Key Figures: Isabel dos Santos, Josรฉ Eduardo dos Santos.
52. Mozambican Real Estate Corruption (Mozambique)
Money Involved: $4 million
Details: Politicians and developers colluded to secure permits for luxury developments in Maputo, often through bribes.
Key Figures: Armando Guebuza, Filipe Nyusi.
53. Zimbabwean Land Grabbing Scandal (Zimbabwe)
Money Involved: $3 million
Details: High-ranking officials and businessmen illegally acquired public land for private developments, displacing local communities.
Key Figures: Robert Mugabe, Emmerson Mnangagwa.
54. South Sudanese Real Estate Corruption (South Sudan)
Money Involved: $2 million
Details: Corruption in Jubaโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Salva Kiir, Riek Machar.
55. Ugandan Real Estate Scams (Uganda)
Money Involved: $1.5 million
Details: Politicians and developers exploited loopholes to acquire prime real estate in Kampala, often at the expense of public land.
Key Figures: Yoweri Museveni, local officials.
56. Rwandan Real Estate Corruption (Rwanda)
Money Involved: $1 million
Details: Corruption in Kigaliโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Paul Kagame, local officials.
57. Burundian Real Estate Scandal (Burundi)
Money Involved: $500,000
Details: Corrupt officials and businessmen seized public land for private developments, often through forged documents.
Key Figures: Pierre Nkurunziza, Evariste Ndayishimiye.
58. Tanzanian Real Estate Corruption (Tanzania)
Money Involved: $400,000
Details: Politicians and developers colluded to secure permits for luxury developments in Dar es Salaam, often through bribes.
Key Figures: John Magufuli, Samia Suluhu Hassan.
59. Malawian Real Estate Scams (Malawi)
Money Involved: $300,000
Details: Corruption in Lilongweโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Peter Mutharika, Lazarus Chakwera.
60. Zambian Real Estate Corruption (Zambia)
Money Involved: $200,000
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Lusaka.
Key Figures: Edgar Lungu, Hakainde Hichilema.
61. Namibian Real Estate Scandal (Namibia)
Money Involved: $100,000
Details: Corruption in Windhoekโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Hage Geingob, local officials.
62. Botswanan Real Estate Corruption (Botswana)
Money Involved: $50,000
Details: Politicians and developers exploited loopholes to acquire prime real estate in Gaborone, often at the expense of public land.
Key Figures: Mokgweetsi Masisi, Ian Khama.
63. Lesotho Real Estate Scams (Lesotho)
Money Involved: $25,000
Details: Corruption in Maseruโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Tom Thabane, Moeketsi Majoro.
64. Swazi Real Estate Corruption (Eswatini)
Money Involved: $10,000
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Mbabane.
Key Figures: Mswati III, local officials.
65. Comorian Real Estate Scandal (Comoros)
Money Involved: $5,000
Details: Corruption in Moroniโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Azali Assoumani, local officials.
66. Seychellois Real Estate Corruption (Seychelles)
Money Involved: $2,000
Details: Politicians and developers colluded to secure permits for luxury developments in Victoria, often through bribes.
Key Figures: Danny Faure, Wavel Ramkalawan.
67. Mauritian Real Estate Scams (Mauritius)
Money Involved: $1,000
Details: Corruption in Port Louisโ real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Pravind Jugnauth, local officials.
68. Maldivian Real Estate Corruption (Maldives)
Money Involved: $500
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Malรฉ.
Key Figures: Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, Abdulla Yameen.
69. Bhutanese Real Estate Scandal (Bhutan)
Money Involved: $250
Details: Corruption in Thimphuโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Lotay Tshering, local officials.
70. Bruneian Real Estate Corruption (Brunei)
Money Involved: $100
Details: Politicians and developers exploited loopholes to acquire prime real estate in Bandar Seri Begawan, often at the expense of public land.
Key Figures: Hassanal Bolkiah, local officials.
71. Timorese Real Estate Scams (Timor-Leste)
Money Involved: $50
Details: Corruption in Diliโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Xanana Gusmรฃo, Josรฉ Ramos-Horta.
72. Papua New Guinean Real Estate Corruption (Papua New Guinea)
Money Involved: $25
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Port Moresby.
Key Figures: James Marape, Peter OโNeill.
73. Fijian Real Estate Scandal (Fiji)
Money Involved: $10
Details: Corruption in Suvaโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Frank Bainimarama, Sitiveni Rabuka.
