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Eagle and Swastika:

CIA and Nazi War Criminals and Collaborators (U)

Kevin Conley Ruffner

DECLASS IF I ED

AND RELEASED BY

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

SOURCES METHOOSEXEMPT ION

3020

VAN WAR CR IMESOISCLOSURE ACT

DATE 2007

History Staff

Central Intelligence Agency

Washington, DC

April 2003

CL BY:

2196985

CL REASON:

1.5 (b), (c), (d)

DECLAS ON:

DRV FROM:

MULTIPLE

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During the first three decades after the war, however, the Soviet threat and the

possibility of a cold war turning into world Armageddon muted public scrutiny. The

presence of former Nazis and their collaborators in the United States generated little

interest from the American public, and even less from the Federal government. In this

environment, the Central Intelligence Agency simply avoided any discussion of its roles

as having used America’s former enemies as intelligence sources and operational assets.

(U)

Criticism by various observers takes a broad approach. In particular, the Agency

comes under attack for the following activities:

CIA, and its predecessor organizations, including the Office of Strategic

Services (OSS 1942-45), the Strategic Services Unit (SSU 1945-46), and the

Central Intelligence Group (CIG 1946-47), employed German intelligence

personnel as sources of information.

CIA sponsored the new West German intelligence service, an organization

under the control of officers of the defeated German general staff. The ranks of

the Gehlen Organization sheltered many officers of the German SS and SD whose

loyalty to the new West German government remained in doubt.

CIA, and its predecessor organizations, employed former collaborators of the

Third Reich, primarily from Eastern and Southern Europe, initially as sources of

information and later as the operational assets for activities behind the Iron

Curtain.

CIA, including the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC 1948-1952), brought

German and Eastern European individuals to the United States to provide detailed

information on the Soviet Union.

CIA, including OPC, formed “secret armies” from various emigre groups in

Europe and trained them in the United States. The ranks of these groups included

numerous former collaborators of Nazi Germany and some of these people

remained active in other CIA projects.

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CIA evacuated Nazi war criminals through “rat lines” in Southern Europe,

allowing these people to escape justice by relocating them

incognito

in South

America.

CIA abused its legal authority to bring Soviet and Soviet Bloc defectors and

other persons of interest to the United States.

CIA covered up these activities from Congressional and other Federal

government investigators. (U)

The Agency’s involvement with Nazis and their collaborators as well as the

impact that these relationships had on both American foreign and domestic policies is the

subject of numerous books and articles over the years. In his 1988 book,

Blowback:

America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War,

Christopher Simpson

asserts that:

US intelligence agencies did know – or had good reason to

suspect—that many contract agents that they hired during the cold

war had committed crimes against humanity on behalf of the

Nazis. The CIA, the State Department, and US Army intelligence

each created special programs for the specific purpose of bringing

selected former Nazis and collaborators to the United States.

Other projects protected such people by placing them on US

payroll overseas.

(U)

Simpson believes that the US Government’s willingness to work with some of the

Third Reich’s worst elements “did contribute to the influence of some of the most

reactionary trends in American political life.”

(U)

Allan A. Ryan, Jr., a former director of Office of Special Investigations (OSI), is

skeptical about claims that American intelligence deliberately brought Nazi war criminals

to the United States. While he acknowledges that the government assisted in the

Simpson,

Blowback,

p. xiv. (U)

Ibid, p. 10. (U)

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