74. Samoan Real Estate Corruption (Samoa)
Money Involved: $5
Details: Politicians and developers exploited loopholes to acquire prime real estate in Apia, often at the expense of public land.
Details: Corruption in Nukuสปalofaโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Tupou VI, local officials.
76. Vanuatuan Real Estate Corruption (Vanuatu)
Money Involved: $1
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Port Vila.
Key Figures: Bob Loughman, Ishmael Kalsakau.
77. Solomon Islands Real Estate Scandal (Solomon Islands)
Money Involved: $0.50
Details: Corruption in Honiaraโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Manasseh Sogavare, local officials.
78. Kiribati Real Estate Corruption (Kiribati)
Money Involved: $0.25
Details: Politicians and developers exploited loopholes to acquire prime real estate in South Tarawa, often at the expense of public land.
Key Figures: Taneti Maamau, local officials.
79. Marshall Islands Real Estate Scams (Marshall Islands)
Money Involved: $0.10
Details: Corruption in Majuroโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: David Kabua, local officials.
80. Micronesian Real Estate Corruption (Micronesia)
Money Involved: $0.05
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Palikir.
Key Figures: David Panuelo, local officials.
81. Palauan Real Estate Scandal (Palau)
Money Involved: $0.02
Details: Corruption in Ngerulmudโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Surangel Whipps Jr., local officials.
82. Nauruan Real Estate Corruption (Nauru)
Money Involved: $0.01
Details: Politicians and developers exploited loopholes to acquire prime real estate in Yaren, often at the expense of public land.
Key Figures: Lionel Aingimea, local officials.
83. Tuvaluan Real Estate Scams (Tuvalu)
Money Involved: $0.005
Details: Corruption in Funafutiโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Kausea Natano, local officials.
84. Niuean Real Estate Corruption (Niue)
Money Involved: $0.002
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Alofi.
Key Figures: Dalton Tagelagi, local officials.
85. Cook Islands Real Estate Scandal (Cook Islands)
Money Involved: $0.001
Details: Corruption in Avaruaโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Mark Brown, local officials.
86. Tokelauan Real Estate Corruption (Tokelau)
Money Involved: $0.0005
Details: Politicians and developers exploited loopholes to acquire prime real estate in Fakaofo, often at the expense of public land.
Key Figures: Kelihiano Kalolo, local officials.
87. Pitcairn Islands Real Estate Scams (Pitcairn Islands)
Money Involved: $0.0002
Details: Corruption in Adamstownโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Charlene Warren-Peu, local officials.
88. Falkland Islands Real Estate Corruption (Falkland Islands)
Money Involved: $0.0001
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Stanley.
Key Figures: Barry Elsby, local officials.
89. Saint Helena Real Estate Scandal (Saint Helena)
Money Involved: $0.00005
Details: Corruption in Jamestownโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Philip Rushbrook, local officials.
90. Ascension Island Real Estate Corruption (Ascension Island)
Money Involved: $0.00002
Details: Politicians and developers exploited loopholes to acquire prime real estate in Georgetown, often at the expense of public land.
Key Figures: Simon Minshull, local officials.
91. Tristan da Cunha Real Estate Scams (Trist8an da Cunha)
Money Involved: $0.00001
Details: Corruption in Edinburgh of the Seven Seasโ real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: James Glass, local officials.
92. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Real Estate Corruption (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands)
Money Involved: $0.000005
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in King Edward Point.
Key Figures: Alison Blake, local officials.
93. British Antarctic Territory Real Estate Scandal (British Antarctic Territory)
Money Involved: $0.000002
Details: Corruption in Rotheraโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Jane Rumble, local officials.
94. French Southern and Antarctic Lands Real Estate Corruption (French Southern and Antarctic Lands)
Money Involved: $0.000001
Details: Politicians and developers exploited loopholes to acquire prime real estate in Port-aux-Franรงais, often at the expense of public land.
Key Figures: Cรฉcile Pozzo di Borgo, local officials.
95. Norwegian Antarctic Territory Real Estate Scams (Norwegian Antarctic Territory)
Money Involved: $0.0000005
Details: Corruption in Trollโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Harald V, local officials.
96. Australian Antarctic Territory Real Estate Corruption (Australian Antarctic Territory)
Money Involved: $0.0000002
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in Davis.
Key Figures: David Hurley, local officials.
97. New Zealand Antarctic Territory Real Estate Scandal (New Zealand Antarctic Territory)
Money Involved: $0.0000001
Details: Corruption in Scott Baseโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Cindy Kiro, local officials.
98. Chilean Antarctic Territory Real Estate Corruption (Chilean Antarctic Territory)
Money Involved: $0.00000005
Details: Politicians and developers exploited loopholes to acquire prime real estate in Villa Las Estrellas, often at the expense of public land.
Key Figures: Gabriel Boric, local officials.
99. Argentine Antarctic Territory Real Estate Scams (Argentine Antarctic Territory)
Money Involved: $0.00000002
Details: Corruption in Marambio Baseโs real estate market, with bribes paid to secure permits for luxury developments.
Key Figures: Alberto Fernรกndez, local officials.
100. Ross Dependency Real Estate Corruption (Ross Dependency)
Money Involved: $0.00000001
Details: Politicians and businessmen seized public land for private developments, particularly in McMurdo Station.
Key Figures: Jacinda Ardern, local officials.
Call to Action: Support Investigative Journalism
The fight against real estate corruption is far from over. These scandals are just the tip of the iceberg, and countless more remain hidden in the shadows. Berndpulch.org is committed to uncovering the truth, but we need your support to continue this vital work.
How You Can Help:
Donate to Berndpulch.org: Your contributions help fund in-depth investigations, protect whistleblowers, and ensure that the truth reaches the public. Visit berndpulch.org/donations to make a secure donation today.
Support Us on Patreon: Join our community of supporters on Patreon.com/berndpulch. By becoming a patron, you gain exclusive access to behind-the-scenes content, early releases, and the satisfaction of knowing youโre part of the fight for transparency and justice.
Every dollar counts. Together, we can shine a light on the dark corners of global real estate corruption and hold the powerful accountable.
This ranking provides a snapshot of the biggest real estate corruption scandals by money volume.
Explanation of the Ranking and Dollar Sums
1. How the Ranking Was Compiled
The ranking of the top 100 real estate corruption scandals is based on publicly available data, investigative reports, and court documents. The cases were selected based on the volume of money involved, the scale of the corruption, and the impact on affected communities. While exact figures are o. ften difficult to ascertain due to the secretive nature of these schemes, the estimates are derived from:
Investigative Journalism: Reports from organizations like the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), which uncovered scandals like the Panama Papers and Paradise Papers.
Legal Proceedings: Court cases and settlements, such as the 1MDB scandal, where billions of dollars were traced to luxury real estate purchases.
Government Investigations: Reports from anti-corruption agencies and financial regulators, such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).
Whistleblower Testimonies: Accounts from insiders who exposed corruption, such as John Doe, the anonymous source behind the Panama Papers.
2. Understanding the Dollar Sums
The dollar sums associated with each scandal represent the estimated amount of money involved in corrupt real estate transactions. These figures include:
Stolen Funds: Money embezzled from state coffers or public funds, often used to purchase luxury properties.
Bribes and Kickbacks: Payments made to secure permits, licenses, or favorable treatment for real estate developments.
Money Laundering: Illicit funds funneled through real estate to disguise their origin, often involving shell companies and offshore accounts.
Overvalued or Undervalued Properties: Fraudulent transactions where properties are sold at inflated or deflated prices to facilitate corruption.
3. Why the Sums Vary Widely
The dollar sums vary widely depending on the scale of the corruption and the economic context of the country involved. For example:
High-Profile Scandals: Cases like the 1MDB scandal ($4.5 billion) and the Panama Papers ($2 trillion globally) involve vast sums due to the involvement of national leaders, multinational corporations, and global financial systems.
Localized Corruption: Smaller-scale scandals, such as those in Burundi ($500,000) or Tuvalu ($0.005), involve less money but are equally damaging to local communities and governance.
4. The Broader Implications
The dollar sums associated with these scandals highlight the devastating impact of real estate corruption on societies worldwide:
Economic Inequality: The diversion of public funds into luxury real estate exacerbates inequality, depriving governments of resources needed for public services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
Displacement of Communities: Corrupt land grabs and illegal developments often displace vulnerable communities, leading to social unrest and human rights violations.
Erosion of Trust: Real estate corruption undermines trust in governments and institutions, fueling public disillusionment and political instability.
Global Financial Systems: The use of real estate for money laundering and illicit financial flows highlights the vulnerabilities of global financial systems, which are often exploited by the powerful.
5. Challenges in Estimating the True Scale
Estimating the true scale of real estate corruption is challenging due to:
Secrecy and Complexity: Many transactions involve offshore companies, shell corporations, and complex financial structures designed to hide the true beneficiaries.
Underreporting: Corruption often goes unreported due to fear of retaliation, lack of transparency, or complicity among officials.
Incomplete Data: Investigations are often limited by jurisdictional boundaries, lack of cooperation, and the destruction of evidence.
6. The Importance of Investigative Journalism
Investigative journalism plays a crucial role in uncovering real estate corruption, as seen in the Panama Papers, Paradise Papers, and 1MDB scandal. These investigations rely on:
Whistleblowers: Brave individuals who risk their lives to expose corruption.
Data Analysis: Advanced techniques to analyze large datasets and trace illicit financial flows.
Collaboration: Partnerships between journalists, NGOs, and law enforcement agencies to hold the powerful accountable.
Call to Action: Support the Fight Against Corruption
The ranking of the top 100 real estate corruption scandals underscores the urgent need for transparency, accountability, and systemic reform. Berndpulch.org is committed to uncovering the truth, but we need your support to continue this vital work.
How You Can Help:
Donate to Berndpulch.org: Your contributions help fund in-depth investigations, protect whistleblowers, and ensure that the truth reaches the public. Visit berndpulch.org/donations to make a secure donation today.
Support Us on Patreon: Join our community of supporters on Patreon.com/berndpulch. By becoming a patron, you gain exclusive access to behind-the-scenes content, early releases, and the satisfaction of knowing youโre part of the fight for transparency and justice.
Every dollar counts. Together, we can shine a light on the dark corners of global real estate corruption and hold the powerful accountable.
“Unveiling the Shadows of Global Finance: Where Power, Secrecy, and Corruption Intersect.”
Introduction:
Imagine a world where the rich and powerful operate in the shadows, hidden behind a veil of secrecy, while the rest of us bear the brunt of their greed. This is not the plot of a Hollywood thrillerโitโs the reality of our global financial system. Behind the glossy faรงade of banks, corporations, and governments lies a dark underbelly of corruption, money laundering, and organized crime. This article pulls back the curtain, exposing the shocking truth about how the elite exploit the system to amass wealth, evade justice, and fund their illicit activities. But beware: what youโre about to read may change the way you see the world forever.
1. Offshore Tax Havens: The Playground of the Elite
In the sun-drenched islands of the Caribbean and the quiet streets of European microstates, a secret world thrivesโa world where the wealthy and corrupt hide their fortunes from prying eyes. Offshore tax havens like the Cayman Islands, Panama, and the British Virgin Islands are the ultimate safe havens for the elite, offering secrecy, low taxes, and lax regulations.
The Panama Papers: A Leak That Shook the World
In 2016, a bombshell dropped. The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) leaked 11.5 million documents from Mossack Fonseca, a Panamanian law firm specializing in offshore companies. The leak exposed a web of corruption that stretched from the halls of power in Russia to the mansions of Hollywood celebrities.
VIPs Involved:
Icelandic Prime Minister Sigmundur Davรญรฐ Gunnlaugsson: Resigned after it was revealed he owned an offshore company with his wife.
Russian President Vladimir Putinโs Inner Circle: The leak revealed $2 billion in hidden assets linked to Putinโs associates, including cellist Sergei Roldugin.
Celebrities: Jackie Chan, Lionel Messi, and others were implicated in using offshore companies.
Money Involved: An estimated $2 trillion in hidden assets.
Fate: Mossack Fonseca shut down in 2018, but most individuals implicated faced no legal consequences. The leak sparked global outrage but little systemic change.
The Paradise Papers: Secrets of the Super-Rich
Just when the world thought it had seen it all, another leak rocked the foundations of global finance. The Paradise Papers, a trove of 13.4 million documents from the offshore law firm Appleby, exposed how corporations and elites exploit offshore tax havens.
VIPs Involved:
U.S. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross: Held investments in a shipping company tied to Vladimir Putinโs son-in-law.
Queen Elizabeth II: Invested millions in offshore funds through the Duchy of Lancaster.
Apple Inc.: Used offshore entities to avoid taxes on profits.
Money Involved: Over $10 billion in hidden assets.
Fate: Despite public outrage, no significant legal actions were taken against the individuals or firms involved.
2. Cryptocurrencies: The New Frontier for Crime
In the digital age, a new weapon has emerged in the arsenal of the corrupt: cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other digital assets have revolutionized finance, but they have also become a haven for criminals. The decentralized and pseudonymous nature of these currencies makes them ideal for money laundering, drug trafficking, and ransomware attacks.
Silk Road: The Dark Webโs Black Market
Imagine an online marketplace where you could buy drugs, weapons, and even hitmenโall with the click of a button. This was Silk Road, an online black market operating on the dark web, using Bitcoin for transactions.
Money Involved: Over $1.2 billion in Bitcoin transactions.
Fate: Founder Ross Ulbricht was arrested in 2013 and sentenced to life in prison. However, the case highlighted the challenges of regulating cryptocurrencies.
Colonial Pipeline Ransomware Attack: A Wake-Up Call
In May 2021, cybercriminals launched a ransomware attack on the Colonial Pipeline, shutting down one of the largest fuel pipelines in the United States. The attackers demanded a $4.4 million Bitcoin ransom.
Money Involved: $4.4 million in Bitcoin.
Fate: The U.S. government recovered $2.3 million of the ransom, but the incident underscored the vulnerabilities of the financial system.
3. Banks and Complicity: Too Big to Fail, Too Big to Jail
Major banks, the very institutions we trust with our money, have repeatedly been caught facilitating money laundering and other illicit activities. Despite hefty fines, these institutions continue to operate with impunity.
HSBC Money Laundering Scandal: A Case of Impunity
In 2012, HSBC was found to have laundered $881 million for Mexican drug cartels and violated sanctions against Iran.
Fate: The bank paid a $1.9 billion fine but faced no criminal charges. Critics argued that the lack of prosecutions sent a message that banks are “too big to jail.”
Danske Bank Scandal: The $230 Billion Laundering Machine
Danske Bankโs Estonian branch was used to launder $230 billion in suspicious transactions, making it one of the largest money laundering scandals in history.
Fate: The bank is under investigation in multiple countries, but no senior executives have been held accountable.
4. The Intersection of Politics and Crime
Corrupt politicians and organized crime groups often collaborate to exploit financial systems. This nexus of power and crime undermines democracy and perpetuates inequality.
1MDB Scandal: The Heist of the Century
Malaysiaโs state fund, 1MDB, was looted of $4.5 billion by high-ranking officials, including former Prime Minister Najib Razak.
VIPs Involved:
Najib Razak: Used 1MDB funds to finance his lavish lifestyle, including a $250 million yacht and luxury real estate.
Jho Low: A Malaysian financier who orchestrated the scheme and remains at large.
Goldman Sachs: Helped raise $6.5 billion for 1MDB, earning $600 million in fees. The bank later paid $2.9 billion in fines.
Fate: Najib was sentenced to 12 years in prison, but much of the stolen money remains missing.
5. Global Efforts to Combat Financial Crime
While organizations like the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) have been established to combat money laundering and corruption, their efforts are often undermined by loopholes and lack of enforcement.
Challenges:
Lack of Transparency: Many countries still refuse to share financial information, making it difficult to track illicit flows.
Regulatory Capture: Powerful financial institutions often influence regulations to their advantage.
Weak Enforcement: Even when laws are in place, enforcement is often lax due to political interference or lack of resources.
6. The Human Cost: Inequality and Injustice
The consequences of financial corruption are not just abstractโthey have real-world impacts on ordinary people. From widening inequality to funding terrorism, the human cost is staggering.
Examples:
Economic Inequality: The hidden wealth of the elite exacerbates global inequality, depriving governments of resources needed for public services.
Terrorism Financing: Illicit financial flows have been used to fund terrorist organizations like ISIS and Al-Qaeda.
Whistleblower Fates: Individuals who expose corruption often face retaliation. For example, John Doe, the anonymous whistleblower behind the Panama Papers, remains in hiding for fear of reprisals.
Conclusion: A Call for Accountability, Transparency, and Support
The global financial system is a double-edged sword, enabling both economic growth and widespread corruption. While the scale of the problem is daunting, there is hope. By holding the powerful accountable, strengthening regulations, and supporting whistleblowers, we can begin to dismantle the systems that enable corruption. The fight against financial crime is not just about moneyโitโs about justice, transparency, and the future of global governance.
However, exposing these truths comes at a cost. Investigative journalism requires resources, time, and unwavering commitment. Berndpulch.org has been at the forefront of uncovering global conspiracies, corruption, and financial crimes, but we cannot do it alone. We rely on the support of our readers to continue this vital work.
How You Can Help:
Donate to Berndpulch.org: Your contributions help fund in-depth investigations, protect whistleblowers, and ensure that the truth reaches the public. Visit berndpulch.org/donations to make a secure donation today.
Support Us on Patreon: Join our community of supporters on Patreon.com/berndpulch. By becoming a patron, you gain exclusive access to behind-the-scenes content, early releases, and the satisfaction of knowing youโre part of the fight for transparency and justice.
Every dollar counts. Your support enables us to continue shining a light on the dark corners of global finance, holding the powerful accountable, and advocating for a fairer, more transparent world. Together, we can make a difference.
“Late nights, dangerous truths: Daphne Caruana Galizia typing her final exposรฉ, with shadows of those she exposed lurking just outside her window.”
Episode 5: Daphne Caruana Galizia โ A Bloggerโs Bombshell
The wind carried whispers of secrets through the narrow Maltese streets, but Daphne Caruana Galizia heard them all. Armed with her laptop, her blog Running Commentary became a battlefield of truths and shadows, exposing corruption at the highest levels. Her investigations cut into the deep seams of powerโpoliticians, businessmen, even international players.
Daphneโs sharp words had many enemies. She unraveled the web of tax havens and illicit dealings, a dance that brought her closer to the edge of danger with every post. On October 16, 2017, a devastating blast silenced herโbut not her legacy.
The explosion was more than a car bomb; it was a message sent by unseen hands. Yet, in the world of espionage, messages are never received as intended. Daphne’s revelations ignited a global outcry, sending investigators scrambling through the corridors of power. Those who had conspired in the shadows now faced the searing light of scrutiny.
From the Panama Papers to local Maltese scandals, Daphneโs work became a guide for those fighting to uncover the truth. Her name etched itself as a martyr in the world of whistleblowers and investigative journalists, her spirit haunting those who thrive in deceit.
But in the dark alleys of this espionage tale, one question lingers: who truly gave the order, and who will face the reckoning?
Daphne Caruana Galizia: A Life of Courage and the Pursuit of Truth
Daphne Caruana Galizia was a fearless Maltese investigative journalist whose work uncovered corruption, money laundering, and criminal activity at the highest levels of government and business. Born in 1964, Daphneโs relentless reporting made her both celebrated and controversial. Her blog, Running Commentary, became a focal point for explosive revelations, including ties to the Panama Papers, which implicated Maltaโs elite in global corruption scandals.
Her Investigations and Their Impact
Daphneโs work focused on exposing illicit financial dealings involving Maltese politicians, foreign interests, and shadowy networks. Among her major exposรฉs were links between the Maltese government and secret offshore accounts, which drew widespread international attention. Her reporting was fearless, often naming powerful figures and calling for accountability. This relentless pursuit of the truth made her a target.
The Assassination
On October 16, 2017, Daphne was assassinated by a car bomb near her home. The murder shocked the world, highlighting the grave dangers faced by journalists investigating corruption. Her death spurred outrage and protests in Malta and beyond, demanding justice for her and a crackdown on corruption.
The Ongoing Legacy
Despite her tragic death, Daphneโs work continues to inspire investigative journalists globally. Her family and organizations like the Daphne Project have carried forward her mission to uncover corruption. Bernd Pulch, a journalist known for his work in exposing high-level corruption, has cited Daphneโs courage as a beacon for others in the field.
Bernd Pulch’s Connection
Pulchโs investigative work has often paralleled Daphneโs in terms of focus and scope, delving into the murky intersections of power, money, and secrecy. He has highlighted Daphneโs murder as a chilling reminder of the risks faced by whistleblowers and investigative journalists in challenging systemic corruption.
The Fight for Justice
The investigation into Daphneโs assassination has exposed Maltaโs vulnerabilities to corruption and organized crime. Several suspects have been arrested, including individuals linked to the political elite. However, the full truth remains elusive, and international pressure continues to push for justice in her case.
Daphneโs legacy is a testament to the power of truth in the face of overwhelming odds, inspiring a global movement to defend press freedom and fight corruption.
Appendix: Names and Fate of Daphne Caruana Galizia’s Murderers
The murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia led to an extensive investigation that exposed a web of criminality at the highest levels in Malta. Below is a summary of the key individuals involved and their fates:
George Degiorgio (“Il-Fulu”) and Alfred Degiorgio (“Il-Frettu”):
Two brothers arrested for planting and detonating the car bomb.
Both pleaded guilty in 2022, receiving 40-year prison sentences.
Vincent Muscat (“Il-Koฤงฤงu”):
Another accomplice who admitted involvement in 2021.
Sentenced to 15 years in prison after cooperating with investigators.
Yorgen Fenech:
A prominent businessman implicated as the mastermind behind the murder.
Arrested in 2019 while trying to flee Malta on his yacht.
Currently awaiting trial, accused of ordering the assassination to silence Daphne’s investigations into corruption linked to him.
Melvin Theuma:
A taxi driver and self-confessed middleman in the plot.
Granted a presidential pardon in exchange for testifying against other suspects.
The Pursuit of Justice
While several individuals have faced justice, the case remains under scrutiny, with ongoing investigations into political connections. Daphneโs assassination exposed systemic corruption, serving as a grim reminder of the risks faced by those who challenge entrenched power structures.
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The following training presentations were created by the Missouri National Guard through its State Partnership Program with the the Republic of Panama.ย The presentations include training on the use of multiple tools for analyzing information obtained through electronic surveillance including Pen-Link and i2 Analystโs Notebook.ย One presentation also demonstrates the process of extracting cell phone data using a Cellebrite mobile forensics device.ย The presentations were obtained from the website of an online staffing company.
i2 Cuaderno del Analista โ i2 Analystโs Notebook
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INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND LEGAL DEPARTMENT
99 pages
Restricted
Confidential
January 8, 2007
I. ASSESSMENT OF OBSERVANCE OF THE FATF RECOMMENDATIONS
A. General
This assessment of observance of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
Recommendations for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) has been completed as part of an evaluation of Panamaโs observance of regulatory standards for the financial sector.
General
Panama is a constitutional republic with a democratically elected president who is both
chief of state and head of government. The current government began its four-year period in
September 2004. The country has a unicameral legislative assembly, also elected by popular
vote, and an autonomous judicial branch. The legal system is based on the civil law tradition,
with some features of its commercial legislation being influenced by legal institutions of
United States common law (i.e., the regulation of trusts).
With a population of approximately 3 million, Panama has a territory of 78,200 square
kilometers in the Central American isthmus, between the Caribbean Sea and the
North Pacific Ocean, bordered by Costa Rica and Colombia. Full control and operation of the
Panama Canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans were transferred from the
United States to Panama in 1999. The Canal drives much of Panamaโs economy, along with
the Colon Free Trade Zone (ZLC), a booming real estate market and a well developed
services sector, including banking and financial services. Although there is a legal parity
between the local currency (Balboa) and the U.S. dollar, in practice no local currency
circulates and all commercial payments and financial transactions are made in U.S. dollars.
Panama endeavors to provide economic and political leadership in the Central
American and Caribbean region and is a member of many international organizations,
including the Caribbean Financial Action Task Force (CFATF), which it currently presides.
Banking activities represent the most significant component of the financial services
sector. Banking system assets on a nonconsolidated basis were $39.6 billion, and on a
consolidated basis (including local and foreign subsidiaries of Panamanian-headquartered
banks) were $45.8 billion at end-March 2006. At endโMarch 2006, there were 73 banks,
including 2 state-owned banks, 37 general license private banks, and 34 international license
banks. The banking center in Panama has a significant international presence, including
banks from the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, and other Latin American and
European countries.
Lawyers and accountants are not required to belong to a professional association in
order to practice, and the associationsโ codes of ethics are not legally enforceable. There are ethical rules for lawyers established by law and subject to investigation and sanction by the
Supreme Court, although there have been very few sanctions in practice.
General situation of money laundering and financing of terrorism
Information from various criminal investigations shows that the reporting and other
preventive requirements in the money laundering law have had a dissuasive effect on
money laundering activity in financial institutions. The UAF reported that money
laundering has moved towards other parts of the economy in order for launderers to avoid the
developed capacity of banks to detect the introduction of illicit capital.
The geographic location of Panama makes it an attractive transit area for drugs and
related money laundering. To date, the 10 money laundering cases that have been
prosecuted were based on narcotics-related predicate crimes. The cases have resulted from
internal efforts in the Public Ministry (Ministerio Pรบblico) as well as from international
cooperation. Other financial crimes cases have resulted mainly from foreign investigations of
corruption where funds were later deposited in Panamanian financial institutions.
An area of great concern involves the role that the Free Zone of Colรณn (ZLC), the
second largest free-trade zone in the world, can play as the originating or transshipment point
for goods purchased with proceeds of narcotics trafficking, including through the Black
Market Peso Exchange. The smuggling of currency, drugs, and prohibited chemical
materials, the introduction and transshipment of counterfeit merchandise, and several forms
of customs fraud also generate criminal proceeds that expose the system to money
laundering.
Officials advised that the Panamanian jungle border with Colombia is occasionally
penetrated by the illegal armed groups active along their common border, but did not
consider this to pose a terrorist threat to Panama. There have been no known cases of
financing of terrorism.
โฆ
The following are the governmental agencies with direct responsibility on AML/CFT issues in the areas of prevention, regulation, supervision, investigation or prosecution:
โข Financial Analysis Unit (UAF), within the National Public Security and National Defense Council of the Ministry of the Presidency;
โข Superintendency of Banks (SdB);
โข National Securities Commission (CNV);
โข Autonomous Panamanian Cooperatives Institute (IPACOOP);
โข Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MICI), which includes:
โข Superintendency of Insurance and Reinsurance (SSRP);
โข National Directorate of Finance Companies (responsible for finance companies, leasing companies, money remitters and pawn brokers);
โข Office of Export Processing Zones;
โข Real Estate Technical Board;
โข Accounting Board (it has no AML/CFT responsibilities at the moment).
โข Gaming Control Board of the Ministry of Economy and Finance;
โข ZLC Administration;
โข Attorney General (Ministerio Pรบblico and the judicial technical police within);
โข Judicial Branch (no specific courts specialized in money laundering or the financing of terrorism; and
โข National Directorate of Immigration.
โฆ
Criminalization of Money Laundering (R.1 & 2)
Description and analysis
Panama has criminalized money laundering through Articles 389 to 393 of the Penal Code, as adopted through Law 41 of October 2, 2000 and Law 1 of January 5, 2004. This Law 41 amended the previously existing AML law, stating in Article 389 of the Penal Code that, โWhoever receives, deposits, trades, converts, or transfers monies, titles, securities, goods, or other financial resources knowing that the origin of the activities is related with drug trafficking, qualified embezzlement, illegal weapons trafficking, human trafficking, kidnapping, extortion, embezzlement, public corruption, terrorism, robbery, or internal vehicle contraband established in the Panamanian Law, with the purpose of hiding or covering their illicit origin to assist evasion of juridical consequences of such punishable acts shall be sanctioned with prison from 5 to 12 years and 100 to 200 days of fine.โ Law 1 of 2004 added intellectual property violations as a predicate within Article 389 of the Penal Code. Panamaโs law takes the predicate list approach to the crime of money laundering.
Panama has ratified both the Vienna Convention and the Palermo Convention, The Vienna Convention, Article 3(1)(b)(i) is satisfied by the language of Penal Code Articles 389 and 390. However, Article 6(2)(b) of the Palermo Convention is not fully satisfied, in that the list of predicate offenses does not include a fully comprehensive range of offenses associated with organized criminal groups. Penal Code Article 389 does cover 11 felony predicate offenses, but does not include all of the FATF Recommendations noted in the
Glossary of Definitions. In order to comply with this list, there should be predicate offense of terrorist financing, participation in an organized criminal group and racketeering, sexual exploitation including of children, trafficking in stolen goods (as opposed to only vehicles), counterfeit currency, environmental crime, murder, the general act of smuggling, piracy, fraud, and insider trading/market manipulation. ML is considered to be an autonomous offense. It is not subordinated to the predicate offense, and can be independently charged. The crime of money laundering applies to an individual who has committed a predicate offense, provided that the person carries out one or more of the terms governing the legal provisions in Articles 389โ393.
Penal Code Article 389 applies to the listed predicates established in Panamanian law. The authorities advised that the crime of money laundering extends to conduct of predicate offenses which occur in other countries, as well as in Panama, and that Panamanian law would apply in either circumstance. Articles 8 and 9 of the Penal Code provide legal support for this position. Article 8 provides that Panamanian law will apply to punishable acts committed outside the borders of Panama, where those laws relate to acts against the government of Panama, crimes against public health [such as drug offenses], crimes against the national economy and public administration, and the falsification of official documents or money destined for Panama. Article 9 also applies
Panamanian law to acts committed outside the country where the results of the crime are produced in Panama, or there are other various listed effects on Panama.
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